Le ndatshana yabhalwa nguLocal Solar System ilungu leqembu le Foundation futhi ingathuthukiswa ngumbuyekezi oqeqeshiwe. Ingabe uqeqeshiwe kulolu daba? Sicela uhlela
I-Cannon kaNewton
Vula ikhasi eligcweleYini lokhu? UIsaac Newton wacabanga nge-cannon esitezi esiphakeme kakhulu ukuthi siphuma emkhathini. Yivule ibhola kancane futhi lizobuyela phansi. Yivule ngokushesha okukhulu futhi indawo izoba phezulu ngaphansi kwayo njengoba lihamba ngokushesha, ngakho akufanele lihlale. Lokhu kuyi-orbit.
Indlela yokusetshenziswa kwayo: Misela isivinini sokuqapha nge-slider noma inkinobho yesikhathi, bese ucindezela i-Fire. Izinhlamvu ezidlule zihlala kusikrini ukuze ukwazi ukuziqhathanisa.
Ingabe ihamba ngokushesha?
- Ushoda lwakho
- Indiza ye-jet, cishe amakhilomitha angama-900/h (amakhilomitha ayi-0.25/s)
- Ibhombu le-rifle, cishe amakhilomitha angu-1/s
- Isivinini se-orbit
- Isivinini sokuyeka
I-mountain izotshwa phezulu kunanoma iyiphi enye ekhona ukuze ukwazi ukuyibona. Ukumelana nomoya kulahlekile.
Zama lokhu
- Chofoza "I-Jet airliner" bese ushaya, bese ucindezela "Rifle bullet" bese ushaya.Isixhumanisi: Zonke zibuyela phansi ngasikhathi sinye. Nakuba izinto ezihamba ngokushesha kakhulu, azikho lapho zingahamba khona ngokushesha ngokwanele ukuze zihambe nge-orbit.
- Chofoza "Ijubane le-Orbit" bese ushaya.Isixhumanisi: Ibhola lihamba yonke indlela libuyela emuva ekhanda lempuphu. Lisenyakatho isikhathi esigcwele, kodwa lihlala lishiya izulu. Lokhu kuyindlela i-International Space Station ihlala ngayo phezulu.
- Umlilo uhamba kancane ngaphezu kwejubane le-orbit, bese uhamba ngokushesha.Isixhumanisi: Ehamba kancane: ijika phansi futhi iwela endaweni encane yendlela. Ihamba ngokushesha: ijikelezo lisuka ku-oval ende elihamba phambili libuyela emuva.
- Chofoza "Ijubane lokuyeka" bese ushaya, bese ushintsha iplanethi ibe nguMhlaba.Isixhumanisi: Kukhawulo lokuyeka ibhola liphuma futhi alibuyeli. Enyangeni, nge-gravity yayo encane, isantya sokuhamba siyi-1.6 km/s kuphela.
Izinhlamvu ezimqoka
Kungani ibhola elijikelezayo liphansi?
Iwela, yonke isikhathi. Isimo sezulu sihamba phezulu ngamamitha ayi-5 nganoma yiziphi izikhilomitha ezingu-8 ozihambayo, futhi noma yini ehla iwela ngamamitha angama-5 kwisiqingatha sayo sokuqala. Ngakho-ke ibhola elihamba ngakwesobunxele ngamakhilomitha angama-8 ngesiqingatha siwela ngamamitha angama-5 ngalesiqingatha kanti indawo ihlala iphansi ngamamitha angama-5. Ayikho into efinyelela phansi kakhulu.
Kungani kukhona i-mountain ephakeme?
Ezweni idolobhana liyi-510 km ubude (8% ye-radius yezwe), ngaphezu kwe-International Space Station endizayo (imalunga ne-400 km), ngakho ibhola liqala phezulu kakhulu komoya wonke. Ehla emkhathini, ukudonsa kuzonciphisa futhi kufudumeze ibhola isikhathi eside ngaphambi kokuba lifike kwijubane le-orbit. Lokhu yisizathu sokuthi kungani ama-rockets angempela enyuka ngaphandle komkhathini kuqala bese ehamba ngokushesha ngakwesobunxele.
Amasu: amaplanethi nama-mass kanye nezilinganiso kusuka ku NASA/JPL (bodies.json); imizila yimijikelezo efanele yezinto ezimbili. Ijubane losuku lonke liyisilinganiso esijwayelekile sezinhlamvu ezijikelezayo: izindiza zejet zihamba ngamakhilomitha angama-900 ngehora, futhi amabhuleki wempuphu ashiya ibhodlela ngamamitha ayi-0.7 kuya kumakhilomitha ayi-1.2 ngesekondi, cishe amakhilomitha ayi-1 ngesekondi uma uhamba ngokushesha.
