Igama elithile

I

I-Apoapsis

Ingxenye ye-orbit ephakathi nendawo, kude a(1 + e). Ilanga libizwa ngokuthi yi-aphelion, iplanethi ibizwa ngokuthi yi-apogee.

Ifomu r_a = a (1 + e)

Bona futhi: I-periapsis

Isinqumo se-periapsis (ω)

I-angle, elinganiselwa kwiplanethi ye-orbit kusuka ku-node ekhulayo, iye ku-periapsis.

Ifomu ϖ = Ω + ω

Ngaphi: ϖ longitude of periapsis; Ω i-longitude ye-node ekhulayo

Bona futhi: I-longitude ye-node ekhulayo (Ω), I-periapsis

Iyunithi ye-astronomic (au)

Iyunithi yesikhathi eside echazwe njengemizuzwana eyi-149,597,870,700, cishe umgama ophakathi kweplanethi nelanga. Kucacisiwe yi-IAU 2012 Resolution B2.

Bona futhi: Isikhathi sokukhanya, Iminyaka yokukhanya

Isimo se-axis (isici esibi)

I-angle phakathi kwengxenye ye-spin ye-engile kanye ne-perpendicular ku-orbit plane. Iplanethi ilingana ne-23.44°, okubangela amasimu. I-Uranus ine-98°.

Bona futhi: Ukungalingani, I-Solstice, I-Equinox

Isikali se-bortle

A nine-class scale of night-sky darkness introduced by John E. Bortle in Sky & Telescope (2001), kusuka kuhlobo 1 (isizinda esimnyama esivelele, amaplanethi afinyelela kuma-magnitudes angama-7.6 kuya kuma-8.0) kuye kuhlobo 9 (idolobha elingaphakathi, i-magnitude engu-4.0 engcono kakhulu).

Bona futhi: Ubukhulu, Uthuli olukhanyayo

Isivinini sokuhamba ngokujikeleza

Isivinini esidingekayo sokuhamba nge-orbit ejikelezayo emgwaqweni r. Ngaphakathi kweplanethi ibanga liyi-7.9 km/s.

Ifomu v_c = √(μ / r)

Ngaphi: μ ipharamitha ye-gravity; r distance from center

Bona futhi: Ukuhambahamba, I-equation ye-vis-a-viva

I-constellation

Enye yezindawo ezingu-88 ezichazwe ngokusemthethweni zezulu (IAU, 1922 kuya ku-1930), ebizwa ngokuthi ngemuva kwemodeli yesibhakabhaka yasendulo njenge-Orion. Izinkanyezi ezikhona esigabeni somhlaba zihlala ziphakathi nendawo.

Bona futhi: Ubukhulu

U

Ukungalingani

I-angle yendawo esandleni sezulu ngasentshonalanga (+) noma enyakatho (−) kwe-equator yezulu, ilingana nelatitude yezulu. Ukuncipha kwelanga kushintsha phakathi kuka-23.44° no-23.44° ngonyaka.

Ifomu sin δ = sin ε · sin λ

Ngaphi: δ Ukungalingani kwelanga; ε i-obliquity ye-ecliptic; λ Ilanga le-ecliptic longitude

Bona futhi: Isimo se-axis (isici esibi), I-Solstice

I

i-Delta-v

Ushintsho kwijubane, ngekm/s. Imali yendiza engaphandle kwelanga: yonke imizamo ibiza i-delta-v, futhi ugesi wokuqhuba werocket umisa ukuthi inenani.

Ifomu Δv = v_e ln(m₀ / m_f)

Ngaphi: v_e isivinini esisebenzayo sokuphuma; m₀, m_f isibalo sakuqala nesiso sokugcina

Bona futhi: Ukudluliswa kwe-Hohmann, Imiphumela emibi

Iplanethi encane

Ingxenye ejikeleza ilanga futhi iyincane, kodwa ayigcini nje ngokuhlanza indawo yayo ye-orbit kodwa ayinyanga (IAU 2006). Isibonelo: Ceres, Pluto, Eris, Haumea, Makemake.

Bona futhi: Iplanethi, I-Kuiper belt

I-ecentricity (e)

Ubukhulu bokuzimisa: 0 ku-circle, phakathi kuka-0 no-1 ku-ellipsis, 1 ku-parabola kanye ngaphesheya ko-1 ku-hyperbola.

Bona futhi: I-ellipsis, I-periapsis

I-Eclipse

Uma ilungu elinye lidlula esithombeni selinye. I-eclipse yelanga: isithunzi senyanga siwela emhlabeni (ngenyanga entsha). Inyanga idlula isithunzi sezulu (ngokugcwele).

