Wasu harsuna a wannan shafin na iya zama an fassara su da injin kuma suna iya da kurakurai. Help improve it Read the English original
Hasken birni da wata a kan gefen dare na duniya, kamar yadda aka gani daga Tashar sararin samaniya ta Duniya.
Red Initiative

Visual pollution

Muna kare abin da muke ji da kuma hawaye. abin da muke gani a kowace rana yana sauya yanayinmu, fahimtarmu na tsaro da kuma farin cikinmu a wani wuri kamar yadda yake.

NASA

Mummunar gani ita ce asarar da kuma rashin daidaito da ke lalata wuraren da muke zaune: ta’addanci a kan bango, jiragen kasa da gine-gine masu tarihi, ginin gina jiki mai nauyi a cikin yankuna da titunan, da kuma rashin kulawa da ba a gyara su ba. Yana da wahala ya zama babban labari saboda ba ya kashe kowa. Amma yana kashe wa jama’a kudi mai yawa, yana canza yadda mutane ke jin aminci, kuma wuraren da mutane suke so mafi yawanci, wuraren tarihi, gidajen shakatawa, rairayin bakin teku da dutsen da ke cikin kwanciyar hankali, kusan duk lokacin suna wurare ne da aka kula da su.

What counts, and what does not

Bã dukan abin da yake kama ido yake da ƙazanta ba. An yi niyyar birnin ya kasance mai hutu.

  • ãyõyi da alloli, a wuri mai kyau, su ne ɓangare na abin da ke cikin birni. Ƙaramar ƙungiya ce ta mutane da ke zaune a cikin birni, waɗanda suke da sha’awar yin kasuwanci, ko kuma masu son yin sana’a. Abin da yake da muhimmanci shi ne wurin da aka sanya su da kuma girmansu: alamun da ke nuna biyayya ga ginin, suna tsallake kofofin gidaje da wuraren gani na halitta, kuma ba su da haske ko kuma suna da motsi sosai wanda zai iya shafar masu mota. Al’amura masu kyau na alamun, ba hanawa ba, sune amsar a wurare da yawa.
  • An yi wa bango da zane-zane na titin umarni An yi shi ne da iznin mai mallakar shi, yana iya canza wani bango baƙo zuwa wata alama.
  • Graffiti vandalism, wanda aka yi wa zane ko aka yi kwalliya ba tare da izinin kowa ba a kan dukiyar wasu mutane, tashoshin jama’a da kuma al’adu, shi ne mafi yaduwa da kuma tsadar gaske na gurbata gani a cikin birane da dama.
  • Injin wutar lantarki da ginin sadarwa: maɓallan watsawa, hanyoyin wutar lantarki na sama da kuma tashin hankalin kable na titin, wanda zai iya mamaye yankunan da tituna na ƙarni.
  • La’akari: ginin da aka bar, kayan ado na titin da aka karya, gurbatacciyar ƙasa da kuma rufewa.

Graffiti: matsala mai tsada ga kowa

Graffiti vandalism ana yawan rufe shi a matsayin bayyanar kanka mai kyau. Waɗanda suke biyan kuɗin shi kuma suna rayuwa da shi, sunã ganinsa a wani yanayi daban. Duk wani abu da aka sanya a kan jirgin kasa, kofar mota, makaranta ko shaguna dole ne a wanke shi, a yi masa ado ko kuma a maye gurbinsa, kuma kudin na fitowa daga harajin tafiya, haraji, kudade da farashin: daga kowa.

Da abin da yake kashewa

  • Rayin dogo na Jamus, Deutsche Bahn, ya sanya asarar daga graffiti a cikin kusan € 12 miliyan a shekara, kuma ya tattara wasu 32,000 na abubuwan da suka shafi vandalism a duk faɗin dandalinsa a cikin 2024 (Bahnblogstelle, 2025).
  • London’s boroughs spend about £7 million a year on graffiti and its transport companies more than £6 million, before counting the replacement of acid-etched Underground windows, which could add £10 million more. Majalisar London ta yi hasashen kudin da ake kashewa a kan tattalin arzikin birnin na miliyoyin £100 a shekara (London Assembly, 2002).
  • In the United States, wani adadin na $12 biliyan a shekara ana yawan ambatonsa a cikin shawarwari na ‘yan sanda, ko da yake ƙididdigarsa ba ta bayyana (Weisel, US Department of Justice, 2009). Ko da yaushe, duk birane, hukumomin sufuri, makarantu da kamfanoni masu yawa suna biyan kudin.