Ukudonsa okuthile okunye. Ubunzima beplanethi budonsa konke kuhamba phambili, ngakho izinto ziwela phansi.
Okuningi ku-glossary →Indlela yesona sinye isitho esiqhubeka nokuwa ngaphesheya kweplanethi noma i-star ngaphandle kokushaya, ngoba sihamba ngejubane elifanele.
Okuningi ku-glossary →Isivinini okufanele uhambe ngakwesobunxele ukujikeleza iplanethi ephakeme kakhulu ngaphandle kokugwaza noma ukugibela. Ngaphakathi kwezulu lezwe liyi-7.8 km/s.
Okuningi ku-glossary →Isivinini esidingekayo ukushiya iplanethi ngokulungile, kungase kudlule. Kusuka ebusweni bezwe yi-11.2 km/s, ngaphandle kokubona umoya.
Okuningi ku-glossary →Umoya ucindezela into ehambayo futhi uyikhawulele. Lezi zisetshenziswa azibonisi lokhu; ibhola le-cannon elizwakalayo elifihliwe ngale ndlela lizomiswa futhi liqhume ngumoya.
Ithebula ledatha (ukhetho lombhalo)
Ehamba kancane kunejubane lokujikeleza: libuyela emuva. Kuphakathi kwejubane lokujikeleza nelokuphuma: lijikeleza. Kuye noma ngaphezu kwejubane lokuphuma: lishiya ngokugcwele.
| Iplanethi | Isivinini sokuhamba nge-orbit esijikelezayo lapha | Isivinini sokuyeka lapha |
|---|---|---|
| Umhlaba | 7.61 km/s | 10.8 km/s |
| Inyanga | 1.62 km/s | 2.29 km/s |
| UMarzi | 3.42 km/s | 4.84 km/s |
Thola ibhola phezulu lizobuya. Ukubeka kahle kunzima kakhulu futhi akushonga. Ezweni, ijubane liyi-11.2 km ngasikhathi sinye, futhi ukufinyelela kuyo kuyisizathu sokuthi ama-rockets akhulu kakhulu.
Ngokukhawulela, futhi into ethunyelwe ayiphinde ibuye.
Bona
Thola ibhola phezulu bese libuyela phansi. Thola ngokushesha, ihamba phezulu ngaphambi kokubuyela emuva. Ingabe kukhona isivinini esihamba ngokushesha kakhulu esingaba sengathi asikho isikhathi sokubuyela emuva?
Yebo Ibizwa nge isinqumo sokuyeka (noma isinqumo sokuyeka). Iya ngokushesha, ngaphandle kokungabaza, futhi ubunzima bomhlaba abukwazi ukukususa emuva.
| Izwe | Isivinini sokuyeka kusuka ebusweni besiga-nyezi |
|---|---|
| Inyanga | 2.4 km/s |
| i-Mars | 5.0 km/s |
| Iplanethi | 11.2 km/s |
| i-Jupiter | 59.5 km/s |
| Ilanga | 617.6 km/s |
Isivinini sokuphuma kwenyanga singaphansi kuka-quarter yeplanethi. Le yisizathu sokuthi kungani uLwezi kungaba indawo efanele yokuqalisa izinto ezisuka kuyo.
Kuthuluzi le-cannon, inyanga ifakwe. Zama amabanga angaphansi nangaphezulu kwezinga lokuyeka elibonisa ukufunda.
Ukuqonda
Ukusuka kwenzeka lapho amandla kagesi wesikhumba egcwele ukunyuka ngaphandle kwe-gravity “well” ngokuphelele. Ukumisela amandla kagesi alinganayo ne-energy edingekayo ukufinyelela ku-infinity:
½ v² = μ / r ⇒ v_escape = √(2μ / r)
Linganisa nejubane elijikelezayo √(μ/r): ijubane lokuyeka lihlala √2 ≈ 1.414 izikhathi ijubane elijikelezayo kuleso simo.
Izinto ezimbili ezibalulekile:
- Ingaxhomekeki kusisindo sakho. I-pebble ne-spaceship zidinga isivinini esifanayo. (Isikhashana sidinga umandla ongaphezu kwalokho, ngokuqinisekile.)
