Chii chinonzi magetsi ekushaikwa kwemhepo?

Artificial mwanga ndeimwe yezvinoshamisa zvitsva zvevanhu. Inoita kuti tikwanise kushanda, kufamba uye kusangana mushure mekubuda kwezuva, uye inoita kuti tifare munzira. Asi zhinji zvekunze kuratidzwa zvinogadzirwa zvakaipa: zvinopa magetsi apo hapana munhu anofanira kushandisa. Izvo zvinokonzera kukuvadza kwezuva, uye munguva imwe chete yakati wandei yakabvisa mweya wezuva kubva kumativi ose enyika.

Maitiro maviri ekuisa magetsi muzvirongwa

Skyglow. Iyo oranje kana yakasviba dome pamusoro pemaguta nenzvimbo, inokonzerwa nekupararira kwezuva mumhepo. Inogona kuonekwa kubva kumazana emakore makiromita.
Glare. Yakakwira kusimba kwezuva rinokonzera kuratidzwa kwepfungwa uye, paradoxically, inoderedza kuona, kunyanya kune vanhu vane makore anopfuura uye vatyairi.
Kukanganisa kwezuva. Kunyarara kunoitika panzvimbo iyo haisi yaunoda kana isiri yakakosha, semuenzaniso mubhedha weimba kana mumunda wezvisikwa.
Clutter. Bright, kushamisika mapoka ezuva zvinodiwa, zvakajairika mu over-lit zvekutengesa nzvimbo.

Nei ichikosha

Astronomia netsika. Nzvimbo yepasi pezuva ndiyo yakareba kwazvo muhupenyu hwevanhu. Observatories zvinoda kuvakwa panzvimbo dzakaomarara dzemakomo, uye mumwe muzana evanhu havagone kuona Milky Way kubva kumba.

Wildlife. Hupenyu hwave nezuva nezuva. Zvinhu zvakawanda zvinofamba-famba zvinofamba nezuva uye zvinofamba zvichibva pazviratidzo; dzimba dzakasviba dzinoda kudzokera kumashure, uye matambudziko ezvivakwa anouraya mamirioni emazana ezvisikwa zvekunze kwegore muUnited States chete. Vacheche vezvipfuva zvemvura vanoenda kumabvazuva kuti vawane mvura; mabhawa anoenda kumadokero, asi zvinovatungamira kunzvimbo isina kunaka. Zvirwere zvinosvibisa mabhakitiriya anenge ari pasi pechiedza kusvika zvafa, zvichikonzera kuderera kwezvirwere. Makumbo, matombo uye michero yose anochinja hunhu hwavo pasi pezuva rakagadzirwa nevanhu.

Loggerhead sea turtle hatchlings crossing a sandy beach towards the waves at dawn. — Loggerhead sea turtle hatchlings heading for the sea at Cape Hatteras National Seashore, North Carolina. Panzvimbo dzakaomarara dzegungwa, nzvimbo inoshamisa kwazvo ndeyekuchamhembe kwegungwa, uye ndiyo imwe yezvikonzero nei mabhakitiriya ari kumashure kwemadunhu emvura achigona kutungamira vanhu kuti vaite zvakaipa. Photo: Cape Hatteras National Seashore, US National Park Service, public domain

Human health. Light pazuva, kunyanya blue-rich mwanga, anodzikisa melatonin, hormone iyo inodzora kuzorora, uye kuchinja chiratidzo chemuviri. Kuongorora kunobatanidza kushungurudzika kwemuviri nekudya kwakanyanya uye zvimwe zvikonzero zvehutano; chokwadi chechirwere chimwechete chiri kuramba chichivandudzwa, uye isu tichatevera izvi pasina kuita zvichemo zvisingatsigire.

Energy and money. Ruvara rune simba rwakakwira haruna kusimba. Nekuti chero chiedza chakasvibiswa chinoparadza chikamu chemagetsi icho chinoshandisa, uye zvinokonzeresa kubuda kwemhepo.

Kuchengetedzwa. Kuwedzera kwezuva hakureve kuti kunenge kuri nyore kuchengetedza. Glare inogadzira zviratidzo uko ziso risingaone, uye dzidzo yezviedza zvemaruwa nehuori zvinopa zvakasiyana-siyana.

80%yevanhu vari pasi pezuva rakaomarara (Falchi et al., 2016)

9.6%yearly kupisa kwenyika yakaona nevanhu vatsvakurudzi (Kyba et al., 2023)

365 kusvika 988 miriyonibirds killed by building collisions a year in the US (Kukanganisa et al., 2014)

Nhasi, zuva rine hupenyu hwese hwezuva. Tichazviona sekuti hapana munhu anogara pano.

The Nile delta and Cairo at night from the International Space Station. — Migwagwa inoonekwa kubva paOrbit zvikuru nekuda kwezuva iro rinobuda kumusoro uye rinovapomerwa mhosva. Kutenda: NASA

Kugadzirisa kuri nyore

Zvimwe matambudziko ekunze anowanzove akaoma uye anotanga kuitika zvakaomarara. Iyi imwe haisi: mazano ari nyore, anowanikwa nhasi, uye anoshanda panguva iyo vaine kuiswa. Ona kuti ungaita sei kuti uite magetsi kunze kweimba yako.