Kullum ana kashe kuɗaɗe a kan tsaftacewa. Jirgin kasa da kuma bas ana cire su daga aiki domin a wanke su, gilashin da aka yi wa kwalba da acid dole ne a maye gurbin shi ba tare da a wanke shi ba, kuma cirewar ƙwararru daga dutsen da ya gabata, labule da ƙarfe na iya lalata gabar da ake nufi da ita. A kan gine-ginen tarihi da kuma wuraren tunawa, wata dare guda na spraying paint zai iya haifar da lalacewar har abada ga kayan da suka yi rayuwa tsawon karni.

Wani ma'aikacin birnin da ke sanya riga mai tsayi da kuma na'urar sanyaya jiki yana wanke wata takardar rubutu daga wani akwatin kayan aiki a gefen hanya, a cikin launin baƙi da fari.
Wani ma'aikacin birnin yana cire wani rubutun da aka yi a gefen titin Pike da Harvard a Seattle, 1999. Duk wani tag farashin wani lokaci da kudi don tsabtace. Photo: Seattle Municipal Archives, CC BY 2.0

Abin da yake yi wa mutane

Graffiti mai nauyi yana canza yadda wani wuri yake ji. Masu zaune a cikin birni da masu zuwa suna karanta shi a matsayin alamun cewa babu wanda ke kulawa: binciken da bincike na fannin suna danganta rashin daidaito mai gani, gami da zane-zane da kuma gurbata muhalli, da tsoron laifin da ya fi girma, da rashin amincewa da makwabtan da kuma rashin haɗin kai da maƙwabta (Sampson da Raudenbush, 2004). Mutane da suke ganin yankunansu suna cikin rashin tsari sun ce suna jin tsoro, fushi da kuma damuwa, saboda rashin tsari yana haifar da rashin amincewa (Ross da Mirowsky, 2009); a cikin wata bincike, an bayyana rashin lafiyar mazauna yankunan da ke fama da talauci kusan gaba daya ne ta hanyar jin rashin daidaito da tsoro (Ross da Mirowsky, 2001). Ƙirƙirar wuraren taimakawa: a cikin wani bincike na musamman a Philadelphia, tsabtace da kuma yin ado da wuraren da ba a amfani da su ya rage rahoton masu zama game da ta’addanci da kashi 39% da kuma jin rashin aminci wajen fita waje da kashi 58% (Branas et al., 2018), da kuma rage jin daɗin damuwa a tsakanin mazauna kusa (South et al., 2018). Wannan nauyi ya fi yawa a kan waɗanda ba su iya zaɓar barin gida: masu shekaru, yara da iyalai masu samun kudin shiga mai ƙaranci.

Shin, ɓarna na yaduwa?

A cikin 1982 James Q. Wilson da George Kelling sun yi sharhi a cikin The Atlantic cewa rashin daidaito mai gani, wanda aka bar ba a gyara shi ba, yana nuna cewa babu wanda ke kulawa kuma yana gayyatar yin laifi mafi muni: ra’ayin “fenti masu karya” (Wilson da Kelling, 1982). Kuma mafi ƙarfin shaidar jarrabawa ta zo a bãyan haka. A cikin jerin gwaje-gwajen fili a Groningen, a Netherlands, masu bincike sun kwatanta wuraren da aka tsaftace kuma aka rufe su da zane-zane. Da graffiti a kan bango, kashi na mutane da suka bar takardar shaidar zama kamar shara ya tashi daga kashi 33 zuwa kashi 69 cikin dari, kuma kashi wanda ya sace wani akwatin da yake nuna kudi daga akwatin imel ya ninka daga kashi 13 zuwa kashi 27 cikin dari (Keizer, Lindenberg da Steg, 2008).

