Igama elithile

A

Apoapsis

Incopho ye orbit ekufuphi kakhulu nesiseko esiphakathi, kumgama a( 1 + e). Ijikeleze ilanga kuthiwa yi-aphelion, ijikeleze umhlaba yi-apogee.

Ifomula r_a = a (1 + e)

Bona kwakhona: Periapsis

I

Iqhosha le-periapsis (ω)

I-engile, elinganiselwe kwiplanethi ye-orbit ukusuka kwinode enyukayo, ukuya kwi-periapsis.

Ifomula ϖ = Ω + ω

apho: ϖ i-longitude ye-periapsis; Ω i-longitude ye-node enyukayo

Bona kwakhona: Ubude be-node enyukayo (Ω), Periapsis

A

Astronomical unit (au)

Iyunithi yobude echazwe njenge-149,597,870,700 metres ngokuchanekileyo, malunga nomgama ophakathi phakathi kwehlabathi nelanga. Ichazwe yi-IAU 2012 Resolution B2.

Bona kwakhona: Ixesha lelanga, Iminyaka yokukhanya

U

Ubeko lwephepha

I-engile phakathi kwe-axis yokujikeleza komzimba kunye ne-perpendicular kwiplanethi yayo ye-orbit. Ihlabathi limalunga ne-23.44°, ebangela iinyanga zehlobo. I-Uranus imalunga ne-98°.

Bona kwakhona: Ulwaleko, Ilanga, Equinox

I

Isikali se-Bortle

Isikali seqela lesithoba sokukhanya kwelanga lobusuku esinikezelwe nguJohn E. Bortle kwiSky & Telescope (2001), ukusuka kuhlobo 1 (indawo emnyama elungileyo, ii-stars ukuya kwinoveli ye7.6 ukuya kwe8.0) ukuya kuhlobo 9 (umzi ongaphakathi, inonoveli ye4.0 engcono).

Bona kwakhona: Ubukhulu, Uthuli olukhanyayo

Isantya sojikelezo

Isantya esifunekayo sojikelezo olujikelezayo kumgama r. Ngaphaya komhlaba wehlabathi imalunga ne7.9 km/s.

Ifomula v_c = √(μ / r)

apho: μ i-gravity parameter; r Iindawo eziphakathi

Bona kwakhona: Isantya sokuphuma, I-equation ye-vis-viva

Iqela leenkwenkwezi

Enye yezona ndawo zichaziweyo ngokusemthethweni ezili-88 zezulu (IAU, 1922 ukuya ku-1930), ibizwa ngokuba yimodeli yenkwenkwezi eqhelekileyo njengeOrion. Iinkwenkwezi kwiqela leenkwenkwezi zihlala zikwindawo ezihlukeneyo kakhulu.

Bona kwakhona: Ubukhulu

U

Ulwaleko

Ilayini ethe tye Ukunyuka kwelanga kujikeleza phakathi kwe +23.44° kunye ne -23.44° ngexesha lonyaka.

Ifomula sin δ = sin ε · sin λ

apho: δ Ulwaleko lwelanga; ε i-ecliptic; λ Ubeko lwephjepha lwephepha

Bona kwakhona: Ubeko lwephepha, Ilanga

D

Delta-v

Utshintsho kwisantya, ngeekhilomitha/imizuzu. Yimali yexesha lokuhamba ngenqwelo-moya: uqhubo ngalunye lubiza i-delta-v, kwaye i-rocket’s propellant imisela ukuba inentoni.

Ifomula Δv = v_e ln(m₀ / m_f)

apho: v_e i-exhaust speed effective; m₀, m_f initial and final mass

Bona kwakhona: Uthutho lwe-Hohmann, IsiphumoSomfanekiso

I

Iplanethi

Isiqu esijikeleza ilanga kwaye simalunga nokujikeleza, kodwa asifumanisi indawo yayo ejikelezayo kwaye ayinguye umhlaza (IAU 2006). Imizekelo: iCeres, iPluto, iEris, iHaumea, iMakemake.

Bona kwakhona: Iplanethi, Iiplanethi

U

Ubeko ngokuhambelana:

I-orbit ijikeleza njani: 0 yedayimane, phakathi kwe-0 ne-1 ye-ellipsis, 1 yeparabola kwaye ngaphezulu kwe-1 ye-hyperbola.

Bona kwakhona: I-Ellipse, Periapsis

E

EclipseGenericName

Xa iqulethe isithunzi senye. Ukukhanya kwelanga: isithunzi senyanga siwela kwihlabathi (kwinyanga entsha). Ukukhanya kwelanga: inyanga idlula kwisithunzi sehlabathi (kwinyanga epheleleyo).

