Glossary

A

Apoapsis

The point of an orbit farthest from the central body, at distance a(1 + e). A cikinsa akwai abin da yake mai tsarki ga Allah.

Formula r_a = a (1 + e)

Ka duba kuma: Periapsis

Argument of periapsis (ω)

The angle, measured in the orbital plane from the ascending node, to the periapsis.

Formula ϖ = Ω + ω

A'a: ϖ longitude of periapsis; Ω longitude of the rising node

Ka duba kuma: Longitude na node mai tashi (Ω), Periapsis

Astronomical unit (au)

Ƙananan tsawo wanda aka bayyana da 149,597,870,700 mita, kusan tsawo tsakanin ƙasa da rana. An bayyana shi da IAU 2012 Resolution B2.

Ka duba kuma: Light-time, Dakata

Axial tilt (obliquity)

The angle between a body’s spin axis and the perpendicular to its orbital plane. Na ƙasa yana da kusan 23.44°, wanda ke haifar da yanayi. Uranus’s ne kusan 98°.

Ka duba kuma: Dakata, Dakata, Dakata

B

Bortle scale

A daki- tara- mataki na dare sama duhu gabatar da by John E. Bortle a cikin Sky & Telescope (2001), daga darasi 1 (lokaci mai kyau na duhu, taurari zuwa girman 7.6 zuwa 8.0) zuwa darasi 9 (gari na ciki, girman 4.0 a mafi kyawun).

Ka duba kuma: Magnitude, Hasken rana

P

Phonon:: MMF:: EffectFactory

Phonon:: MMF:: EffectFactory A kan ƙasa ne kawai yake, yana da kimanin kilomita 7.9/s.

Formula v_c = √(μ / r)

A'a: μ Gravity; r distance from center

Ka duba kuma: Escape velocity, Vis-viva equation

C

Constellation

Daya daga cikin yankuna 88 da aka bayyana a matsayin na zahiri na sama (IAU, 1922 zuwa 1930), an ba shi suna bayan wani nau’in taurari na gargajiya kamar Orion. A cikin wata ƙungiya ta taurãri, taurãri suna a kan nisan da ya bambanta.

Ka duba kuma: Magnitude

D

Dakata

The angle of a point in the sky north (+) or south (−) of the celestial equator, the sky’s equivalent of latitude. Yanayin da rana ke tafiya a cikinsa yana tsakanin +23.44° da -23.44° a kowace shekara.

Formula sin δ = sin ε · sin λ

A'a: δ Sun's declination; ε star name; λ Sun's ecliptic longitude

Ka duba kuma: Axial tilt (obliquity), Dakata

Delta-v

Canji a cikin gudu, cikin kilomita/s. Shi ne kudin tafiyar sararin samaniya: duk wani jujjuyawar yana da farashin delta-v, kuma mai jujjuya roket na sanya adadin da yake da shi.

Formula Δv = v_e ln(m₀ / m_f)

A'a: v_e effective exhaust speed; m₀, m_f initial and final mass

Ka duba kuma: Hohmann transfer, Oberth effect

Dwarf planet

A body that orbits the Sun and is nearly round, but has not cleared its orbital neighbourhood and is not a moon (IAU 2006). Misalai: Ceres, Pluto, Eris, Haumea, Makemake.

Ka duba kuma: Planet name, Kuiper belt

E

Excentricity

Yadda aka tsawaita wani orbit shine: 0 ga wata damuwa, tsakanin 0 da 1 ga wani ellipse, 1 ga parabola da sama 1 ga hyperbola.

Ka duba kuma: Ellipse, Periapsis

Eclipse

Idan wani rai ya shiga cikin inuwa na wani. Kuma Allah ne Yake halitta dare da rana, kuma Ya sanya dare a kan yini. Kuma idan ya yi duhu, sai ya shiga cikin inuwa.