Bona futhi: I-node, Umbra ne-penumbra

I-Ecliptic

Iplanethi ye-orbit yezwe ejikeleze ilanga, nendlela yonyaka ebonakalayo yelanga edlula emkhathini. Iplanethi ejwayelekile yokubhekisa ye-orbit yezinto eziphilayo ze-solar system. Ibheke phezulu ngama-23.44° eqenjini lezulu leplanethi.

Bona futhi: Isimo se-axis (isici esibi), Ukugqwala (i), I-node

I-ellipsis

Igobo elivalayo, isethulo sezinkomba ezinokuphakama kwezinkomba ezimbili eziqinile (izimboni) zihlanganisa zibe yinto ehlala njalo. Ama-orbit axhunywe yi-ellipsis nengxenye esephakathi ebhekene (umthetho wokuqala we-Kepler).

Ifomu r = a(1 − e²) / (1 + e cos ν)

Ngaphi: a isi-semi-major axis; e i-excentricity; ν iphutha eliqiniso

Bona futhi: I-ecentricity (e), Isixhumanisi esincane (a)

I-Equinox

Isikhathi lapho ilanga lidlula khona ekude kwezulu (ukwehla 0°), phakathi kuka-March 20 noSepthemba 22. Usuku nobusuku bulingana khona kuwo wonke amagumbi.

Bona futhi: I-Solstice, Ukungalingani

U

Ukuhambahamba

Isivinini esincane lapho isiqu esinganamandla sishiya khona isiqu esicindezelayo ngokulungile. Kuyi √2 izikhathi zejubane lokujikeleza kuleso sikhala. Isimo sezulu: 11.2 km/s.

Ifomu v_esc = √(2μ / r)

Bona futhi: Isivinini sokuhamba ngokujikeleza, I-orbit ye-ejenti ekhethekile

Ukugwama mahhala

Ukuhanjiswa ngaphansi kwengcindezi kuphela. Abacwaningi bomhlaba abahamba nge-orbit bacabanga ukuthi bangama-weightless ngoba bona nezindiza zabo zomhlaba zihlala zihlanganiswa, hhayi ngenxa yokuthi i-gravity ayikho.

Bona futhi: I-Orbit, Ubunzima bomzimba

I

Ipharamitha ye-gravity (μ)

Imikhiqizo yesisindo esiqhubekayo kanye nesisindo sengxenye, μ = GM. Ilinganiselwa ngokucophelela kakhulu kune-G noma i-M kuphela. Iplanethi: 398,600.4 km³/s²; Usuku: 1.32712 × 10¹¹ km³/s².

Ifomu μ = G M

Bona futhi: Ubunzima bomzimba, I-equation ye-vis-a-viva

U

Ubunzima bomzimba

Ukuthakazelisa phakathi kwamaqembu. Kulesi sibalo, i-Newton ichaza ukuthi amandla alingana nesisindo sezinto zombili futhi alingana ngokushintshashintsha nokwehlukaniswa kokuphakama kwabo.

Ifomu F = G M m / r²

Ngaphi: G 6.67430 × 10⁻¹¹ m³ kg⁻¹ s⁻² (CODATA 2018); M, m ama-mass amabili; r distance between centers

Bona futhi: Ipharamitha ye-gravity (μ), Ukugwama mahhala

Ukudluliswa kwe-Hohmann

The minimum-energy two-burn transfer between two circular, coplanar orbits, along half of an ellipse touching both.

Ifomu a_t = (r₁ + r₂) / 2

Bona futhi: i-Delta-v, I-equation ye-vis-a-viva

Ukugqwala (i)

I-tilt yeplanethi ejikelezayo ngokuphathelene neplanethi yokubhekisa (i-ecliptic yezinkanyezi, i-equator yezisathelayithi). Ngaphakathi kwe-90° i-orbit iyashintsha.

Bona futhi: I-longitude ye-node ekhulayo (Ω), I-Retrograde

I

Imithetho yesithathu kaKepler

Isikwere sesikhathi sokuhamba ngokuya nge-orbit silingana ne-cube yengxenye enkulu yomgwaqo. Enyakatho yelanga, nge-T eminyakeni ne-a ku-au, T² = a³.

Ifomu T² / a³ = 4π² / μ

Ngaphi: T Isikhathi sokuhamba; a isi-semi-major axis; μ G(M+m)

Bona futhi: Isikhathi se-orbital, Isixhumanisi esincane (a)

I-Kuiper belt

Isifunda sezinto ezibandayo ngaphandle kweNeptune, kusuka kuma-30 kuya kuma-50 au ukusuka elanga. I-Pluto, i-Haumea ne-Makemake zijikeleza khona.

Bona futhi: I-Asteroid belt, Iplanethi encane

U

Uthuli olukhanyayo

Ukukhanya okuningi noma okungafanele okwenziwe ngesandla, ikakhulukazi i-sky glow efihla amaplanethi. Lokhu kuthinta futhi ukuphila kwasolwandle kanye nokulahleka kwengcindezi.