Bona kwakhona: I-Node, Umbra ne-Penumbra

I

I-Ecliptic

Iplanethi ye-orbit yehlabathi ejikeleze ilanga, kunye nendlela yonyaka obonakalayo welanga edlula kwizulu. Yindawo eqhelekileyo yokubhekisa kwiplanethi ye-orbit yezinto eziphilayo zenkqubo yelanga. Ijikeleze malunga ne-23.44° kwi-equator yehlabathi.

Bona kwakhona: Ubeko lwephepha, Ubeko lwephepha, I-Node

I-Ellipse

Igophe elivaliweyo, iqela leendawo apho umgama phakathi kwezi ndawo zibini ezimiselweyo (iimfumba) udibanisa ukuya kwixabiso elihlala likhona. Ii-orbit ezibophelelayo zii-ellipsis ezinesiqu esiphakathi kwifom enye (umthetho wokuqala weKepler).

Ifomula r = a(1 − e²) / (1 + e cos ν)

apho: a i-semi-major axis; e Ubeko lwephjepha; ν inyaniso anomaly

Bona kwakhona: Ubeko ngokuhambelana:, I-Azimuth

E

Equinox

Ixesha apho ilanga lidlula khona kwi equator ye celestial (ukuphakama 0°), malunga ne 20 ka March kunye ne 22 ka September. Ubusuku nobusuku bulingana kuyo yonke indawo.

Bona kwakhona: Ilanga, Ulwaleko

I

Isantya sokuphuma

Isantya esincinci apho umzimba ongenamandla eshiya khona umzimba ojikelezayo ngokulungileyo. Yi√2 iindidi zesantya esijikelezayo kumgama ofanayo. Umhlaba wehlabathi: 11.2 km/s.

Ifomula v_esc = √(2μ / r)

Bona kwakhona: Isantya sojikelezo, Umbane othile we-orbit

U

Ukuphuma simahla

Intshukumo phantsi koxinzelelo olukhulu kuphela. Abaqhubi beenqwelo-moya kwimo yelanga baziva bengenabunzima kuba bona nenqwelo-moya yabo ikwingozi ekhululekileyo kunye, hayi ngenxa yokuba uxinzelelo alukho.

Bona kwakhona: I-Orbit, Uxinzelelo

I

Iparamitha ye-Gravity (μ)

Umkhiqizo we-gravity constant kunye nesisindo sequmrhu, μ = GM. Ilinganiselwa ngokuchanekileyo kakhulu kuneG okanye M kuphela. Ihlabathi: 398,600.4 km³/s²; iSun: 1.32712 × 10¹¹ km³/s².

Ifomula μ = G M

Bona kwakhona: Uxinzelelo, I-equation ye-vis-viva

U

Uxinzelelo

Ukutsala phakathi kwamaqela. Kwisichazo sikaNewton amandla alinganayo namacala omabini kunye nokulingana okuthe nkqo kwiskwere somgama wabo.

Ifomula F = G M m / r²

apho: G 6.67430 × 10⁻¹¹ m³ kg⁻¹ s⁻² (CODATA 2018); M, m ii-mass ezimbini; r umgama phakathi kweendawo

Bona kwakhona: Iparamitha ye-Gravity (μ), Ukuphuma simahla

Uthutho lwe-Hohmann

Uthutho oluncinci-lwamandla amabini omlilo phakathi kweendawo ezimbini ezijikelezayo, ezihambelanayo, ngaphaya kwesiqingatha se-ellipsis esiqhathanisa zombini.

Ifomula a_t = (r₁ + r₂) / 2

Bona kwakhona: Delta-v, I-equation ye-vis-viva

Ubeko lwephepha

Iiplanethi Ngapha kwe-90° i orbit ijikeleza ezantsi.

Bona kwakhona: Ubude be-node enyukayo (Ω), I-Retrograde

Umthetho wesithathu we-Kepler

Isikwere sexesha elijikelezayo lilingana ne-cube ye-semi-ebalulekileyo ethe tye. Ejikeleze ilanga, nge T kwiminyaka ne a kwi au, T² = a³.

Ifomula T² / a³ = 4π² / μ

apho: T Ixesha le-orbit; a i-semi-major axis; μ G( M + m)

Bona kwakhona: Ixesha le-Orbit, I-Azimuth

I

Iiplanethi

Ilizwe lezinto ezishushu ngaphezu kweNeptune, ukusuka malunga ne-30 ukuya kwi-50 au ukusuka kuMhlaza. I-Pluto, iHaumea neMakemake zijikeleza khona.

Bona kwakhona: Iiplanethi, Iplanethi

U

Uthuli olukhanyayo

Iimitha ezigqithisileyo okanye ezimiselwe kakubi zesibane esiyenziweyo, ngakumbi ilanga elikhanyayo elifihle iiplanethi. Ibangela ukuba iintaka zifile kwaye ilahlisa amandla.