An yi tattaunawa game da binciken, kuma yana da mahimmanci a bayyana abin da yake nunawa. Shaidar cewa rashin tsaro ya fi yaduwa mai karfi ce; shaidar da ke nuna cewa tsare-tsaren tsaro na kashe-kashe masu yawa na laifuffuka masu ƙaranci suna rage laifuffukan su ne mafi rauni. Wani bincike da aka yi kan nazarin 30 ya gano cewa matakan da suka maida hankali ga rashin tsaro sun rage laifukan da yawa, kuma hanyoyin warware matsalolin jama’a da na al’umma, kamar tsaftace wuraren da aiki tare da mazauna, sun fi karfin kama masu laifi.Braga, Welsh da Schnell, 2015). Koyarwar ba ta zama a yi wa mai laifi hukunci mai tsanani ba, amma a gyara shi cikin gaggawa da kuma hada jama’a.

A tag removed the same day is an invitation declined. A tag bar ga watanni ne gayyatar da aka karɓa.

What works

  • Rapid removal. The most known success is New York City’s subway. Daga 1984, bayan an wanke motar, ana kiyaye ta da kyau: duk wani graffiti na sabon an cire shi cikin sa’o’i biyu ko kuma motar an cire ta daga aiki, don haka jiragen kasa masu zane ba su ci gaba da tafiya ba. A watan Mayu na shekarar 1989, duk jirgin ya kasance ba tare da graffiti ba. Rahoton hukumar ‘yan sanda ta Amurka ya ce cirewa da sauri na rage kwalliyar kwalliya, kuma yanzu garuruwa da dama suna son a cire alamun cikin sa’o’i 24 zuwa 48, saboda cirewa da sauri yana dauke da kyautar ganin (Weisel, 2009).
  • Legal walls and commissioned murals. Philadelphia’s Mural Arts Program ya fara a 1984 kamar yadda Philadelphia Anti-Graffiti Network, wanda ya yi aiki tare da marubuta masu shekarun karatun rubutun zane don yin muryoyi (Mural Arts Philadelphia). Ya samar da fiye da 4,000 ayyukan sana’a na jama’a tare da al’ummomin yankin, kuma ya zama alamar birnin (City of Philadelphia). Gidan da aka ambata inda masu zane-zane za su iya yin zane, ya ba wa masu fasaha wuri ba tare da tilastawa kowa ba.
  • Protective design. Anti-graffiti coatings on vulnerable surfaces, good lighting, planting such as climbing plants on blank walls, and well-used public spaces make vandalism harder and cleaning cheaper.
  • Sabon mallakar al’umma. Shirin “Adopt-a-street” da kuma kwanakin tsaftacewa na kwararru da kuma sabbin aikace-aikacen bayar da rahoto mai sauƙi sun mayar da mazauna garuruwansu masu kula da titunansu.
Wani babban mural mai ban mamaki a cikin hasken ruwan toka a gefen wani gini kusa da kogin Schuylkill a Philadelphia.
Convergence by Rebecca Rutstein, wani zane-zane na mural na shirin City of Philadelphia Mural Arts Program, 2019. Photo: Rebecca Rutstein, CC BY-SA 4.0

Koyar da yara inda sana’a take

Yara suna son yin zane a kan bango, kuma wannan sana’a ce mai daraja. Abin da suke buƙata su koya shi ne ba wai zane yana da mummunan abu ba, amma garin yana da wani kuma wasu mutane suna rayuwa da abin da muka sanya a kansa. Makaranta, iyalai da kungiyoyin matasa za su iya:

  • Ba wa sana’a wuri. Gidan makaranta, dakunan karatu a wuraren gina gine-gine, hanyoyin shiga ƙasa da kuma cibiyoyin al’umma za su iya zama wurin zane-zane na bango da yara suka tsara, tare da izinin da kuma zane wanda kowa ya amince da shi.
  • Ka koya wa mutane yarda. Kafin ka yi zane kan wani abu, ka tambayi mai shi, kuma ka tambayi makwabta waɗanda za su gani a kowace rana. Kuma abin da aka sanya wa wasu mutãne a kansa daga alhẽri, to, bã shi da wani amfãni.
  • Ka nuna gefen na biyu. Ka kira mai kula da shi, ko mai mota ko kuma mai shagon ya bayyana abin da tsaftace wata alamar ke kashewa a kansu, cikin kudi da lokaci.
  • Tara da wani matsayi. Kungiyar sana’a, ayyukan littattafai na zane-zane, bango mai doka da gasa don zane-zanen murabba’i na jama’a suna ba wa masu sana’ar yara hanya ta nuna kansu, kuma su yi alfahari da ita.
  • Ka girmama cewa ba kowa ke so shi ba. Wasu mutane suna son launin a kan duk wani bango; wasu kuma suna da darajar kaɗan, lambu ko hanya mai kwanciyar hankali. Birni mai zaman kansa yana bukatar wuri ga duka biyun.
Wani tsauni ne mai dogon hanya a ƙarƙashin wata hanya ta jirgin ƙasa, da bangonta da rufinta an rufe su daga ƙarshe zuwa ƙarshe da ɓangaren zane mai launin shuɗi.
Leake Street, wani layin dogo a karkashin tashar Waterloo a birnin London, inda ake ba da izinin zane-zane a kan bango. Gidan da aka yi wa doka kamar wannan yana ba masu sana'a damar yin aiki ba tare da tilasta musu aikinsu ba ga mutane waɗanda ba su zaɓe shi ba. Photo: Maggie Jones, public domain

