Kungani i-orbit iwela

Wonke umgibeli we-astronaut okubonayo ehamba phezulu nesiteshi sendawo yokuphumula u uwela. Ngakho i-station, futhi ngakho kuyinyanga. Akunalutho kubo “engaphezulu kobunzima”. Bawela phezu kweplanethi, futhi futhi, futhi angeke bahlasele.

I-orbit iyisikhukhula esingenakuphela.

Bona

Thola ibhola ngakwesobunxele futhi lizogoqa phansi ezweni. Yithule ngokuqinile futhi izoba eduze. Manje cabanga ukuthi uyithutha ngokuqinile, lapho idlula umzuzu owodwa, indawo engaphansi kwayo izobe ijikeleze ngomzuzu owodwa. Kuzohlala kuhla. Akekho okwazi ukufinyelela eduze.

Kumhlaba lokhu kwenziwa cishe 7.8 km/s eduze kwe-surface (28,000 km/h). Akukho nto ehlathini engakwazi ukuhamba ngokushesha ngoba umoya uzoyimisa, ngakho sizodlula phezulu kwemoya kuqala. Lokhu konke i-rocket eyenza: iphakamisa isikhashana esiphezulu kwengcindezi yezulu bese icindezela engxenyeni, kakhulu.

• Ehamba kancane kunejubane le-orbit: indlela ijika ezweni.
• Ijubane eliqondile le-orbit: i-circle.
• Esheshayo: i-ellipsis, ejikeleza ngaphandle futhi emuva.
• Kusheshe kune ukhawulo lokuyeka (ngo-11 km/s kusuka ku-orbital ephansi): indlela ivula futhi ayiphinde ingabuyeli.

Ucabanga ukuthi: inamandla angakanani ukunyakaza kwelanga esiteshini sezulu esiphakathi nendawo, uma kuqhathaniswa nendawo?

Izinga elilingana ne-90% linamandla. Abacwaningi bomhlaba bahamba ngejubane ngoba akukho ukunyakaza kwelanga, kodwa ngenxa yokuthi bona nesiteshi sabo siwela ndawonye.

Kungaphakathi kwendiza ehla yonke into iwela ndawonye ngezinga elifanayo, ngakho akukho okucindezela lutho oluthile. Lokhu kusho ukuthi abacwaningi bomhlaba bahamba. Izinhlangano zesikhala ziyibiza ngokuthi microgravity.

Ukuqonda

Kude neplanethi, ukunyakaza kwelanga kudonsa ngezinga lokukhawulela le g = GM/r². Ukusuka esigabeni se-radius r ngejubane le-v udinga ukuthwala ukuya esiphelweni se-v²/r. I-orbit yilapho ukunyakaza kwelanga linikeza khona ngokucacile ukuthi luzocindezela:

v²/r = GM/r²  →  v = √(GM / r)

Nge-GM yeplanethi = 398,600 km³/s² ne-r = 6,371 + 200 = 6,571 km, v ≈ 7.79 km/s. Kuphakame kweNewton’s imaginary 600 km mountain kwifilimu, r = 6,978 km futhi v = 7.56 km/s.

Isikhathi sokuhamba ngasinye silandelayo: T = 2πr / v, cishe imizuzu engu-88 ku-200 km. Ama-orbit aphezulu ahamba kancane futhi ade: inyanga, 384,400 km kude, ithatha 27.3 amasonto.

Umphathi

Qala ngokusobala ku-radius r₀ ngejubane v futhi indlela iyingxenye ye-conic nendawo yomhlaba ephakathi kwefomula eyodwa. I-energy ngayinye ngekililitha,

ε = v²/2 − μ/r₀,

ikhetha uhlobo: ε < 0 is an ellipse (including the circle and the paths that hit the ground, which are ellipses interrupted by the surface), ε = 0 a parabola, ε > 0 a hyperbola. Ukuhlela i-ε = 0 kunikeza isivinini sokuyeka v_esc = √(2μ/r₀), ngokucacile √2 izikhathi sesikhathi esijikelezayo esitezi esisodwa.

Ukuqashwa okuthe nkqo kuhlala kubeka indawo yokuqashwa kwi apsis: indawo ephezulu kakhulu ye-orbit uma i-v ingaphansi kwejubane lokujikeleza, ephansi kakhulu uma iphezulu. Lokhu kusho ukuthi amabhola ahamba kancane efilimu awela eduze komfula, futhi amabhayisikili ahamba ngokushesha abuyela emuva kuwo kusuka phansi.