Kutheni i-orbit iwela

Wonke umqhubi wenqwelomoya okhe wabona ujikeleza kwisikhululo senqwelomoya uwela. Ke ngoko isikhululo, ke ngoko iNyanga. Akukho nto yazo ingaphezulu koxinzelelo. Ziye zawela phantsi ehlabathini, ziphinde ziphinde, kwaye aziyi kubetha.

I-orbit ilula ukuwa okungapheli.

Bona

Thumela ibhola ngasecaleni kwaye ijikeleze phantsi ehlabathini. Iqhutywe ngokunzima kwaye iwela kude. Ngoku khumbula ukuwuthutha ngokunzima kakhulu ukuba, ngexesha lifikelele kwimitha enye, umhlaba ongaphantsi kwayo ujikeleze ngemitha enye. Iyaqhubeka ihla. Akukho nto idlulayo.

On Earth that happens at about 7.8 km/s near the surface (28,000 km/h). Akukho nto emhlaba ikwazi ukujika ngokukhawuleza ngenxa yokuba umoya uya kuyimisa, ngoko sihamba phezulu kwemoya kuqala. Le nto yonke i-rocket iyenza: iphakamisa inqanawa yendawo esecaleni engaphezulu kwemozulu kwaye ke iyayitsala ecaleni, kakhulu.

• Ecothayo kunesantya sokuhamba: indlela igoba emhlabani.
• Isantya esijikelezayo ngokuchanekileyo: umda.
• Ekhawulezayo: i-ellipsis, ejikeleza ngaphandle nokubuyela umva.
• Ekhawulezayo kune isantya sokuyeka (malunga ne 11 km/s ukusuka kwi orbit ephantsi): indlela ivula kwaye ayizukubuyela.

Ucinga kuqala: ubunzima behlabathi bunamandla kangakanani kwinqanaba leSixeko seNdawo yeNkcubeko, xa kuthelekiswa nehlabathi?

Imalunga ne-90% inamandla. Abaqhubi benqwelomoya bahamba ngeenyawo ngenxa yokuba akukho mthwalo wezinto kodwa ngenxa yokuba nabo kunye nesikhululo sabo siwela ndawonye.

Kwisikhephe esihambayo ngaphaya kwelanga konke kuwela kunye ngesantya esifanayo, ngoko akukho nto icinezela nantoni na enye. Le nto ibangela ukuba abaqhubi benqwelomoya bahambe. Iinkampani zesithuba zibiza ngokuba yi microgravity.

Ukuqonda

Kufutshane nehlabathi, ukutsala komhlaba kutsala ngesantya se g = GM/r². Ukushenxisa kwidayimane yeradius r kwisantya v kufuneka kuqhutywe ukuya kwisiqithi se-v²/r. I-orbit yindawo apho ukutsala kwamandla kunika khona ngokuchanekileyo loo mthwalo:

v²/r = GM/r²  →  v = √(GM / r)

Nge-GM yehlabathi = 398,600 km³/s² kunye ne-r = 6,371 + 200 = 6,571 km, v ≈ 7.79 km/s. Kwinqanaba leNewton elimiselweyo lama-600 km lomlambo kwifilimu, r = 6978 km kunye ne v = 7.56 km/s.

Ixesha lokujika elinye lilandelayo: T = 2πr/v, malunga nemizuzu engama-88 kwikhilomitha ezingama-200. Ii-orbit eziphezulu zicotha kwaye zide: iNyanga, 384,400 km kude, ithatha iiyure ezingama-27.3.

Umphathi

Iqalise ngokuthe tyaba kwi-radius r₀ ngesantya v kwaye indlela iquka uluhlu olujikelezayo kunye nehlabathi elisembindini kwinto enye. Umbane ngekilogram,

ε = v²/2 − μ/r₀,

igqiba ubungakanani: ε < 0 is an ellipse (including the circle and the paths that hit the ground, which are ellipses interrupted by the surface), ε = 0 a parabola, ε > 0 a hyperbola. Ukumisela i-ε = 0 kunika isixa esiphumayo v_esc = √(2μ/r₀), ngokuchanekileyo √2 amaxesha sesantya esijikelezayo kwinqanaba elifanayo.

I-lancement ethe tyaba isoloko ibeka indawo yokulayisha kwi apsis: indawo ephezulu ye orbit ukuba u v ungaphantsi kwesantya esijikelezayo, esiphantsi ukuba ngaphezulu. Le nto ibangela ukuba iibhola ezicothayo kwifilimu zihla ukusuka kumlambo, kwaye ezo zikhawulezayo zibuyela kuyo ezantsi.