Layin wutar lantarki, pylons da waya

Daga cikin dukkanin ginin da ke samar da ra’ayi, jigilar makamashi shi ne mafi tsawo. Wani layin na manyan bututun ƙarfe zai iya riƙe wani lambu na tsawon karni; wani shafin na kable mai saukar ungulu zai iya sanya hanya ta yi duhu kuma ya ɓoye gine-ginenta.

Wani layin manyan maɓalli na lantarki da ke wucewa cikin gonaki da gandun daji a Devon, Ingilishi.
High voltage pylons crossing the countryside in the South Hams, Devon. Photo: Lewis Clarke, CC BY-SA 2.0

Layin sadarwa mai ƙarfi yana da muhimmanci: suna ɗaukar wutar lantarki daga gonakin iska, gidajen wutar rana da kuma tashoshin wutar lantarki zuwa inda mutane ke zaune, kuma canjin makamashi zai buƙaci fiye da haka. Kuma amma yadda da inda ake gina su, al’amura ne ga mutãnen da ke zaune a gẽfensu. Wani bincike na sayar da gidaje a Quebec ya gano cewa ganin wani pylon ko kuma wayansa zai iya rage farashin gidan da kashi 5 zuwa fiye da kashi 20, yayin da kawai yake kusa da layin corridor, daga gani, bai yi ba (Des Rosiers, 2002). Pylons a cikin yankuna buɗe da kuma wuraren shakatawa na kasashe suna daga cikin mafi bayyanannu gine-gine da mutane ke gina.

An rufe waya yana warware ra’ayi amma ba a cikin kudi. Kabel na saukar da ƙasa suna buƙatar 5 zuwa 10 sau fiye da yadda ake gina su kamar hanyoyin sama (ENTSO-E da Europacable, 2010). A kan wani lokaci na rayuwa gaba daya, wannan bambanci ya yi kauri: wata bincike ta injiniya a Birtaniya ta sanya layin jirgin sama a kan dala miliyan 2.2 zuwa dala miliyan 4.2 ga kowace kilomita, a kan dala miliyan 10.2 zuwa dala miliyan 24.1 ga waya mai tsarki, tare da ƙasa kusan sau 4.7 na farashin rayuwarsa akan hanya guda misali (IET da Parsons Brinckerhoff, 2012). An rufe kebul kuma yana da wahala a gyara shi kuma a kwashe wani tsauni mai tsawo ta hanyar ƙasa da wuraren zama. Ga hanyoyin raba wutar lantarki na gida a kan titunan, kamfanonin wutar lantarki na Amurka sun ce ana gina gidajen da ke karkashin kasa ne a cikin kashi biyar zuwa goma bisa dari na farashin sabbin hanyoyin wutar lantarki na sama, ko da yake layukan da aka rufe suna da wahalar fuskantar guguwa (Edison Electric Institute, 2013).

Amsa mai ma’ana ita ce a zabi da hankali: a rufe layukan sadarwa inda suke wucewa cikin wurare masu daraja da kuma manyan biranen, a shirya layukan sadarwa na sabon a kan hanyoyin da ke akwai da kuma daga gidajen, a yi amfani da zane-zane na pylon mai sassauci, da kuma tsaftace tashoshin lantarki na tituna duk lokacin da aka kwashe hanyoyi. A Birtaniya, mai kula da shi ya sanya £ 500 miliyan don sanya layuka masu zaman kansu a karkashin kasa a cikin wuraren da aka kare; a Dorset, pylons 22 sun sauka a cikin 2022 bayan an binne kilomita 8.8 na layi (National Grid, Visual Impact Provision).