Bona futhi: Isikali se-bortle

I

Isikhathi sokukhanya

Isikhathi isibani sidinga ukuhamba umgama othile. Ukukhanya kwelanga kuthatha cishe imizuzu engu-8 namasekondi angu-19 ukufinyelela emhlabeni. Ama-commands ku-spacecraft ahlehliswa yisikhathi sokukhanya.

Ifomu t = d / c

Ngaphi: d ubude; c isivinini sokukhanya, 299,792.458 km/s

Bona futhi: Iyunithi ye-astronomic (au)

Iminyaka yokukhanya

Ukuhamba kwelanga ngebanga elincane kunyaka owodwa weJulian (izinsuku ezingama-365.25): cishe amakhilomitha ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-9.46, noma ama-au angama-63,241. Kuyibanga, hhayi isikhathi.

Ifomu 1 ly = c × 365.25 × 86,400 s

Ngaphi: c isivinini sokukhanya, 299,792.458 km/s

Bona futhi: Iyunithi ye-astronomic (au), Isikhathi sokukhanya

I-longitude ye-node ekhulayo (Ω)

I-angle, elinganiselwa kwiplanethi yokubhekisa kusuka ku-reference direction, kuya endaweni lapho i-orbit idlula khona iplanethi ehamba ngasenyakatho.

Bona futhi: I-node, Ukugqwala (i), Isinqumo se-periapsis (ω)

U

Ubukhulu

Isikali se-logarithmic sokukhanya, lapho inani elincane likhanya kakhulu. Ama-magnitudes amane alingana nengxenye ye 100 ekhanyayo.

Ifomu m₁ − m₂ = −2.5 log₁₀(F₁ / F₂)

Ngaphi: m i-magnitude; F i-flux ephawulwe

Bona futhi: Isikali se-bortle

I

I-Asteroid belt

Isifunda phakathi kwe-orbit yeMars neJupiter, cishe ama-2.2 kuya kuma-3.3 au ukusuka elanga, lapho i-asteroids eyaziwayo ijikeleza khona. Naphezu kwesazela sayo, ingxenye enkulu yendawo ayisebenzi; ilungu layo elikhulu yiplanethi encane iCeres.

Bona futhi: I-Kuiper belt, Iplanethi encane

Izinga lokuguquka (M)

I-engile ekhula ngokufanayo nesikhathi, 360° ngayinye ye-orbit. Indawo ekhona ilandela i-equation kaKepler.

Ifomu M = E − e sin E

Ngaphi: E i-excentric anomaly; e i-excentricity

Bona futhi: I-ecentricity (e)

I-node

Enye yezingxenye ezimbili lapho i-orbit idlula khona iplanethi yokubhekisa. I-node yenyanga ihlala kwi-ecliptic; ama-eclipses akwenzeka kuphela uma i-moon entsha noma egcwele ivela eduze kwe-node.

Bona futhi: I-longitude ye-node ekhulayo (Ω), I-Eclipse

Imiphumela emibi

Umlilo owenziwe lapho indiza ye-spaceship ihamba ngokushesha kakhulu (embuzweni we-gravity well) ushintsha amandla ayo e-orbit ngokuningi. Ukusuka e-orbit ephansi ngakho-ke kubiza ngaphezu kwejubane elisele ofuna ukulihamba kude.

Ifomu Δv = √(v∞² + v_esc²) − v_c

Ngaphi: v∞ hyperbolic excess speed; v_esc isivinini sokuyeka ku-burn; v_c Isivinini esijikelezayo ekuburneni

Bona futhi: i-Delta-v, Ukuhambahamba

I-Orbit

Indlela yesimo esihamba ngaphansi kwengcindezi yomunye. Kulesi simo se-isifiso esimibili, iyingxenye ye-conic: i-ellipsis (ivala), i-parabola noma i-hyperbola (ivula).

Bona futhi: I-ellipsis, Imithetho yesithathu kaKepler, Ukugwama mahhala

Isikhathi se-orbital

Isikhathi esithathwa ukuqedela i-orbit eyodwa. Isikhathi se-sidereal silinganiselwa ngokumelene nezinkanyezi; isikhathi se-synodic silinganiselwa ngokuphathelene nezinye iziqu ezihambayo, njengelanga elibonakale ezweni.

Ifomu T = 2π √(a³/μ)

Ngaphi: a isi-semi-major axis; μ ipharamitha ye-gravity yengxenye esephakathi

Bona futhi: Imithetho yesithathu kaKepler, Inyanga ye-synodic

I-periapsis

Ingxenye ye-orbit ephakathi kwe-body, kude a(1 − e). Ilanga libizwa nge-perihelion, iplanethi ibizwa nge-perigee.

