Ena a mabungwewa angagwiritsidwe ntchito ndi makina ndipo angapereke zosagwirizana. Kuthandiza kukulitsa izo Werengani Chingelezi choyamba
Mwezi ndi nyanja ya m'mphepete mwake, ndipo mwezi umakhala wowala kwambiri kuposa nyanja.
Red Initiative

Kuwononga kwa chilengedwe

Timateteza zimene timadziwa, timadziona ndi kumvetsera. Zimene timaona tsiku lililonse zimapanga maganizo athu, chikhulupiriro chathu cha chitetezo komanso chikhulupiriro chathu pa malo ena.

NASA

Kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe ndi kuwonongeka ndi kusokoneza komwe kumawononga malo omwe timakhalamo: kuwononga masamba, magalimoto ndi zikumbutso, zida zoyipa m’madera ndi mizinda, komanso kusasamala kuti palibe amene amakonza. Zimadziwika kuti ndi zosatheka chifukwa sizimagwira ntchito yoti zikhale zosatheka. Koma zimawononga anthu ndalama zambiri, zimasintha mmene anthu amaonera kuti ndi otetezeka, ndipo malo amene anthu amawakonda kwambiri, matawuni akale, zipinda zachisangalalo, mitsinje yakum’mawa ndi magombe oyera, nthawi zonse amakhala malo omwe ngozizi zikuyang’aniridwa.

Zomwe zimawerengedwa, ndi zomwe sizo

Si zonse zomwe zimawoneka bwino ndi zowononga. Mzinda ndi woyenera kukhala moyo.

  • Mapepala ndi ma billboards, omwe ali bwino, ndi gawo la msewu wa msewu. Mapepala a sitolo, mafilimu, ma board a malonda ndi zipinda zowala za Tokyo kapena Times Square ndi gawo lofunikira lomwe limapangitsa kuti mzinda ukhale wosangalala, kuthandizira anthu kupeza njira yawo komanso kulimbikitsa bizinesi yayikulu. Zofunika kwambiri ndi malo ndi kukula: masamba omwe amalemekeza kapangidwe kake, amakhala m’mphepete mwa madira a nyumba ndi zipinda zachilengedwe, ndipo si owala kapena owoneka bwino kuti azisokoneza oyendetsa. Malamulo abwino a sign, osati ma bans, ndi yankho m’malo ambiri.
  • Mapepala a m’mbali ndi masamba a m’mphepete mwa nyanja omwe amapangidwa ndi chilolezo cha woyang’anira amatha kusintha khoma loyera kukhala malo odziwika bwino.
  • Graffiti vandalism, yosindikizidwa kapena kugwa popanda chilolezo pazinthu za anthu ena, magalimoto a umma ndi mbiri, ndi mtundu wofala kwambiri komanso wotsika mtengo wa kusowa kwa mawonekedwe m’mizinda yambiri.
  • Ntchito yamagetsi ndi matelekompyuta: ma pylons otumiza, ma waya amagetsi apakati ndi ma tangles a ma waya a msewu, omwe angakhudze malo ndi mizinda kwa zaka zambiri.
  • Kusasamala: nyumba zowonongeka, zitseko za msewu zowonongeka, fumbi ndi kuwononga.

Graffiti: vuto lovuta kwa aliyense

Maphunziro a sayansi amadziwika kuti ndi ovuta kwambiri kuposa maphunziro a zachikhalidwe. Anthu amene amalipira ndalama zake ndi kuyankhulana nazo amaona zinthu mosiyana. Pa nthawi imeneyi, magalimoto onse a m’dziko muno amafunika kutsukidwa, kusinthidwa kapena kusinthidwa, ndipo ndalamazo zimachokera pa zolipira, misonkho, renti ndi mtengo wa zinthu: kuchokera kwa aliyense.

