Le ncwadi yabhalwa ngu Local Solar System Iqela le-Fundamente lilungu kwaye lingaphuculwa ngumvavanyi oqeqeshiweyo. Ingaba uqeqeshiwe kulo mxholo?
I-Newton's Cannon
Vula iphepha elipheleleyoYintoni le? UIsaac Newton wacinga ukuba i-cannon kwinduli ephakamileyo kakhulu ukuba iyaphuma emkhathini. Yivulele ibhola ngokucothayo kwaye iyawa ezantsi kwakhona. Yivulele ngokukhawuleza ngokwaneleyo kwaye umhlaba ugoba kude ngaphantsi kwayo njengoko ihamba ngokukhawuleza, ngoko ayizukuba yindawo yokuwela. Eli lijikelezo.
Indlela yokusetyenziswa kwayo: Misela isixa esikhawulezayo sokuqala nge-slider okanye iqhosha lesantya, emva koko ucinezele Umlilo. Ii shots ezidlulileyo zihlala kwikhusi ukuze ukwazi ukuzithelekiswa.
Ikhawuleza kangakanani loo nto?
- Uhlaselo lwakho
- Inqwelomoya yejet, malunga ne-900 km/h (0.25 km/s)
- Ibhombu ye-rifle, malunga ne-1 km/s
- Isantya se-Orbit
- Isantya Sokuphuma
Umlambo uzotywe phezulu kakhulu kunanoma yimuphi omnye obonakalayo ukuze ukwazi ukuwubona. Ukulwa kwemoya akuhoywa.
Zama oku
- Cinizela "i-Jet airliner" kwaye uvule umlilo, emva koko "i-Rifle bullet" kwaye uvule umlilo.Isaziso: Zonke zibuyela ezantsi ngokufanayo. Nakuba izinto ezikhawulezayo kakhulu zomihla ngemihla azikho naphi na kufutshane nokukhawuleza ngokwaneleyo ukujikeleza.
- Cinizela "Isantya sokuhamba" kwaye uvule.Isaziso: Ibhola ihamba yonke indlela ijikeleze kwaye ibuyela kwi-cannon. Iyawa ixesha lonke, kodwa iyaqhubeka ilahleka emhlabani. Le yinto eyenza ukuba isiXeko seSizwe soMhlaba sihlale phezulu.
- Umlilo ohamba ngamandla aphantsi kunaleyo yesantya sokuhamba, emva koko uhamba ngokukhawuleza.Isaziso: Ecothayo: ijikeleza ezantsi kwaye iwela kwinxalenye yendlela ejikelezayo. Ikhawulezayo: umda ujika ube yi-ovale ende ejikeleza kude ngaphandle kwaye ibuyela emva.
- Nqakraza "Isantya Sokuphuma" kwaye uvule, emva koko tshintshela iplanethi kwinyanga.Isaziso: Kwisantya sokuphuma ibhola iphuma kwaye ayizukubuya. Kwinyanga, ngoxinzelelo lwayo olusezantsi, isandi se-orbit simalunga ne-1.6 km/s kuphela.
Iimbono ezimva kwayo
Kutheni ibhola ejikelezayo ingawela phantsi?
It does fall, all the time. Earth's surface curves downwards by about 5 metres for every 8 kilometres you travel, and anything dropped falls about 5 metres in its first second. So a ball moving sideways at about 8 kilometres per second falls 5 metres each second while the ground drops away by 5 metres. It never gets any closer to the ground.
Kutheni le nto intaba iphakamileyo?
Kwihlabathi lendalo iphela umlambo apha umalunga ne 510 km ubude (8% yeradius yehlabathi), ngaphezulu kwe International Space Station iqhuba ( malunga ne 400 km), ngoko ke ibhola iqala phezulu kakhulu kumoya wonke. Ezantsi elwandle, ukutsala kuyakukhawuleza kwaye kufudumeze ibhola ixesha elide phambi kokuba ifike kwisantya sokuhamba nge orbit. Le yisizathu sokuba i-rockets ezinyanzelekileyo zikhuphe ngaphandle komoya kuqala kwaye emva koko zikhawuleze ngasecaleni.
Iindawo: iindidi zeplanethi kunye nobungakanani ukusuka kwi NASA/JPL (bodies.json); iindlela ziyimijikelezo ecacileyo yezinto ezimbini. Isantya sansuku zonke siziimpawu eziqhelekileyo ezijikelezayo: iinqwelomoya ezihamba ngeejet zihamba malunga ne-900 km/h, kwaye izidumbu zerayisi zishiya isiqulathi esimalunga ne-0.7 ukuya kwi-1.2 km/s, malunga ne-1 km/s yenye ekhawulezayo.
