Nei orbit iri kudonha

Kana iwe uchida kuisa pfungwa dzako pazvinyorwa zvedu, unogona kushandisa kunyora. So, iri sangano, uye so, ndiyo Moon. Hapana chekuzviona “pasi pesimba remhepo”. Vacharamba vachifamba-famba, vachienda nekuenda, asi havazombobvira vasvika panyika.

A orbit ndeimwe chete kudonha kuti kamwe haachambopera.

Ona

Throw a ball sideways uye kurongeka pasi kunyika. Throw it harder uye inosvika kure. Zvino funga kuti uchiikanda zvakasimba, kuti, panguva iyo yakati yabuda mita imwe, nyika iri pasi pake yakakwira. yakashongedzwa neimwe mitawo. Ichiri kukwira. Asi hazvina kumbobvira zvasvika pedyo.

Panyika kuti chinoitika pa nezve 7.8 km/s pedyo nepasi (28,000 km/h). Hapana chinhu panyika chinofamba nesimba iri nekuti mhepo ichaimisa, saka tinoenda pamusoro pemhepo yekutanga. Izvi ndizvo zvese zvinoitwa nerocket: inosimudza chikepe chepasi pasi pamusoro pemhepo uyezve ichichimanikidza pasi, zvakaoma.

• Kuoma kupfuura orbital speed: nzira inokura mumunda.
• Exactly orbital speed: a circle.
• Faster: a ellipse, swinging kunze uye kumashure.
• Kufamba kwacho kuri nyore kupfuura kubuda kwemhepo (maawa 11 kubva panzvimbo yakaderera yezuva): nzira inovhura uye haizodzokere.

Kufungidzirazve: sei kuomarara kuri kukwira pakureba kweInternational Space Station, zvichienzaniswa nenyika?

Maererano 90% sesimba. Astronauts havana kutambanudza nekuti gravity haisipo, asi nekuti ivo nenzvimbo yavo vari kudonha pamwe chete.

Mu spacecraft ichidonha, zvese zvinodonha pamwe chete neimwe nzira, saka hapana chinopesana nechinhu chimwe. Izvi ndizvo zvinoita kuti vafambi vepasi varege kutambanudza. Space agencies dzinoti microgravity.

_Zvinyorwa

Panzvimbo dzakadzika, gravity inobata neacceleration ye g = GM/r². Kufamba mumigwagwa ine radius r nesimba v kunoda kutambanudza kuenda kumashure kwev²/r. A orbit ndiyo nzvimbo iyo gravity inopa zvakajeka kuti kutamba:

v²/r = GM/r²  →  v = √(GM / r)

Ne GM yenyika = 398,600 km³/s² uye r = 6,371 + 200 = 6,571 km, v ≈ 7.79 km/s. Pamusoro pemugwagwa we Newton’s 600 km mufirimu, r = 6978 km uye v = 7.56 km/s.

Munguva yeimwe rondedzero inotevera: T = 2πr / v, pamusoro pe88 maminitsi pa200 km. Mamwe maorbits ari pamusoro pezuva anofamba zvakaomarara uye nenguva yakareba: Mhepo, iri 384,400 km kubva panyika, inotora 27.3 zuva kuti iite imwe orbit.

Munyori

Kutanga horizontally pa radius r₀ nesimba v uye nzira iri conic chikamu nenyika shure mufananidzo. Iyo simba pa kilogram,

ε = v²/2 − μ/r₀,

inosarudza chimiro: ε < 0 is an ellipse (including the circle and the paths that hit the ground, which are ellipses interrupted by the surface), ε = 0 a parabola, ε > 0 a hyperbola. Kuisa ε = 0 kunopa kubuda kwesimba v_esc = √(2μ/r₀), zvakajeka √2 nguva yenguva yekutenderera pamwechete.

Kutanga kwehorizontal kunoisa kuvhura nzvimbo pa apsis: iyo yepamusoro penzvimbo yeorbit kana v iri pasi pekutenderera, uye yakaderera kana iri pamusoro. Izvi ndizvo zvinokonzera kuti mabhaudhi akaomarara mufirimu aitetere kubva kumugwagwa, uye mabhaudhi akaomarara anodzokera kumusoro kubva pasi.