An saukar da wani mataki na wutar lantarki mai karfi tare da wayansa kuma an sanya shi a cikin kwalaye masu laushi a kan wani wuri mai gadon shuka.
An saukar da kebul na sama a Hackney Marshes, gabashin London, a watan Oktoban 2008; bayan lokaci kadan kuma wayoyin da pylon sun tafi. Photo: sludgegulper, CC BY-SA 2.0

A cikin birane da yawa masu bunkasa da sauri, matsalar tana da ƙarancin girma amma kuma tana kusa: sassan waya, intanet da kuma kable na wutar lantarki sun haɗa tsakanin maɓallan da balkokin, an ƙara su ɗaya bayan ɗaya ba a rufe su ba. Suna ɓoye gine-gine, suna hana itãce, kuma suna iya zama barazana ga wuta da aminci.

Wani layin waya mai tsayi da kuma wayoyi masu kwance a kan titin Shanghai.
Kable na sama a kan titin Shanghai. Photo: Jakub Hałun, CC0

Proven solutions

Abin da ke faruwa ba al’amari ne na alheri ba. Garuɓɓukan, masu jigilar kayayyaki da kasashe gaba ɗaya sun tsaftace, sun shirya kuma suka haska, kuma wasu sun kiyasta abin da ya canja. Kuma bãbu kõwa daga cikinsu ya aikata shi dõmin ya zargi mutãne, kuma sun aikata shi ne da yin niyyar haƙuri gaba ɗaya a kan abin da yake gare su a cikin hanya, sa’an nan kuma suka bi ta.

  • New York City: a clean subway fleet. Daga 1984, bayan an tsaftace wani motar titin ƙasa, ba’a taba yarda ta yi tafiya da graffiti ba: ana cire wasu alamun sabbin cikin sa’o’i biyu, ko kuma an cire motar daga aiki. A watan Mayu na shekarar 1989, dukkanin jirgin ya zama maras kwari, saboda zane-zane a kan titin mota bai ci gaba da samun masu kallo ba (Weisel, 2009).
  • Philadelphia: daga cibiyar yaki da rubuce-rubucen rubutu zuwa galleriyar bude ido. Abin da ya fara a shekarar 1984 a matsayin Cibiyar yaki da rubuce-rubucen rubutu ta Philadelphia, tana aiki tare da marubuta masu rubutun ra’ayin kanka a yanar gizo, ta girma har ta zama Mural Arts Philadelphia, wadda ta samar da fiye da 4,000 na rubuce-rubucen rubutu tare da al’ummomin yankin (Mural Arts Philadelphia; City of Philadelphia). A cikin birnin nan, wani bincike ya gano cewa tsaftace da kuma yin ado da wuraren da ba a amfani da su na rage rahoton masu zama game da ta’addanci da kashi 39 cikin dari da kuma jin rashin tsaro yayin fita waje da kashi 58 cikin dari (Branas et al., 2018).
  • São Paulo: garin da ya kafa dokokinsa. A shekarar 2006, tituna na birnin Brazil mafi girma an rufe su da takardun watsa labarai da kuma manyan hoardings, mafi yawansu an sanya su bisa doka (BBC News, 2006). Dokarta ta Birnin Tsarki, wadda ta fara aiki a watan Janairu na shekarar 2007, ta cire takardun sayar da kayayyakin waje kuma ta sanya iyakokin girma ga alamun shaguna (Lei 14.223). Akalla 15,000 na allon ya sauka, kuma binciken ya bayyana cewa fiye da kashi 70 na mazauna sun amince (Adbusters, 2007). An kuma koya wa birnin darasi: masu aikin tsaftacewa sun yi zane a kan wasu hotunan bango da aka amince da su, kuma bayan zanga-zangar São Paulo ta kafa wani rajista na sana’o’in tituna da za a kiyaye (Bloomberg, 2008). São Paulo ya zabi amsa mai tsauri da ba a saba gani ba ga birnin da yake da matsaloli; mafi yawan wuraren za su fi son dokoki masu kyau game da girma, wurin da kuma haske, wanda shi ne abin da muke goyon baya a wannan shafi.
  • The United States: scenic roads. Jihohi hudu na Amurka da fiye da al’umma 700 sun zabi kada su yarda da takardun sayar da kayayyaki a duk (Scenic America). Wasu mãsu yawa sun sanya wasu dokoki game da inda ãyõyi suke zama.
  • Great Britain: pylons taken down. The regulator set aside £500 million to bury existing power lines in protected landscapes. A Dorset, 22 pylons sun sauka a cikin 2022 bayan 8.8 km na layi an sanya su a karkashin kasa (National Grid).
  • Wasu garuruwan tarihi suna rufe kable a sama duk lokacin da aka sake gina tituna, kuma sun sanya dokoki game da girman, launin da hasken alamun a cikin wurarensu.
Wasu motocin jirgin kasa na New York da aka rufe su da zane-zane, suna tsaye a cikin wani filin jiragen ruwa mai bude ido.
Wasu motocin jirgin kasa masu dauke da zane-zane a cikin wani filin jiragen ruwa na birnin New York. Daga 1984 New York ta cire sabon graffiti daga motocin da aka tsabtace cikin sa'o'i biyu, kuma a watan Mayu na shekarar 1989 duk jirgin ya kasance mai tsafta. Photo: GiorgioBertin39, CC BY-SA 4.0