- Kuya ngokuthi uqala kuphi. Uma usuka kude, i-r inkulu futhi ukuyeka kulula. Kusuka ephakeme kwe-geostationary orbit, ijubane lokuzula kweplanethi liyi-4.3 km/s kuphela.
Ama-rockets angeke avule ngempela kuze kube yi-11.2 km/s eqhwa. Bakhuphuka ngokuqinile ngenkathi ama-engine abo eqhubeka nokucindezela. Isivinini sokuyeka yisikhathi esidingekayo somsebenzi ongenamandla, njengebhola le-cannon.
Umphathi
Ngokusho kwengcindezi ye-orbital ekhethekile ε = v²/2 − μ/r, ukuyeka kusho ε ≥ 0. Ku-ε = 0 ngokugcwele indlela iyiparabola futhi ijubane livame ukuba yisibalo ku-infinite. Kusheshe kunalokho, indlela iyi-hyperbola futhi into igcina isivinini esishisayo kude, isilinganiso se-hyperbolic v∞:
v² = v∞² + v_escape², C₃ = v∞²
Abaphathi bemisiyo bachaza amandla okuqala njenge-C₃ (km²/s²). Uma usuka eMars, v∞ lapho uphuma khona yimayela angu-2.9/s, ngakho C₃ ≈ amakhilomitha ayi-8.7/s².
Le budlelwane ifihla enye yemiphumela esetshenziswa kakhulu ekuhambeni kwe-spaceflight, i Oberth effect: ukudlidliza okuyenziwe ngokunzulu emgodini we-gravity, lapho usulokhu uhamba ngokushesha, uthenga ngaphezulu kwe-v∞ kunaleyo yokudlidliza eyenziwa kude. Kusuka ku-200 km yokupaka i-orbit ejikeleze iplanethi (ukushesha okujikelezayo 7.78 km/s, ukuphuma kwejubane 11.0 km/s), ukufinyelela ku-v∞ = 2.9 km/s kuthatha kuphela ama-3.6 km/s wokudlidliza kwenjini, hhayi ama-3.2 + 2.9 = 6.1 km/s. I-Delta-v Map isebenzisa lokhu nganoma yisiphi isihambeli esisuka emhlaba ophansi.
Zama
Kunyanga, cindezela ngejubane elingaphansi kwejubane lokuyeka elibonisa ukufunda, bese ucindezela phezulu. Thola ama-paths amabili. Bese uzama okufanayo kumhlaba neMars.
Iningi. Izinhlekelele zikhona lapho ukufunda kuqhubeka khona.
Umbuzo osheshayo
3 imibuzo esheshayo. Khetha impendulo ukuze ubone uma ulungile.
-
Isivinini sokuphuma kweplanethi kusuka ebusweni beplanethi siyi:
- A 7.9 km/s
- B 11.2 km/s
- C 29.8 km/s
- D 617 km/s
Bonisa impendulo
B. 11.2 km/s
-
Isivinini sokuyeka siyiphi inani lamaphesenti esivinini sokuhamba ngesivinini esijikelezayo kuleso sikhathi?
- A 2
- B √2 (ngo-1.41)
- C 1/2
- D π
Bonisa impendulo
B. √2 (ngo-1.41)
-
Ingabe isivinini sokuyeka sixhomekeke kusisindo sento eqhutshwayo?
- A Yebo, izinto ezinzima zidinga okuningi
- B Yebo, izinto ezikhanyayo zidinga okuningi
- C Hayi, kuphela ngesisindo seplanethi kanye nokuqala komugqa
- D Ku-atmosphere kuphela
Bonisa impendulo
C. Hayi, kuphela ngesisindo seplanethi kanye nokuqala komugqa
Ingxenye yelayini
- Idlala nge-interactive
- Funda isifundo
- Ukwenze kanjani isiphakamiso
- Uthathe isifundo
Phawula isifundo siqediwe ukuze uyigcine ekwenzeni kwakho kulolu hlelo.
Isifundo siqediwe. Kulungile!
Phezulu okulandelayo Kungani i-orbit iwelaAmagama kule ncwadi
Amasu
- NASA JPL, Basics of Space Flight, Chapter 3: Gravity and Mechanics
- NASA NSSDCA Planetary Fact Sheet (escape velocities)
- JPL SSD: Planetary Physical Parameters
- NASA NSSDCA Sun Fact Sheet
Le ndatshana ilayisense CC BY-SA 4.0.