Glossary

A

Apoapsis

Iyo nzvimbo yeorbit yakareba kwazvo kubva kunzvimbo yekubatanidza, pakureba a(1 + e). Panzvimbo yezuva inozivikanwa se aphelion, uye panzvimbo yenyika apogee.

Fomu r_a = a (1 + e)

Onawo: Periapsis

Argument of periapsis (ω)

Iyo angle, yakaenzana nenzvimbo yechiedza kubva panzvimbo inokwira kusvika kunzvimbo yekubuda.

Fomu ϖ = Ω + ω

Ku: ϖ longitude of periapsis; Ω longitude of the ascending node

Onawo: Longitude yeiyo inokwira node (Ω), Periapsis

Astronomical unit (au)

Chidimbu chekureba chinozivikanwa se149,597,870,700 metres, kana kuti pakati penyika nezuva. Yakanyorwa neIAU 2012 Resolution B2.

Onawo: Kuedza-nguva, _Chiedza

Axial tilt (obliquity)

Iyo angle pakati pechiedza chemuviri uye chimiro chekutenderera kwechiedza. Iyo yepasi iri 23.44°, iyo inoita kuti zvive nenguva dzakasiyana dzegore. Uranus ine 98°.

Onawo: Declination, Solstice, Equinox

B

Bortle scale

A nhamba-marudzi makumi mana scale of night-Sky dambudziko akaunzwa naJohn E. Bortle in Sky & Telescope (2001), kubva kurudzi 1 (inokosha nzvimbo yakaoma, zviratidzo kusvika pamagnitude 7.6 kusvika 8.0) kuenda kurudzi 9 (mugwagwa wepakati, magnitude 4.0).

Onawo: Magnitude, Kutonhora kwezuva

K

Kutenderera kwe orbital speed

Iyo speed yaunoda kuti uite chiso chemativi panzvimbo r. Pamusoro pepasi rose, inosvika 7.9 km/s.

Fomu v_c = √(μ / r)

Ku: μ Gravity parameter; r distance from the centre

Onawo: Escape velocity, Vis-viva equation

C

Constellation name (optional)

One of 88 officially defined regions of the sky (IAU, 1922 to 1930), named after a traditional star pattern such as Orion. Zvita muzviratidzo zvematombo zvinogara panzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana.

Onawo: Magnitude

D

Declination

Iyo angle yenzvimbo munyika kuchamhembe (+) kana kumabvazuva (-) kweequator, iyo ine simba se latitude. Declination yezuva inochinja pakati pe +23.44° ne-23.44° pagore.

Fomu sin δ = sin ε · sin λ

Ku: δ Declination; ε Kuchinja kwe ecliptic; λ Ecliptic longitude yezuva

Onawo: Axial tilt (obliquity), Solstice

Delta-v

Kuchinja kwesimba, mukm/s. Ichi ndicho chiyero chekufamba kwepasi: chero manoeuvre inodhura delta-v, uye rocket’s propellant inodarika mari yainowana.

Fomu Δv = v_e ln(m₀ / m_f)

Ku: v_e yakajeka exhaust speed; m₀, m_f yekutanga uye final mass

Onawo: Hohmann kutumira, Oberth effect

Dwarf Planet

A body that orbits the Sun and is nearly round, but has not cleared its orbital neighbourhood and is not a moon (IAU 2006). Zvimwe zvisikwa zvinozivikanwa ndezvinotevera: Pluto, Eris, Haumea, Makemake.

Onawo: Planet, Kuita

K

Kuzvimiririra (e)

Maitiro akapetwa orbit ndeaya: 0 yechiedza, pakati pe0 ne1 yeellipse, 1 yeparabola uye pamusoro pe1 yehyperbola.

Onawo: Ellipse, Periapsis

E

Eclipse

Kana mumwe munhu achienda mumvuri weumwe. Solar eclipse: chiedza cheMweya chinobuda panyika (pazuva remwedzi). Lunar eclipse: Mwezi unopinda pasi pechiedza chenyika (pazuva rakapenya).