Organizers doing this work

Waɗannan kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu suna wallafa abin da suke yi kuma suna da sakamakon da zaku iya duba. Don Allah ka duba aikinsu kuma, idan kana so ka taimaka musu, ka yi tunani kan bayar da gudummawa ga su kai tsaye ta hanyar shafukan yanar gizo na kansu. Dakata Local Solar System Bã ya da wata zumunta da kõwa daga gare su. Kuma bã ya karɓar kõme daga gare su. A gabãnin ka bã su, ka karanta dukkan ƙungiya’s nata rahoton shekara-shekara da kuma asusun.

  • Mural Arts Philadelphia (United States; ta samar da kudi abokin tarayya, da Philadelphia Mural Arts Advocates, shi ne wani ba-tashin-riba-exempt). Ya yi zane-zane na jama’a tare da mazauna yankin, matasa da mutane masu dawowa daga kurkuku, kuma ya yi fiye da 4000 na zane-zane a kan bango tun daga shekarar 1984.
  • Keep Britain Tidy (United Kingdom, registered charity 1071737). Ayyuka don kawo karshen gurbata muhalli da kuma taimakawa mutane su yi farin ciki a wuraren da suke zaune da aiki, gami da ta hanyar tsaftace masu bada gudummawa.
  • Keep America Beautiful (United States, tax-exempt non-profit). Yana gudanar da Great American Cleanup da kuma wani dandamali na abokan huldar yankin da ke shirya tsaftace-tsare, kyautatawa da bincike kan gurbata muhalli a duk fadin kasar.
  • Scenic America (United States, tax-exempt non-profit, founded in 1982). Yana taimakawa jama’a wajen kare hanyoyin da ke cikin filin, rubuta dokokin alamun, da kuma rufe wutar lantarki a sama.

Yadda zaka iya taimaka

  • Ranar da aka yi wa graffiti da kuma asarar da sauri. Mafi yawan majalisar da masu jigilar kaya suna da aikace-aikace ko lambobin waya; rahoton gaggawa yana sa cirewa mai sauri ya zama dole.
  • Yafe maɓallan kan mallakarka da sauri, ko kuma tambayi majalisarka idan tana ba da damar yafewa.
  • Ka shiga ko ka fara wani rana na tsaftacewa a cikin titinka, dakin shakatawa ko kuma tashar jirgin kasa.
  • Support legal walls and commissioned mural paintings in your area, planned with the people who will live next to them.
  • Ka yi magana da yara game da inda sana’a ce mai kyau, kuma su taimake su su sami wani bango, littafin zane ko shirin inda aikinsu zai iya haske.
  • Support undergrounding na waya idan an rufe tituna, kuma ka tambayi yadda za’a shirya sabon layi na wutar lantarki kusa da kai.
  • Taimake ta da maɓallin ƙasa. Yi aiki na kyauta ta hanyar taswirar gudummawa.

Sources and further reading