Ka duba kuma: Node, Inuwa da inuwa mai haske

Ecliptic

The plane of Earth’s orbit around the Sun, and the Sun’s apparent yearly path across the sky. Wannan shi ne tsarin da ake amfani dashi wajen tantance yanayin zafin jiki na duniyarmu. An yi shi da 23.44° zuwa ga equator na ƙasa.

Ka duba kuma: Axial tilt (obliquity), Inclination (i), Node

Ellipse

A closed curve, the set of points whose distances to two fixed points (foci) add up to a constant. A cikin tsarin halittu, suna da wani nau’i na kwayoyin halitta (wanda ake kira kwayoyin halittar halitta).

Formula r = a(1 − e²) / (1 + e cos ν)

A'a: a half- major axis; e eccentricity; ν true anomaly

Ka duba kuma: Excentricity, Semi-major axis (a)

D

Dakata

The moment when the Sun crosses the celestial equator (declination 0°), around 20 March and 22 September. Lalle ne, Allah Yã kasance Mai gani ga abin da kuke aikatãwa.

Ka duba kuma: Dakata, Dakata

E

Escape velocity

The minimum speed at which an unpowered body leaves a gravitating body for good. It is √2 times the circular speed at the same distance. Fuskar ƙasa: 11.2 km/s.

Formula v_esc = √(2μ / r)

Ka duba kuma: Phonon:: MMF:: EffectFactory, Specific orbital energy

F

Free fall

Motsi a karkashin matsin lamba kawai. Masu tafiyar sama a cikin orbit suna jin cewa babu nauyi saboda su da jirginsu na sararin samaniya suna cikin faɗuwa kyauta tare, ba saboda rashin nauyi ba.

Ka duba kuma: Orbit, Gravity

P

Paramita na Gravity (μ)

Ma’anar wannan tsari shi ne, yawan makamashi da zafin jiki na wani abu yana daidaita. Anã auna shi da yawa mafi daidaito daga G ko M kaɗai. Girman ƙasar: 398,600.4 km³/s²; rana: 1.32712 × 10¹¹ km³/s².

Formula μ = G M

Ka duba kuma: Gravity, Vis-viva equation

G

Gravity

A tsakanin jama’a. A cikin sifar Newton, ƙarfin yana daidai da nauyin biyu kuma yana daidai da kwatancen nisansu.

Formula F = G M m / r²

A'a: G 6.67430 × 10⁻¹¹ m³ kg⁻¹ s⁻² (CODATA 2018); M, m Da mazã biyu.; r distance between centers

Ka duba kuma: Paramita na Gravity (μ), Free fall

H

Hohmann transfer

A cikin tsarin halitta, akwai nau’ikan halittu biyu da suke da alaƙa da juna, wato halittun halitta da kuma halittun halitta.

Formula a_t = (r₁ + r₂) / 2

Ka duba kuma: Delta-v, Vis-viva equation

I

Inclination (i)

The tilt of an orbital plane relative to a reference plane (the ecliptic for planets, the equator for satellites). Above 90° the orbit is retrograde.

Ka duba kuma: Longitude na node mai tashi (Ω), Retrograde

K

Kepler's third law

A cikin wannan yanayin, za a iya amfani da tsarin lissafi na kwance don ƙirƙirar ƙananan ƙananan. Kuma Allah ne Yake sanin abin da yake a cikin sammai da ƙasa.

Formula T² / a³ = 4π² / μ

A'a: T star name; a half- major axis; μ G(M+m)

Ka duba kuma: Dakata, Semi-major axis (a)

Kuiper belt

Wani yanki na abubuwa masu ruwan sanyi a baya ga Neptune, daga kusan 30 zuwa 50 au daga rana. Pluto, Haumea da Makemake suna tafiya a cikin wannan sararin samaniya.

Ka duba kuma: Main asteroid belt, Dwarf planet

H

Hasken rana

Hasken halitta mai yawa ko wanda aka yi wa kurakurai, musamman ma hasken sama da ke ɓoye taurari. Kuma yana shafar halitta kuma yana zubar da wutar.

