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  1. _Kudzidza
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Mushandisi Webrowseri · Module 10

Kutanga windows: nzira kuMars

Hausi kuzoenda kuMars, asi chete kunzvimbo iyo ichave nayo mumwedzi misere. Nei Mars Missions ichibva pamwedzi 26, zvese panguva imwe chete?

12 min

NASA/JPL/Space Science Institute

Iyi dzidzo yakanyorwa ne Local Solar System Foundation team member uye inogona kuvandudzwa nemunhu ane ruzivo. Une ruzivo rwekutaura nezvenyaya iyi here? Suggest an edit

MuJuly 2020, misheni matatu yakasiya nyika kuenda kuMars mukati memazuva gumi nemana: United Arab Emirates’ Hope orbiter, China’s Tianwen-1 uye NASA’s Perseverance rover. Chii chinonzi kusangana. Mars inogona kuwanikwa chete zvakachipa kana maplanethi akaenzana, uye izvi zvinoitika pamwedzi 26.

A idealized Earth-to-Mars Hohmann transfer: circular orbits, planets enlarged about 10,000 times so you can see them.

Hausi kuedza kuti uone rudzi urwu rweplaneti. Unogona kuisa chinangwa panzvimbo iyo ichave.

Ona

Ichi chiedza chinoita kuti nyika neMars dzive panzvimbo imwe chete, uye kuti dziite mafambiro akasiyana. Nhare yepasi inobva panyika haisi kukwira munzira yakasviba: inotevera yacho orbit pamusoro pezuva, a half-ellipse iyo inotanga pa Earth’s orbit uye inofadza pa Mars’s.

  • Kufamba kunotora 259 mazuva panzira yakachipa.
  • Munguva iyi Mars inofambawo, saka inofanira kunge iri 44 degrees ahead yenyika pakutanga.
  • Earth inosvika Mars uye iyo imwecheteyo lineup inoenderera chete pazuva rimwe nerimwe 780 mazuva, pamusoro 26 mwedzi.

Kunyangwe iwe uchida kushanyira nzvimbo dzakaomarara, unogona kumbobvira waenda kunotenga mafuta emagetsi kana kuti unenge wakarasikirwa nendege yako. Waita, uye inotevera windows iri makore maviri kure.

_Zvinyorwa

Kuita kuti ma orbits ese aite sematafura (nyika pa1 AU, Mars pa1.524 AU) uye kushandisa μ yezuva = 1.327 × 10¹¹ km³/s²:

  • Iyo yekufambisa ellipse ine a = (1 + 1.524)/2 = 1.262 AU; hafu yenguva yake ndeye 259 zuva.
  • Kudzokera kunyika, spacecraft inofanirwa 2.94 km/s 29.8 km/s, inopfuura yenyika yekutenderera kwezuva.
  • Inosvika pa Mars’ orbit 2.65 km/s yakaderera kupfuura Mars uye inofanira kuwanikwa (next lesson).
  • Phase angle: mu 259 zuva Mars inotarisana 360° × 259/687 ≈ 136°, saka inofanira kutanga 180° − 136° ≈ 44° pamberi.

Real orbits ndezvishoma elliptic uye tilted, saka yega yega window inoenderana; vagadziri vemisiyano vanotsvaga mamirioni emazuva ekuburitsa nekuenda panguva imwe chete ne “porkchop plots”. Kubhadhara Δv zvishoma zvinotenga kufamba kwakafupi: Perseverance yakatora 203 mazuva.

Munyori

Synodic nguva:

1/S = 1/P_Earth − 1/P_Mars  →  S = 1 / (1/365.25 − 1/686.98) ≈ 780 zuva

Kubuda kubva panzvimbo yepasi pevhu hakusi chete 2.94 km/s: icho ndechimwe chikonzero nei nyika ichifanira kugara nehuremu hwev∞. Kunyangwe ichipisa pa200 km altitude, zvinodiwa kukwira ndezve √(v∞² + 2μ_E/r), saka kupisa kubva pa7.79 km/s parking orbit ndeyekusvika 3.6 km/s, uye Oberth effect inoita kuti zvive nyore kupfuura kuisa 2.94 km / s kubva panyika. Zvekufambisa zvinoti C3 = v∞² ≈ 8.7 km²/s², iyo inenge iri shoma kwazvo kuti Mars iende.

Tarisa

Earth's year is 365.25 days and Mars's 687 days. Use the synodic period formula 1/S = 1/P₁ − 1/P₂ to find how often the Earth-Mars geometry repeats. Then check a list of Mars missions: how many left Earth in 2020, and which month?

Chidzidzo chekukurukura

3 nhanho mibvunzo. Choose mashoko kuti uone kana iwe uri zvakanaka.

  1. Ndezvipi zvirongwa zvekumisikidza zvinovhurazve mawindows kuMars?

    1. A Yese gore
    2. B Panguva ino, pamwedzi 26
    3. C Every 10 years
    4. D chero zuva
    Kuratidza mhinduro

    B. Panguva ino, pamwedzi 26

  2. MuHohmann kutumira kuMars, uko Mars anofanira kuva apo spacecraft anodzokera Earth?

    1. A Kumusoro
    2. B Maererano ne44 degrees ahead of Earth
    3. C Kumusoro
    4. D Pashure penyika
    Kuratidza mhinduro

    B. Maererano ne44 degrees ahead of Earth Kufamba kunotora mazuva anenge 259.Panguva iyoyo Mars inofamba ne136 degrees, saka inofanira kutanga ne44 degrees pamberi kuti isangana nendege yepasi rose 180 degrees kubva panzvimbo yekutanga.

  3. Nei Perseverance rover yaida chete nezve 7 mwedzi kwete 8.5?

    1. A Yakashandisa nhanho yakati wandei, yakaoma kupfuura iyo Hohmann kutumira.
    2. B Mars akasvika pedyo gore iro nekuti yakanga yasiya kutenderera
    3. C Ichifamba munzira yakasviba
    4. D Iyo yakashandisa gravity kutsigira paMweya
    Kuratidza mhinduro

    A. Yakashandisa nhanho yakati wandei, yakaoma kupfuura iyo Hohmann kutumira.

Kusvika pakupera

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  • Akatora chidzidzo

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Zvinyorwa

Iyi dzidzo ine mubhadharo CC BY-SA 4.0.

Zvigadzirwa uye zvidzidzo zvinoshandisa mamodheru akapusa ekudzidza chete. Hazvifanirwe kushandiswa kune yekufambisa, kumisikidza chiitiko kana chero chisarudzo chekushanda. Dzvanya pano kuti uwane ruzivo nezvezvinyorwa zvedzidzo