Ifomu r_p = a (1 − e)

Bona futhi: I-Apoapsis, I-Periheli

I-Periheli

Ingxenye ye-orbit ejikeleza ilanga etholakala eduze kwelanga. Izwe lidlula kulo ekuqaleni kukaJanuwari kumamitha ayizigidi ezingama-147.1. Ingxenye ehamba phambili yi-aphelion.

Bona futhi: I-periapsis, I-Apoapsis

Iplanethi

Ngomqondo we-2006 IAU, ilungu elijikeleza ilanga, linamandla okuthi libe likhulu kakhulu ukuze libe likhulu ngaphansi kobunzima bayo, futhi lisuse indawo ezungeze i-orbit yayo. I-solar system inesikhombisa.

Bona futhi: Iplanethi encane, I-Orbit

I-Retrograde

Ukusuka noma ukujikeleza ngenye indlela kuneziqu eziningi ezikhona kuhlelo. I-Venus ijikeleza ngokuya emuva; i-Triton neHalley’s Comet orbit zijikeleza ngokuya emuva (ukunyakaza ngaphezu kuka-90°).

Bona futhi: Ukugqwala (i), Imini yelanga

Isixhumanisi esincane (a)

Ingxenye ye-diameter ende kakhulu ye-ellipsis. Ihlela ubukhulu be-orbit, amandla ayo kanye nesikhathi sayo.

Ifomu a = (r_p + r_a) / 2

Ngaphi: r_p ubude be-periapsis; r_a i-apoapsis distance

Bona futhi: Imithetho yesithathu kaKepler, I-ellipsis

Imini ye-Sidereal

Isikhathi esithatha isiqu sokujikeleza kabili ngokuphathelene nezinkanyezi ezide. I-Earth: 23 h 56 min 4.09 s

Bona futhi: Imini yelanga

Isikhala

Isikhathi esithathayo uLwezi ukujikeleza i-Earth kabili ngokuphathelene nezinkanyezi: 27.322 izinsuku.

Bona futhi: Inyanga ye-synodic

Imini yelanga

Isikhathi kusuka emini eyodwa kuya kweyesibili, okungukuthi, ukujikeleza okufanayo kosuku. Kuhlukile kusuku lwesibhakabhaka ngoba isikhumba sihamba ngaso lonke ijubane.

Ifomu 1/P_solar = 1/P_rot − 1/P_orb

Ngaphi: P_rot isikhathi sokujikeleza se-sidereal (sibi uma sihamba emuva); P_orb Isikhathi sokuhamba

Bona futhi: Imini ye-Sidereal, I-Retrograde

I-Solstice

Isikhathi lapho ilanga lifinyelela khona enyakatho (ngoJuni 21) noma enyakatho (ngoDisemba 21) yokuncipha. Inikeza amasonto ade kakhulu namasonto ancane.

Bona futhi: I-Equinox, Ukungalingani

I-orbit ye-ejenti ekhethekile

Ugesi we-orbital ngeyunithi yesisindo. I-negative ye-bounded (elliptical) orbits, i-zero ye-parabolic escape, positive for hyperbolic.

Ifomu ε = v²/2 − μ/r = −μ / (2a)

Bona futhi: I-equation ye-vis-a-viva, Ukuhambahamba

Inyanga ye-synodic

Isikhathi phakathi kwezingxenye ezimbili ezifanayo zenyanga, isibonelo: inyanga entsha kuya kuMhlaba omusha: 29.531 ngosuku oluphakathi.

Ifomu 1/P_syn = 1/P_sid − 1/P_year

Ngaphi: P_sid sidereal month, 27.322 days; P_year isonto le-sidereal, 365.256 izinsuku

Bona futhi: Isikhala

U

Umbra ne-penumbra

I-umbra iyingxenye emnyama esephakathi kwesithunzi lapho umsuka wokukhanya ufihlakele ngokuphelele; i-penumbra yingxenye yangaphandle lapho ifihlakele kuphela ngosayizi.

Bona futhi: I-Eclipse

I

I-equation ye-vis-a-viva

Inikeza isivinini se-orbit nganoma yisiphi isikhala kusuka kubukhulu be-orbit kuphela. Ichaza ukugcinwa kwengcindezi.

Ifomu v = √(μ (2/r − 1/a))

Ngaphi: μ ipharamitha ye-gravity; r current distance; a isi-semi-major axis

Bona futhi: I-orbit ye-ejenti ekhethekile, Isivinini sokuhamba ngokujikeleza

Amathuluzi nama-lessons asebenzisa amamodeli alula ukufundela kuphela. Akufanele asetshenziswa ukuhlola, ukuhlela umsebenzi noma noma yiluphi ukhetho lokusebenzela. Izitifiketi zimahhala futhi aziqinisekisiwe. Funda isichazamazwi sezinto ezifundiswayo