Kodi imawononga

  • Germany’s railway, Deutsche Bahn, puts the damage from graffiti at about €12 million a year, and recorded some 32,000 cases of vandalism across its network in 2024 (Bahnblogstelle, 2025).
  • London boroughs anagwiritsa ntchito pafupifupi £7 miliyoni chaka chilichonse pa graffiti ndi mabungwe ake oyendetsa zoposa £6 miliyoni, pambuyo kuwerengetsa kusintha kwa acid-etched Underground windows, zomwe zingawonjezere £10 miliyoni zambiri. London Assembly anawerengera mtengo wonse wa chuma cha London pa kuposa £ 100 miliyoni chaka chilichonse (Msonkhano wa ku London, 2002).
  • United States, chiwonetsero cha $ 12 biliyoni chaka chilichonse nthawi zambiri amapezeka m’malamulo apolisi, ngakhale kuti kafukufuku wake woyamba siyimasulidwa (Weisel, US Department of Justice, 2009). Ngakhale kuti ndalamazo ndi zochepa, mizinda, mabungwe oyendetsa ndege, masukulu komanso makampani ang’onoang’ono onse amalipira ndalamazo.

Mtengo umapita patsogolo kwambiri kuposa kutsuka. Magalimoto ndi mabasi amatenga ntchito kuti azitsukidwa, galasi losungunuka ndi asidi limayenera kusinthidwa kuposa kutsuka, ndipo kuchotsa kwa odziwa bwino kuchokera pa mchenga wakale, masamba ndi bronze kungawononge khungu lomwe linali lofunikira. Pa nyumba zachikhalidwe ndi zikumbutso, usiku umodzi wa spray paint angayambitse kuwonongeka kosalekeza kwa zinthu zomwe zakhala zikuyenda zaka zambiri.

Zimenezi zimachititsa kuti anthu

Ma graffiti olemera amasintha momwe malo amachitira. Okhalako ndi oyendayo amawerenga kuti ndi umboni wosonyeza kuti palibe amene ali m’malo mwake: maphunziro a ndale ndi a pantchito amagwirizana mosalekeza ndi kusokonezeka kowoneka bwino, kuphatikizapo graffiti ndi zinyalala, ndi kukhumudwa kwakukulu kwa chinyengo, kukana kukhulupirirana kwa omvera komanso kulephera kulumikizana ndi omvera (Sampson ndi Raudenbush, 2004). Anthu amene amaona kuti m’madera awo pali mavuto amakumana ndi nkhawa, kukhumudwa komanso kupweteka mtima chifukwa chosagwirizana (Ross ndi Mirowsky, 2009); m’chimodzi mwa zitukuko, kupweteka kwa odwala a m’madera osauka kunafotokozedwa kuti ndi vuto loona komanso nkhawa (Ross ndi Mirowsky, 2001). Kukonza malo kumathandiza: mu chiyesezo chosawerengeka ku Philadelphia, kusamutsa ndi kukongoletsa malo opanda ntchito amachepetsa ripoti za anthu a vandalism ndi 39 peresenti ndipo amaganiza kuti satetezeka kupita kunja kwa 58 peresenti (Branas et al., 2018), komanso kuchepetsa maganizo a dera pakati pa anthu omwe ali pafupi (South et al., 2018). Kulephera kwa anthu amene sangathe kuchoka kumawapangitsa kukhala ndi nkhawa kwambiri: anthu okalamba, ana komanso mabanja omwe ali ndi ndalama zochepa.

Kodi mavuto amafalikira bwanji?

Mu 1982 James Q. Wilson ndi George Kelling adatsutsana mu * The Atlantic * kuti kusokonezeka kowoneka bwino, komwe kumasungidwa, kumasonyeza kuti palibe amene amasamala komanso amalimbikitsa kuphwanya kwakukulu: “mawindo owonongeka” mfundo (Wilson ndi Kelling, 1982). Zitsanzo zolimba kwambiri za chikhalidwe cha anthu zinafikabe pambuyo pake. Pamene anthu a ku Groningen, m’dziko la Netherlands, anachita kafukufuku wambiri pa nyanja, ofufuzawo anayerekezera malo omwe anali oyera ndi ena amene anali ndi ma graffiti. Ndi graffiti pa zitseko, gawo la anthu omwe adatulutsa flyer ngati zoipa zinakwera kuchokera ku 33 mpaka 69 peresenti, ndipo gawo lomwe lidavulaza envelopu yomwe imawoneka kuti ili ndi ndalama za banki kuchokera ku maimelo idadutsa kuchokera ku 13 mpaka 27 peresenti (Keizer, Lindenberg ndi Steg, 2008).