Ka duba kuma: Bortle scale

L

Light-time

Lokacin da haske yake buƙata don tafiya a wani wuri mai nisa. Hasken rana yana ɗaukar kusan minti 8 da sakan 19 don isa ƙasa. Umarnin zuwa jirgin sama sun yi jinkiri saboda lokacin haske.

Formula t = d / c

A'a: d distance; c speed of light, 299,792.458 km/s

Ka duba kuma: Astronomical unit (au)

D

Dakata

Hanyar haske tana tafiya a cikin wani wuri mai zafi a cikin shekara guda ta Julian (365.25 days): kusan 9.46 trillion km, ko 63,241 au. Kuma bã ya zama kusa.

Formula 1 ly = c × 365.25 × 86,400 s

A'a: c speed of light, 299,792.458 km/s

Ka duba kuma: Astronomical unit (au), Light-time

L

Longitude na node mai tashi (Ω)

The angle, measured in the reference plane from the reference direction, to the point where the orbit crosses the plane going north.

Ka duba kuma: Node, Inclination (i), Argument of periapsis (ω)

M

Magnitude

A logaritmic scale of brightness, where smaller numbers are brighter. Magnitude biyar ne daidai da wani ma’aunin 100 a haske.

Formula m₁ − m₂ = −2.5 log₁₀(F₁ / F₂)

A'a: m magnitude; F observed flux

Ka duba kuma: Bortle scale

Main asteroid belt

Wannan yankin yana tsakanin orbits na Mars da Jupiter, kusan 2.2 zuwa 3.3 au daga rana, inda mafi yawan asteroids an san su orbit. A duk da suna, ya fi yawan sararin samaniya; mafi girman jikinsa shi ne duniyar nan ta Ceres.

Ka duba kuma: Kuiper belt, Dwarf planet

Median anomaly (M)

A angle that increases uniformly with time, 360° per orbit. A halin yanzu, wannan wuri yana daga cikin daidaiton Kepler.

Formula M = E − e sin E

A'a: E preview-size; e eccentricity

Ka duba kuma: Excentricity

N

Node

One of the two points where an orbit crosses a reference plane. Kuma idan ya kasance wata rana ce mai haske, to, a cikinsa akwai wani abu da yake kama da haske.

Ka duba kuma: Longitude na node mai tashi (Ω), Eclipse

O

Oberth effect

A cikin wannan yanayin, wani abu mai zafi da ke gudana a cikin wata narkewar ruwa yana haifar da wani abu mai zafi. Sakamakon haka, tafiya daga orbit mai ƙarancin farashin yana da ƙananan fiye da sauri wanda kuke so a tsayi.

Formula Δv = √(v∞² + v_esc²) − v_c

A'a: v∞ hyperbolic excess speed; v_esc escape speed at the burn; v_c circular speed at the burn

Ka duba kuma: Delta-v, Escape velocity

Orbit

Hanyar wani abu mai tafiya a ƙarƙashin ƙarfin gaske na wani abu. Kuma lalle ne, haƙĩƙa, Allah Ya saukar da Littãfi mai bayyanãwa a cikin Littãfi Mai tsarki.

Ka duba kuma: Ellipse, Kepler's third law, Free fall

D

Dakata

A cikinsa akwai wani abu mai kama da haske. Kuma lalle ne, haƙĩƙa, Allah Ya saukar da wata hujja bayyananna game da abin da yake a cikin sammai da ƙasa, kuma ya sanar da ku abin da yake a cikinsu da abin da yake a cikinsu.

Formula T = 2π √(a³/μ)

A'a: a half- major axis; μ Gravity

Ka duba kuma: Kepler's third law, Dakata

P

Periapsis

The point of an orbit closest to the central body, at distance a(1 − e). Kuma a cikinsa akwai abin da yake mai tsanani ga mutãne.