Onawo: Node, Umbra nePenumbra

Ecliptic

Kutenderera kwezuva kunoitwa nezuva richifamba pamusoro penyika, uye mhepo inonzi inofamba pasi pevhu. Izvi zvinonzi zviratidzo zvemasimba ezvekuzvibata kwezvinhu zvakaita sezuva. Inotarisana neEquator ne23.44°.

Onawo: Axial tilt (obliquity), Kutenderera (i), Node

Ellipse

A closed curve, iyo seti yezviratidzo izvo marefu enzvimbo mbiri dzakajairika (foci) anowedzera kusvika kune imwe nguva. Bound orbits ndezve ellipses nechiedza chepakati pacho chiri mufocus (Kepler’s first law).

Fomu r = a(1 − e²) / (1 + e cos ν)

Ku: a semi-major axis; e Kuchinja; ν true anomaly

Onawo: Kuzvimiririra (e), Semi-kurudyi axis (a)

Equinox

Munguva iyi, zuva rinofamba pamusoro peEquator (0°), pakati pe20 March ne22 September. Mazuva nenguva, zuva nezuva, zuva nezuva.

Onawo: Solstice, Declination

Escape velocity

Iyo minimum speed iyo unpowered muviri unosiya a gravitating muviri kwakanaka. Inguva √2 yechiedza chinofamba nehuremu hwakafanana nehuremu hwezuva. Panyika: 11.2 km/s.

Fomu v_esc = √(2μ / r)

Onawo: Kutenderera kwe orbital speed, Kuumbwa kwesimba

K

Kudonha-kusingaperi

Kufamba pasi pekuomarara chete. Astronauts mu orbit vanonzwa weightless nekuti ivo uye vaenzi vavo vari mu free fall pamwe chete, kwete nekuda kwegravity yakafanana.

Onawo: Orbit, Gravity

G

Gravity parameter (μ)

Kugadzirwa kwegravity constant nemuviri wemuviri, μ = GM. Inogona kuonekwa seyakaenzana neG kana M chete. Earth: 398,600.4 km³/s²; Sun: 1.32712 × 10¹¹ km³/s².

Fomu μ = G M

Onawo: Gravity, Vis-viva equation

Gravity

Kusvikira pakati pevanhu. Mumashoko a Newton, simba rinoenderana nehuwandu hwemamwe masimba uye rakaenzana nekwakatarisana kwenzvimbo dzavo.

Fomu F = G M m / r²

Ku: G 6.67430 × 10⁻¹¹ m³ kg⁻¹ s⁻² (CODATA 2018); M, m mazhinji maviri; r distance between cities - Chiredzi

Onawo: Gravity parameter (μ), Kudonha-kusingaperi

H

Hohmann kutumira

Iyo minimum-energy two-burn kutumira pakati pezviviri zvakatenderera, coplanar orbits, pamwe nehafu yeellipse inobata zvese.

Fomu a_t = (r₁ + r₂) / 2

Onawo: Delta-v, Vis-viva equation

K

Kutenderera (i)

Kutenderera kweplanethi kunoitwa nechiedza chezuva chinoenda kunzvimbo imwecheteyo neyekuti yepasi (ekliptiki) uye neyekuti yenyika (equator). Pamusoro pe90° orbit inonzi retrograde.

Onawo: Longitude yeiyo inokwira node (Ω), Retrograde

C

Chikamu chechitatu cheKepler

Kutenderera kwezuva kunoitwa nechiedza chezuva chinofamba mumigwagwa yezvisikwa zvepasi rose. Pamusoro pezuva, ne T mumakore uye a muau, T² = a³.

Fomu T² / a³ = 4π² / μ

Ku: T orbital period; a semi-major axis; μ G(M + m)

Onawo: Orbital period, Semi-kurudyi axis (a)

K

Kuita

Iyo iri pakati peNeptune neCygnus, uye iri pakati pe30 ne50 AU kubva kuZuva. Pluto, Haumea neMakemake zvinofamba mumigwagwa iyi.

Onawo: Chiedza chema asteroid, Dwarf Planet

Kutonhora kwezuva

Kuwanda kana kusinganzwisisike kwezuva, kunyanya glow yepasi iyo inochengeta zviratidzo. Izviwo zvinokanganisa hupenyu hwezvisikwa uye kuparadza simba.