Kufufuza kumagawidwa, ndipo ndi kofunika kukhala otsimikiza za zomwe zikuwonetsedwa. Zitsimikizo kuti chisokonezo chimafalikira ndi cholimba; zitsimikizo zosonyeza kuti kuteteza chitetezo cha anthu opanda ungwiro kumachepetsa chinyengo ndi cholakwika. Kufufuza kwa 30 kuphunzira kunapeza kuti njira zoyang’anira zolakwika zimachepetsa chinyengo mokwanira, ndipo kuti njira zachikhalidwe ndi zothandizira mavuto, monga kusamutsa malo ndi ntchito ndi anthu omwe ali m’madera, zidagwira bwinobwino kuposa kuletsa kwakukulu (Braga, Welsh ndi Schnell, 2015). Mfundo si yoti tiyenera kuwononga kwambiri, koma kuti tizikonza mofulumira komanso tiziphatikizapo anthu.

Tag anachotsa pa tsiku limenelo ndi chikumbutso anakana. Tag kumanja kwa miyezi ndi chikumbutso anavomerezedwa.

Zomwe zimagwira ntchito

  • Kuchotsa mofulumira. Sukulu yodziwika bwino kwambiri ndi metro ya New York City. Pamenepo, m’chaka cha 1984, katundu watsopano unachotsedwa m’maola awiri kapena katunduyo unatenga nthawi yaitali kuti utenge ntchito yake ndipo magalimoto obiriwira sanapitebe. Pa May 1989, zonse za m’madzi zinali zopanda graffiti. Malamulo apolisi aku US amafotokoza kuti kuchotsa mofulumira kumachepetsa ma graffiti atsopano, ndipo ambiri mwa mizinda ikufuna kuchotsa zilembo m’maola 24 mpaka 48, chifukwa chochotsa mofulumira kumatenga chithandizo cha kukhala wowoneka (Weisel, 2009).
  • Mapiri a m’mphepete mwa nyanja ndi malo otetezeka. M’chaka cha 1984, a Philander adayambitsa ntchito yolemba ma graffiti yomwe inayamba ndi anthu ophunzira ku Philadelphia.Mural Arts Philadelphia). It has since created more than 4,000 works of public art with local communities, and has become a symbol of the city (City of Philadelphia). Maofesi a nthambi amalola kuti anthu azilemba nkhani zawo pa intaneti, koma saloledwa kutumiza nkhanizo kwa aliyense.
  • Chithunzi choteteza. Mapangidwe a anti-graffiti pamalo ovuta, kuwala bwino, kuwonjezera monga mitengo yolimba pa zitseko zosagwira, komanso malo ogulitsira omwe amagwiritsa ntchito bwino amachititsa kuti kuwononga kwachinyengo kukhale kovuta kwambiri ndipo kusamutsa ndalama.
  • Kukhala ndi ufulu wachikhalidwe. Malamulo a Adopt-a-street, masiku ogwira ntchito yokonzanso komanso mapulogalamu osavuta olemba mauthenga amasintha anthu kukhala oyang’anira galimoto yawo.
A lalikulu abstract mural m'buluu mwanga-mtunda pa mbali ya nyumba kumbali ya Schuylkill Mtsinje ku Philadelphia.
Convergence ndi Rebecca Rutstein, a commissioned mural of the City of Philadelphia Mural Arts Program, 2019. Foto: Rebecca Rutstein, CC BY-SA 4.0

Kuphunzitsa ana komwe sayansi imachokera

Ana amakonda kujambula pa zitseko, ndipo cholinga cha chikhalidwechi ndi chofunika kwambiri. Chofunika kuti adziwe n’chakuti sikuti kujambula zithunzi n’koipa, koma kuti mkuwa umakhala wa munthu wina, ndipo anthu ena amasangalala ndi zimene timayika pa mkuwawo. Masukulu, mabanja ndi mabungwe a anthu achinyamata angachite izi:

  • Pezani malo kwa ukatswiri waluso. Zitseko za sukulu, ma hoardings m’madera omanga nyumba, ma subpass ndi zigawo za anthu angagwiritsidwe ntchito kuti apereke zithunzi zopangidwa ndi ana, ngati pali chilolezo komanso ngati onse akugwirizana pakupanga zithunzizo.
  • Teach chilolezo. Pambuyo paintaneti chilichonse, funsani woyang’anira, ndi kufunsa achibale amene adzaona izo tsiku lililonse. Mbiri ya anthu amene anabadwa m’njira imeneyi si yodziwika bwino.
  • Kusonyeza mbali ina. Kupempha woyang’anira, woyendetsa basi kapena wogulitsa kuti afotokozere zomwe kuchotsa tag kumawawononga ndalama ndi nthawi.
  • Offer a stage. Art mabungwe, sketchbook ntchito, legal zitseko ndi mpikisano kwa anthu mulingo amapatsa oimba achinyamata njira kuti aonedwe, ndipo kukhala wosangalala ndi izo.
  • Kulemekeza kuti si aliyense akufuna izo. Ena anthu akufuna mtundu pa msewu uliwonse; ena amadalira chitsulo choyera, masamba oyambirira kapena tawuni yodziyimira payokha. Mzinda wogawana umafuna malo kwa onse awiri.

Ma waya amagetsi, ma pylons ndi ma cables

Kuchokera pazinthu zonse zamagetsi zomwe zimapanga chithunzi, kunyamula mphamvu nthawi zambiri ndi kolimba kwambiri. Mzere wa zitsulo pylons angawononge mtsinje kwa zaka makumi ambiri; web ya overhead mawaya angasokoneze galimoto ndi kubisa zipangizo zake.

A line of high-voltage pylons crossing green farmland and woods in Devon, England.
Mzere wa mapiko amagetsi otsika kwambiri omwe amayenda m'madera a ku South Hams, Devon. Photo: Lewis Clarke, CC BY-SA 2.0

Ma waya oyendetsa ma voltage amphamvu ndi ofunika kwambiri: amabweretsa mphamvu kuchokera ku malo opangira mphamvu za dzuwa, ma solar parks ndi ma power stations kupita kumene anthu amakhala, ndipo kusintha kwa mphamvu kumafuna ambiri mwa iwo. Koma mmene ndi kumene amapangidwa ndi nkhani kwa anthu omwe amakhala pafupi nawo. Kuphunzira kwa malonda a nyumba ku Quebec kunapeza kuti kuyang’ana kokha pa pylon kapena ma cables ake kungachepetse mtengo wanyumba ndi 5 peresenti kupita ku 20 peresenti, pomwe kungokhala pafupi ndi liwiro la msewu, osawoneka, sikunachitike (M’maluwa a Rose, 2002). Mapiri a ku South America ndi malo otchuka kwambiri pazokopa alendo.

Kudzipha kwa ma waya kumatha kuchotsa malire koma si ndalama. Underground kutumiza ma waya nthawi zambiri mtengo 5 mpaka 10 nthawi monga zambiri kuti ayambe kukhazikitsa ngati overhead masamba (ENTSO-E ndi Europacable, 2010). Panthawi ya moyo wonse, chitseko chimachepetsedwa: kafukufuku wa UK wopanga ukadaulo umayika ma waya opanda zingwe pa £ 2.2 mpaka £ 4.2 miliyoni pamtunda, poyerekeza ndi £ 10.2 mpaka £ 24.1 miliyoni kwa kaboni yodulidwa, ndi pansi pa 4.7 nthawi ya mtengo wa moyo panjira imodzi (IET ndi Parsons Brinckerhoff, 2012). Kuphulika kwa ma waya kumatha kuyambitsanso kusowa kwa madzi m’madera ena ndi kuwononga zigawo zachilengedwe. Kwa masamba osiyanasiyana a malo ogulitsira, makampani a US akuwunika zomangamanga zazing’ono panthawi ya maola asanu ndi awiri mpaka asanu ndi limodzi kuposa mtengo wa masamba atsopano a ndege, ngakhale kuti masamba osungunuka amakhala otsika kwambiri pokhudzana ndi ziwanda (Edison Electric Institute, 2013).