Formula r_p = a (1 − e)

Ka duba kuma: Apoapsis, Perihelion

Perihelion

A cikin wannan rana, akwai wani abu mai kama da wata fashewa a cikin sararin samaniya. Duniyar tana wucewa a farkon watan Janairu a kan kusan kilomita miliyan 147.1. Mafi nĩsan matãkala ita ce mafi nĩsa.

Ka duba kuma: Periapsis, Apoapsis

Planet name

A cikin fassarar IAU ta 2006, wani abu da ke tafiyar hawainiya a kusa da rana yana da karfi sosai don ya zama kusan kwance a karkashin nauyinsa, kuma ya tsaftace yankin da ke kusa da sahunsa. A cikin tsarin rana akwai takwas.

Ka duba kuma: Dwarf planet, Orbit

R

Retrograde

Motsa ko juyawa a cikin hanya mai saɓani ga mafi yawan abubuwan cikin tsarin. Venus tana juyawa da baya; Triton da Halley’s Comet suna orbit da baya (inclination sama da 90°).

Ka duba kuma: Inclination (i), Dakata

S

Semi-major axis (a)

Half of the longest diameter of an ellipse. Yana daidaita girman orbit, da ƙarfinsa da kuma lokacinsa.

Formula a = (r_p + r_a) / 2

A'a: r_p distance in units (integer); r_a distance in units (integer)

Ka duba kuma: Kepler's third law, Ellipse

Sidereal day

star name Domin ƙasa: 23 h 56 min 4.09 s.

Ka duba kuma: Dakata

D

Dakata

The time the Moon takes to orbit Earth once relative to the stars: 27.322 days.

Ka duba kuma: Dakata

Dakata

Kuma Allah ne Yake sanin abin da yake a cikin sammai da ƙasa, kuma Ya san abin da yake a cikin sammai da ƙasa. Kuma lalle ne, haƙĩƙa, Allah Ya saukar da wata ãyã a gare ku daga Ubangijinku.

Formula 1/P_solar = 1/P_rot − 1/P_orb

A'a: P_rot star name; P_orb star name

Ka duba kuma: Sidereal day, Retrograde

Dakata

The moment when the Sun reaches its farthest north (around 21 June) or south (around 21 December) declination. Yana bã da mafi tsawo da mafi kaɗan kwanaki.

Ka duba kuma: Dakata, Dakata

S

Specific orbital energy

Orbital energy per unit mass. Negative for bound (elliptical) orbits, zero for parabolic escape, positive for hyperbolic.

Formula ε = v²/2 − μ/r = −μ / (2a)

Ka duba kuma: Vis-viva equation, Escape velocity

D

Dakata

The time between two identical Moon phases, e.g. new Moon to new Moon: 29.531 days on average.

Formula 1/P_syn = 1/P_sid − 1/P_year

A'a: P_sid sideral month, 27.322 days; P_year sideral year, 365.256 days

Ka duba kuma: Dakata

I

Inuwa da inuwa mai haske

Kuma idan ka yi la’akari da abin da ya kasance a cikin wannan littafi, to, lalle ne shi, haƙĩƙa, yana da gaskiya.

Ka duba kuma: Eclipse

V

Vis-viva equation

Gives the orbital speed at any distance from the orbit’s size alone. Yana bayyana tsarewar wutar lantarki.

Formula v = √(μ (2/r − 1/a))

A'a: μ Gravity; r current distance; a half- major axis

Ka duba kuma: Specific orbital energy, Phonon:: MMF:: EffectFactory

Kayan aiki da karatu suna amfani da siffofin sauƙi don koyon kawai. Ba za a iya amfani da su don tafiyar ruwa, shirin aiki ko wani hukuncin aiki ba. Shaidu ne kyauta kuma ba a amince da su ba. Ka karanta bayanin da ke cikin shirin koyarwa