Ukutsala okunokwenziwa yizinto zonke kwizinto zonke. Uxinzelelo lwehlabathi lutsala konke ukuya kwisiqithi saso, oko kubangela ukuba izinto ziphele.
Okuninzi kwincwadi eneenkcukacha →Indlela yento eqhubeka iwela phantsi kweplanethi okanye inkwenkwezi ngaphandle kokubetha, kuba iyahamba ngasecaleni ngokukhawuleza ngokwaneleyo.
Okuninzi kwincwadi eneenkcukacha →The speed you must go sideways to circle a planet at a given height without falling in or flying away. Just above Earth's air it is about 7.8 km/s.
Okuninzi kwincwadi eneenkcukacha →The speed needed to leave a planet for good, never falling back. From Earth's surface it is about 11.2 km/s, ignoring the air.
Okuninzi kwincwadi eneenkcukacha →Umoya otyhala into ehambayo kwaye uyicoce. Le sixhobo ayihoyi; ibhola ye cannon eyenziwe ngokukhawuleza iyakuvalwa kwaye iqhume ngumoya.
Itheyibhile yedata (umbhalo otshintshiyo)
Ecothayo kunesantya esijikelezayo: iwela umva. Iphakathi kwesantya esijikelezayo nesezantsi: ijikeleza. Kwi okanye ngaphezulu kwesantya sokuphuma: ishiya ngokulungileyo.
| Iplanethi | Isantya sojikelezo lwe-orbit apha | Isantya sokuphuma apha |
|---|---|---|
| Ihlabathi | 7.61 km/s | 10.8 km/s |
| Inyanga | 1.62 km/s | 2.29 km/s |
| I-Mars | 3.42 km/s | 4.84 km/s |
Thumela ibhola phezulu kwaye iyabuya. Uyithutha ngokuqinileyo ngokwaneleyo kwaye ayizukwenza. Kwihlabathi, esi sikhawulezisi siyi-11.2 km ngesekondi nganye, kwaye ukulifumana kukubangela ukuba iiraketi zibe zikhulu kakhulu.
Ikhawuleza ngokwaneleyo, kwaye into ethunyelwe ayizukubuya.
Bona
Thumela ibhola phezulu kwaye iyabuyela ezantsi. Yithule ngokukhawuleza, ihamba phezulu phambi kokuba iwele umva. Ingaba kukho isivinini esikhawulezayo kakhulu esingaza kubuyela kwakhona?
Ewe. Ibizwa ngokuba yi isantya sokuyeka (okanye usantya sokumisa). Yiya ngokukhawuleza, ngaphandle kokwenza ntoni na eyenza ucofe, kwaye ukutsala kwelanga akuyi kukutsala kwakhona.
| Ihlabathi | Isantya sokuphuma kumphezulu |
|---|---|
| Inyanga | 2.4 km/s |
| I-Mars | 5.0 km/s |
| Ihlabathi | 11.2 km/s |
| Jupiter | 59.5 km/s |
| Ilanga | 617.6 km/s |
Isantya sokuphuma kwenyanga singaphantsi kwe-quarter yehlabathi. Le yisizathu esinye sokuba kutheni iNyanga ingaba lithuba elifanelekileyo lokuqalisa izinto ezisuka kwisithuba.
Kwisixhobo se-cannon, iNyanga ilayishwe. Zama isantya ngaphantsi nangaphezulu kwesantya sokuphuma esiboniswe kufundo.
Ukuqonda
Ukuyeka kwenzeka xa amandla okuhamba kwenyama eyaneleyo ukunyuka ngaphandle kwe “bhombo” loxinzelelo oluphezulu ngokupheleleyo. Ukumisela amandla e-kinetic alingana nomandla ofunekayo ukufezekisa ukungaphelelanga:
½ v² = μ / r ⇒ v_escape = √(2μ / r)
Uthelekiso nesantya esijikelezayo √(μ/r): isixa sesantya sokubaleka sisoloko √2 ≈ 1.414 amaxesha sesantya esijikelezayo kumgama ofanayo.
Iinkcukacha ezimbini ezibalulekileyo:
- Ingaxhomekekanga kwisisindo sakho. Ipeyile nenqwelo-moya kufuneka ibe nesantya esifanayo. (Iinqanawa zokuhamba ngenqwelo-moya zifuna umandla ongaphezulu kakhulu, ngokucacileyo.)