Bona kwakhona: Isikali se-Bortle

I

Ixesha lelanga

Ixesha elikhanyayo kufuneka lihambe umgama othile. Sunlight takes about 8 minutes 19 seconds to reach Earth. Amalungiselelo enqwelo-moya apheliswa lixesha lokukhanya.

Ifomula t = d / c

apho: d ubukhulu; c Isantya sokukhanya, 299,792.458 km/s

Bona kwakhona: Astronomical unit (au)

Iminyaka yokukhanya

Umgama wokukhanya uhamba kwi-vacuum kunyaka omnye weJulian (iintsuku ezingama-365.25): malunga ne-9.46 trillion km, okanye i-63,241 au. Yindawo ephakathi, hayi ixesha.

Ifomula 1 ly = c × 365.25 × 86,400 s

apho: c Isantya sokukhanya, 299,792.458 km/s

Bona kwakhona: Astronomical unit (au), Ixesha lelanga

U

Ubude be-node enyukayo (Ω)

I-engile, eqikelelwa kwiplanethi yokubonisa ukusuka kwindlela yokubonisa, ukuya kwindawo apho i-orbit idlula khona iplanethi ehamba ngasentla.

Bona kwakhona: I-Node, Ubeko lwephepha, Iqhosha le-periapsis (ω)

Ubukhulu

Isikali esilinganayo sokukhanya, apho amanani amancinci ekhanya kakhulu. Ii-magnitudes ezintlanu ziyinxalenye epheleleyo ye-100 kwi-brightness.

Ifomula m₁ − m₂ = −2.5 log₁₀(F₁ / F₂)

apho: m Ubukhulu; F observed flux

Bona kwakhona: Isikali se-Bortle

I

Iiplanethi

Ilizwe phakathi kwee-orbit zeMars neJupiter, malunga ne-2.2 ukuya kwi-3.3 au ukusuka eMhlabeni, apho iiplanethi ezincinci ezibizwa ngokuba zii-asteroids zijikeleza khona. Nangona ibizwa ngokuba yindawo engenanto, intliziyo yayo enkulu yiplanethi ye-dwarf Ceres.

Bona kwakhona: Iiplanethi, Iplanethi

Ixabiso eliphakathi le anomaly (M)

I-engile enyuka ngokufanayo nexesha, 360° nganye ye orbit. Indawo eyiyo ilandela ekulinganiseni kukaKepler.

Ifomula M = E − e sin E

apho: E i-excentric anomaly; e Ubeko lwephjepha

Bona kwakhona: Ubeko ngokuhambelana:

I-Node

Enye yezinto ezimbini apho i-orbit idlula khona kwiplanethi yobhekiso. Ii-nodes zenyanga zibekwe kwi ekliptiki; ii-eclipses zenzeka kuphela xa iinyanga ezintsha okanye ezipheleleyo zivela kufutshane ne-node.

Bona kwakhona: Ubude be-node enyukayo (Ω), EclipseGenericName

IsiphumoSomfanekiso

Umlilo owenziwe apho inqanawa yesathelayithi ihamba ngokukhawuleza (enzulu kwimpumlo enamandla) utshintsha amandla ayo okujikeleza kakhulu. Ukusuka kwi orbit ephantsi ngoko ke iindleko zincinci kunesantya esiseleyo ofuna ukuba kude.

Ifomula Δv = √(v∞² + v_esc²) − v_c

apho: v∞ hyperbolic excess speed; v_esc Isantya sokuphuma xa kubhalelwa; v_c Isantya esijikelezayo kumlilo

Bona kwakhona: Delta-v, Isantya sokuphuma

I-Orbit

Indlela yenyama ehamba phantsi koxinzelelo lwesinyithi esinamandla ombane senye. Kwimeko yezinto ezimbini ezingaphakathi, icandelo elijikelezayo: i-ellipsis (ivaliweyo), iparabola okanye i-hyperbola (ivuliwe).

Bona kwakhona: I-Ellipse, Umthetho wesithathu we-Kepler, Ukuphuma simahla

Ixesha le-Orbit

Ixesha elithathayo ukugqiba i orbit enye. Ixesha le-sidereal lilinganiselwa ngokuchasene nee-stars; ixesha le-synodic lilinganiselwa ngokubhekiselele kwenye into ehambayo, njengelanga elibonakala kwihlabathi.

Ifomula T = 2π √(a³/μ)

apho: a i-semi-major axis; μ iparamitha yoxinzelelo lwesiqu esisisiseko

Bona kwakhona: Umthetho wesithathu we-Kepler, Inyanga ye-Synodic

P

Periapsis

Incopho ye orbit efutshane nesiseko esiphakathi, kumgama a( 1 - e). Ijikeleze ilanga kuthiwa yiperihelion, ijikeleza umhlaba iperigee.