Kuyankha kwachidziwikire ndi kusankha mosamala: kuika ma waya komwe amapita kumadera ofunikira kwambiri komanso m’mizinda, kupanga ma waya atsopano m’ma corridors omwe alipo ndipo osapita ku nyumba, kugwiritsa ntchito ma pylon amtundu wotsika, komanso kuchotsa ma waya a m’ma streets pamene magalimoto akudutsa. Mu United Kingdom, woyang’anira anatenga ndalama zoposa mamiliyoni 500 kuti apereke zigawo zazing’ono m’madera otetezedwa; ku Dorset, ma pylons 22 adagwa mu 2022 pambuyo pofufuzira makilomita 8.8 a liwiro (National Grid, Visual Impact Provision).

M’mizinda ina yomwe ikukulira m’njira yofulumira, vutoli ndi lazing’ono koma likupita patsogolo: mafoni, intaneti komanso ma waya oyendetsa mphamvu amaikidwa pakati pa zitseko ndi malo odyera, amagwiritsidwa ntchito limodzi ndi limodzi ndipo satulutsidwa. Amateteza nyumba, amaletsa masamba, ndipo angayambitse moto ndi mavuto ena.

A dense tangle of overhead cables and coiled wires on a street in Shanghai.
Kanema opanda zingwe pa sitima yapamtunda ku Shanghai. Foto: Jakub Hałun, CC0

Kodi malowa anachita

  • São Paulo Brazil idapita ku Clean City Law yake mu 2006, yomwe idakhazikitsa malamulo olimba a zotsatsa zakunja m’chigawo chachikulu kwambiri cha Brazil; zimasonyeza kuti mzinda ukhoza kusintha bwanji pamene umaganiza zomwe zili pamalo ake.
  • New York City yachotsa ma graffiti onse a m’mizinda yake yoyenda pansi pakati pa 1984 ndi 1989 pogwiritsa ntchito njira yoti siyilole katundu wokhala ndi tag kuti upite.
  • Philadelphia idasintha pulogalamu yolimbana ndi ma graffiti kukhala imodzi mwazochita zamaluso zotchuka kwambiri padziko lonse.
  • Great Britain ikuchotsa ma pylons kuchokera ku zina mwazokopa kwambiri zachilengedwe ndi kuzizira ma laini pansi pa nthaka, kuyambira ku Dorset mu 2022.
  • Madera ambiri a m’madera otchuka amachotsa ma waya opita kumwamba pamene maulendo akukonzedwanso, ndipo amakhazikitsa malamulo pa kukula, mtundu ndi kuwala kwa zilembo m’mizinda yawo.

Momwe mungathandize

  • Kuyankha kwa graffiti ndi kuwonongeka mwachangu. Mabungwe ambiri a boma komanso oyendetsa magalimoto ali ndi mapulogalamu kapena mafoni; kuyankha mofulumira kumathandiza kuti zinthu zichotsedwe mofulumira.
  • Sungani ma tag pa malo anu okha mofulumira, kapena funsani kachisi wanu ngati amapatsa kuchotsa kwaulere.
  • Kugwirizana kapena kuyambitsa tsiku lochotsa m’mphepete mwa galimoto yanu, pakompyuta kapena pamalo.
  • Support zomangamanga ndi chiwonetsero chazithunzi m’dera lanu, anapanga ndi anthu amene adzakhale pafupi nawo.
  • Kuyankhula ndi ana za malo omwe akatswiri amalandira bwino, ndipo kuwathandiza kupeza m’mphepete mwa nyumba, buku la zomangamanga kapena ntchito yomwe angagwiritse ntchito.
  • Support undergrounding ya ma waya pamene sitima ndi kugwa, ndipo afunsa mmene atsopano mphamvu mawaya pafupi inu adzaikidwa.
  • Kuthandiza kuika pa mapu. Kuchita nawo ntchito yopereka ndalama mwa kupatsa ndalama.

Zogulitsa ndi kuphunzira zambiri