Onawo: Bortle scale

Kuedza-nguva

Kufamba kwezuva kunoda kukwira kwezuva nenguva. Ruvara rwezuva runogona kutora 8 maminitsi ne19 masekondi kuti ripinde panyika. Mamwe marudzi ezvikepe zvinofamba nenguva yezuva.

Fomu t = d / c

Ku: d distance; c Speed of light, 299,792.458 km/s

Onawo: Astronomical unit (au)

_

_Chiedza

The distance light travels in vacuum in one Julian year (365.25 days): about 9.46 trillion km, or 63,241 au. Ichi ndicho chigaro chavo, kwete nzvimbo yavo.

Fomu 1 ly = c × 365.25 × 86,400 s

Ku: c Speed of light, 299,792.458 km/s

Onawo: Astronomical unit (au), Kuedza-nguva

L

Longitude yeiyo inokwira node (Ω)

Iyo angle, yakaenzana nenzvimbo yechiedza kubva panzvimbo yekutarisa, kusvika kune nzvimbo iyo orbit inosangana nenzvimbo yekutarisa.

Onawo: Node, Kutenderera (i), Argument of periapsis (ω)

M

Magnitude

Logarithmic scale yekurara, apo madiki mazita ari nyore. Masimba mana akafanana ne100 mukuravira.

Fomu m₁ − m₂ = −2.5 log₁₀(F₁ / F₂)

Ku: m Magnitude; F Kuongorora

Onawo: Bortle scale

C

Chiedza chema asteroid

Iyo nzvimbo pakati pema orbits eMars neJupiter, 2.2 kusvika 3.3 AU kubva kuzuva, uko mamwe asteroids anozivikanwa anotenderera. Nekudaro, chokwadi ndechekuti nzvimbo iyi isiri yakazara nezvinhu; iyo ine simba kwazvo ndeyePlanet Ceres.

Onawo: Kuita, Dwarf Planet

M

Mean anomali (M)

Iyo angle iyo inowedzera zvakaenzana nenguva, 360° pa orbit. Iyo yazvino nzvimbo inotevera kubva kuKepler’s equation.

Fomu M = E − e sin E

Ku: E anode; e Kuchinja

Onawo: Kuzvimiririra (e)

N

Node

Mufananidzo wezvisikwa zvinofamba mumigwagwa yepasi. Nodes yeMweya iri paEcliptic; eclipses zvinoitika chete kana atsva kana mwedzi wakatsvuka kuitika pedyo node.

Onawo: Longitude yeiyo inokwira node (Ω), Eclipse

O

Oberth effect

A burn yakagadzirwa apo spacecraft inofamba nekukurumidza (kudzika mugravity well) inoita kuti orbital energy yayo igadzire zvakanyanya. Kubva pa low orbit saka zvinoda mari shoma kupfuura iyo yawakaisa kuti uende kure.

Fomu Δv = √(v∞² + v_esc²) − v_c

Ku: v∞ hyperbolic excess speed; v_esc escape speed at the burn; v_c kureba kwechiedza

Onawo: Delta-v, Escape velocity

Orbit

Nzira yechigadzirwa chinofamba pasi pekumanikidzwa kwechimwe chinhu. Munyaya yezviviri-zvisikwa, icho chidimbu chekona: ellipse (yakavharwa), a parabola kana a hyperbola (yakavhurika).

Onawo: Ellipse, Chikamu chechitatu cheKepler, Kudonha-kusingaperi

Orbital period

Iyo nguva yatora kugadzirira imwe orbit. Iyo sidereal nguva inofungidzirwa zvichienzaniswa nezviratidzo; iyo synodic nguva inofungidzirwa zvichienzaniswa nechimwe chiedza chinofamba, seZuva rakatarisana nenyika.

Fomu T = 2π √(a³/μ)

Ku: a semi-major axis; μ Gravity parameter yechikwata chepakati

Onawo: Chikamu chechitatu cheKepler, Synodic month

P

Periapsis

Iyo nzvimbo yeorbit yakati wandei kubva kunzvimbo yekuzvimirira, pa distance a(1 − e). Panzvimbo yezuva inozivikanwa seperihelion, uye panzvimbo yenyika seperigee.