- Ixhomekeke apho uqala khona. Xa uhamba kude, i-r inkulu kwaye ukuyeka kulula. Ukusuka kumphakamo we-geostationary orbit, isantya sokuphuma kwehlabathi simalunga ne-4.3 km/s kuphela.
Ii-rockets azikwazi ukutyhila ukuya kuthi ga kwi11.2 km/s emhlabani. Zinyuka ngokuthe nkqo ngelixa iinjini zabo ziqhubeka zitsala. Isantya sokuyeka sisasazo esifunekayo kwizinto ezingamandla, njengebhola yentsimbi.
Umphathi
Ngezinto ezichaziweyo ze-orbit ye-energie ε = v²/2 − μ/r, ukuyeka kuthetha ukuba ε ≥ 0. Kwi-ε = 0 ngokuchanekileyo indlela yiparabola kwaye isantya sihamba ukuya kwisiphelo esingapheliyo. Ekhawulezayo kunale, indlela yi-hyperbola kwaye into igcina isixa esingaphezulu sesantya kude, isantya esingaphezulu se-hyperbolic v∞:
v² = v∞² + v_escape², C₃ = v∞²
Abacwangcisi bemikhosi bachaza amandla okuqala njenge C₃ (km²/s²). Ukuhanjiswa kweMars, v∞ xa usiya kumalunga ne-2.9 km/s, ngoko ke iC₃ ≈ 8.7 km²/s².
Olu budlelwane lufihla enye yezona ziphumo zisetyenziswayo kwinqwelo-moya, Iziphumo zeOberth: umlilo owenziwe ngokunzulu kwisiqwengana esinamandla okutsala, apho sele uhamba ngokukhawuleza, uthenga ngaphezulu kwe v∞ kunesiqingatha somlilo owenziwe kude. Ukusuka kwi-200 km yokupaka i-orbit ejikeleze umhlaba (isantya esijikelezayo 7.78 km/s, ukuphuma kwesantya 11.0 km/s), ukufezekisa v∞ = 2.9 km/s kudinga kuphela malunga ne-3.6 km/s yomlilo wenjini, hayi 3.2 + 2.9 = 6.1 km/s. I-Delta-v Map isebenzisa le nto kukuphuma ngalunye kwi-orbit ephantsi yehlabathi.
Zama
Kwinyanga, qhuma kwisantya esingaphantsi nje kwesantya sokuphuma esiboniswe kufundo, emva koko ngaphezulu. Thelekisa iindlela ezimbini. Emva koko zama okufanayo kwihlabathi ne Mars.
Iingxaki zikhona apho ukufunda kuqhekeka khona.
Uvavanyo olukhawulezayo
3 imibuzo ekhawulezayo. Khetha impendulo ukuze ubone ukuba ulungile na.
-
Isantya sokuphuma kwehlabathi ukusuka ebusweni bumalunga:
- A 7.9 km/s
- B 11.2 km/s
- C 29.8 km/s
- D 617 km/s
Bonisa impendulo
B. 11.2 km/s
-
Isantya sokuphuma siphi na iindidi zesantya somjikelo womgama ofanayo?
- A 2
- B √2 (malunga ne-1.41)
- C 1/2
- D π
Bonisa impendulo
B. √2 (malunga ne-1.41)
-
Ingaba isantya sokuphuma sixhomekeke kumthamo wenjongo eqhutywa?
- A Ewe, izinto ezinzima zifuna okuninzi
- B Ewe, izinto ezikhanyayo zifuna ngaphezu
- C Akukho nanye
- D I-Atmosfera
Bonisa impendulo
C. Akukho nanye
Iilayini Ezigqibekileyo
- Idlala nge-interactive
- Funda isifundo
- Ukwenza isigqibo
- Uthathe isifundo
Phawula isifundo sencwadi eneenkcukacha egqityiweyo ukusigcina kwindlela yakho yokuqhubekeka kule sixhobo.
Isifundo sigqityiwe. Yenziwe kakuhle!
Phezulu Okulandelayo Kutheni i-orbit iwelaAmagama kule ncwadi eneenkcukacha
IiNkqubo
- NASA JPL, Basics of Space Flight, Chapter 3: Gravity and Mechanics
- NASA NSSDCA Planetary Fact Sheet (escape velocities)
- JPL SSD: Planetary Physical Parameters
- NASA NSSDCA Sun Fact Sheet
Eli nqaku lilayisensiwe CC BY-SA 4.0.