Ifomula r_p = a (1 − e)

Bona kwakhona: Apoapsis, I-Periheli

I

I-Periheli

Indawo yobubanzi belanga ejikelezayo ilanga elifutshane nelanga. Ihlabathi lidlula kulo ekuqaleni kukaJanuwari malunga nezigidi ezili-147.1 zekilomitha. Indawo ekufuphi kakhulu yi-aphelion.

Bona kwakhona: Periapsis, Apoapsis

Iplanethi

Ngomfuziselo we-2006 IAU, isiqu esijikeleza ilanga, sinamandla ngokwaneleyo ukuba sibe phezulu phantsi koxinzelelo lwaso lomhlaba, kwaye sigqibezele indawo engqongileyo ejikeleze umjikelo wayo. Inkqubo yelanga inesibhozo.

Bona kwakhona: Iplanethi, I-Orbit

I-Retrograde

Ukushenxisa okanye ukujika kwindlela echaseneyo namanye amaqela kwinkqubo. IVenus ijikeleza ngokujika-jika; iTriton neHalley’s Comet orbit zijikeleza ngokujika-jika (ukugoba ngaphezu kwe90°).

Bona kwakhona: Ubeko lwephepha, Imini yelanga

I-Azimuth

Ingxenye ye-diameter ende ye-ellipsis. Imisela ubungakanani be orbit, amandla ayo kunye nexesha.

Ifomula a = (r_p + r_a) / 2

apho: r_p Umhlathi; r_a Ubungakanani begama:

Bona kwakhona: Umthetho wesithathu we-Kepler, I-Ellipse

Imini ye-Sidereal

Ixesha elithatha isiqu sokujika ngokufanayo kwiinkwenkwezi ezide. Kwihlabathi: 23 h 56 min 4.09 s

Bona kwakhona: Imini yelanga

Isiqalo

The time the Moon takes to orbit Earth once relative to the stars: 27.322 days.

Bona kwakhona: Inyanga ye-Synodic

Imini yelanga

Ixesha ukusuka kwintlanganiso enye ukuya kweyesibini, oko kukuthi ujikelezo olufanayo oluhambelana nelanga. Ihlukile kwimini yelanga ngenxa yokuba iquka nokujikeleza kweeplanethi.

Ifomula 1/P_solar = 1/P_rot − 1/P_orb

apho: P_rot ixesha lojikelezo lwesibhakabhaka (elilahlekileyo ukuba lihamba ngasemva); P_orb Ixesha le-orbit

Bona kwakhona: Imini ye-Sidereal, I-Retrograde

Ilanga

Ixesha apho ilanga lifikelela kumntla (malunga ne 21 kaJuni) okanye kumzantsi (malunga ne 21 kaDesemba) ukunyuka. Inika iintsuku ezide nezifutshane.

Bona kwakhona: Equinox, Ulwaleko

U

Umbane othile we-orbit

Umbane we-orbit ngeyunithi yesisindo. I negative ye orbits ezibophelelayo (ezijikelezayo), i zero yokuyeka i parabolic, elungileyo ye hyperbolic.

Ifomula ε = v²/2 − μ/r = −μ / (2a)

Bona kwakhona: I-equation ye-vis-viva, Isantya sokuphuma

I

Inyanga ye-Synodic

The time between two identical Moon phases, e.g. new Moon to new Moon: 29.531 days on average.

Ifomula 1/P_syn = 1/P_sid − 1/P_year

apho: P_sid sidereal month, 27.322 days; P_year sidereal year, 365.256 days

Bona kwakhona: Isiqalo

U

Umbra ne-Penumbra

I-umbra yinxalenye emnyama esembindini wesithunzi apho umsitho wokukhanya ufihlakele ngokupheleleyo; i-penumbra yinxalenye yangaphandle apho ifihlakele kuphela kwingxenye.

Bona kwakhona: EclipseGenericName

I

I-equation ye-vis-viva

Inika umgama ojikelezayo wesantya nakweyiphi na indawo ukusuka kubungakanani besantya sokuhamba ngokukodwa. Ibonisa ulondolozo lweenkqubo.

Ifomula v = √(μ (2/r − 1/a))

apho: μ i-gravity parameter; r current distance; a i-semi-major axis

Bona kwakhona: Umbane othile we-orbit, Isantya sojikelezo

Izixhobo kunye neengcebiso zisebenzisa iimodeli ezilula zokufunda kuphela. Akufanele zisetyenziswe ukuqhuba, ucwangciso lwemikhosi okanye nayiphi na intlawulo yokusebenza. Iziqinisekiso azihlawulwanga kwaye azigunyaziswanga. Funda uxanduva lokungasebenzisi imixholo yoqeqesho