Fomu r_p = a (1 − e)

Onawo: Apoapsis, Perihelion

Perihelion

Iyo nzvimbo yeorbit pamusoro pezuva iri pedyo nezuva. Iyo inosvika panzvimbo ye147.1 million km kubva kuZvapupu zvaJehovha. Iyo yakareba kwazvo nzvimbo ndeye aphelion.

Onawo: Periapsis, Apoapsis

Planet

Nechirevo cheIAU 2006, chinhu chinofamba mumigwagwa yezuva chine simba rakakwana kuti chive chakavezwa pasi pekumanikidza kwemuviri wayo uye chabvisa nzvimbo dzakaita senzvimbo dzese dzinotarisana nechiedza. The solar system has eight.

Onawo: Dwarf Planet, Orbit

R

Retrograde

Kufamba kana kutenderera munzira inosiyana neyemazhinji emasangano ari mu system. Triton neHalley’s Comet inoita mafambiro akaomarara (inotenderera pasi pe90°).

Onawo: Kutenderera (i), Solar day

S

Semi-kurudyi axis (a)

Nhanho yechidimbu cheiyo ellipse. Inogona kuchinja kureba kweobiti, simba rayo uye nguva yacho.

Fomu a = (r_p + r_a) / 2

Ku: r_p Periapsis distance; r_a apoapsis distance

Onawo: Chikamu chechitatu cheKepler, Ellipse

K

Kutangazve

Iyo nguva iyo chiedza chinotora kuti chiite shanduko yemufananidzo wezviratidzo zvakasiyana. Kunyika: 23 h 56 min 4.09 s.

Onawo: Solar day

Kutangazve

Iyo nguva iyo Mhepo inotora kuti iite orbit yenyika kamwe chete zvichienzaniswa nezviratidzo: 27.322 mazuva.

Onawo: Synodic month

S

Solar day

Iyo nguva kubva pazuva rimwe kusvika kune rimwe, i.e. imwe kutenderera pamusoro pezuva. Ichi chinosiyana nezuva rekunze nekuti muviri wepasi unogara uchifamba pamwe chete neobiti yake.

Fomu 1/P_solar = 1/P_rot − 1/P_orb

Ku: P_rot mwedzi; P_orb orbital period

Onawo: Kutangazve, Retrograde

Solstice

Mumwe wemazuva ano anozivikanwa sezuva regore, uye zuva rinoonekwa richienda kumabvazuva (21 June) kana kumadokero (21 December). Inoratidza nguva yakareba uye pfupi yezuva.

Onawo: Equinox, Declination

K

Kuumbwa kwesimba

Orbital simba per unit mass. Negative for bound (elliptical) orbits, zero for parabolic escape, positive for hyperbolic.

Fomu ε = v²/2 − μ/r = −μ / (2a)

Onawo: Vis-viva equation, Escape velocity

S

Synodic month

Munguva pakati pezviviri zvakafanana Moon phases, eg new Moon kuti new Moon: 29.531 zuva pamadhora.

Fomu 1/P_syn = 1/P_sid − 1/P_year

Ku: P_sid sidereal month, 27.322 days; P_year yepasi rose gore, 365.256 zuva

Onawo: Kutangazve

U

Umbra nePenumbra

Umbra inzvimbo yakaoma yechiedza, iyo inoonekwa chete kana chiedza chiri kubuda kubva panzvimbo yacho. Penumbra inzvimbo yekumberi yechiedza, iyo inoonekwa chete kana chiedza chiri kunze kwenzvimbo yacho.

Onawo: Eclipse

V

Vis-viva equation

Inopa kutenderera kwesimba panzvimbo ipi zvayo kubva pakukura kweorbit chete. Inoratidza kuchengetedzwa kwesimba.

Fomu v = √(μ (2/r − 1/a))

Ku: μ Gravity parameter; r Current distance; a semi-major axis

Onawo: Kuumbwa kwesimba, Kutenderera kwe orbital speed

Zvigadzirwa uye zvidzidzo zvinoshandisa mamodheru akapusa ekudzidza chete. Hazvifanirwe kushandiswa kune yekufambisa, kumisikidza chiitiko kana chero chisarudzo chekushanda. Dzvanya pano kuti uwane ruzivo nezvezvinyorwa zvedzidzo