Yakanyatso gadzirirwa mhinduro

Kutonhora kwezuva ndeimwe yemhando dzakawanda dzekutonhora kwakanyanya kunogona kugadziriswa kana chikonzero chacho chichigadzirirwa, uye maguta, nyika nemadzitateguru anoratidza kuti zvinokwanisika sei kuchengetedza simba rezuva.

Flagstaff, Arizona: guta rakachengeta zvitanhatu zvaro. Kuchengetedzwa kwenyika yechiedza chemuFlagstaff kunosvika kuma1958, apo guta rakatanga kudzora magetsi ekunze, uye muna2001 rikava nezita rekuti International Dark Sky City. Ruzivo rwayo runogara pazvinhu zvitatu: amber mwanga wekunze kwenzvimbo, kunyatsodzivirirwa, uye chivharo chekusvika pakupisa kwezuva muzvitoro nenzvimbo dzese dzisingasviki. Kuongororwa kwakaita mu2016 uye kuratidzwa kune American Astronomical Society mu2017 kwakaona kuti mhepo yezuva iri pamusoro peFlagstaff, guta revanhu vanopfuura 80,000, yaive nezve 90 percent fainter kupfuura iyo yakakwira Cheyenne, Wyoming, guta rakafanana nedhizaini (Flagstaff Dark Skies Coalition).
Tucson, Arizona: mabhatiri emagetsi ezuva, akadzika pamidnight. Mu 2016 ne2017 Tucson yakashandura mabhatiri ezviedza zvemabhasikoro nemabhatiri akachengeteka, anopisa emavara e3000 K, uye anopfuura 19,000 anogona kugadziriswa kubva kune imwe system. Vazhinji vanodzokera pasi kusvika pa60 percent yemagetsi panguva yakati rebei zuva nezuva. Mubvunzo wakaitwa muna 2019 wakaratidza kuti, pazuva rakaomarara, kumusoro kwenyika mudunhu reguta kwaive ne30 percent yezviedza zvakawandisa. 5 percent darker sezvakanga zvisizvo. Iyo imwecheteyo dzidzo yakafungidzira kuti mabhatiri eguta anogadzira chete nezve 14 muzana ezuva reTucson; zvishoma zvinobva kune dzimwe nzvimbo, senge mabhatiri anoshanda nematunhu akatarisana nenzvimbo dzese uye vanopa vega, mazita, nzvimbo dzekugara uye dzimba (Barentine et al., 2020). Chidzidzo: mabhatiri ezvitima ndeimwe yekutanga yakanaka, asi nyika inodzokera chete kana chero mhando yekunze magetsi ichitevera mitemo mitsva.
France: kudzima kwenyika. Sezvo gore ra2018, zviratidziro zvemashopu muFrance zvinoda kugara zvakaoma ne1 am, kana maawa maviri mushure mekuvharwa kana zvichinge zvapera, uye mabhatiri emotokari anofanirwa kuiswa mazuva maviri mushure mekunge mota yavharwa. Zvimwe zvitsva zvinodiwa kuti zviite izvi ndezvekuti zvichatumira 1% chete chezuva ravo kumusoro uye, munzvimbo dzakawanda, hazvizove nemvura yakachena kupfuura 3000 K, kana kuti 2400 K mune dzimwe nzvimbo dzezvisikwa (Chitatu, 27 Kukadzi 2018). Maguta nemisha yeFrance inopfuura 1000 ikozvino ine zita rekuti “Belgium Nightlight” (ona masangano ari pasi apa).
Inoramba ichidziya. Mu2011, Sark, iyo Channel Island, yakave nyika yekutanga ine Dark Sky Island, ichiratidza kuti nharaunda yose inogara inogona kupisa kwevanhu uye zvakare inogara nezviratidzo zvayo (Sark). The Pic du Midi muFrench Pyrenees, imba yechinyakare observatory, yakatanga International Dark Sky Reserve muna 2013 (Pic du Midi).

Two park rangers in silhouette beside a large telescope against an orange evening sky. — Vakuru vezvivakwa vakaisa matelescopes kune imwe nhoroondo yezvakaitika munguva yechinyakare, apo vaive vachicherechedza kuti nzvimbo yavo yakanga yapihwa zita rekuti International Dark Sky Park muUnited States. Photo: Chris Wonderly, US National Park Service, public domain

Chicago: zvishoma zvakatsvuka windows, zvakanyanya kupfuura zvishoma zvipfuwo. Mazana maviri ezuva nezuva ekuongorora paimwe yenzvimbo dzese dzechitsuwa muChicago akaratidza kuti kuderedza nzvimbo yezvivharo zvakaiswa kumashure kwechiedza kwakawedzera zvikanganiso zvebirds. 11-nguva muzhizha uye 6-nguva muzhizha. Kuchengeta mabhatiri pazviyero zvakaderera zvakanyorwa kwaizodzivirira 60% yevanhu kufa (Van Doren et al., 2021).

Masangano ari kuita izvi

Izvi zvikwata zvisina kubhadharwa zvine zviratidzo zvinonzwisisika uye zvinoburitsa izvo zvavanoita. Kana ichi peji chakukurudzira, ndapota ona basa ravo uye funga nezvekupa kwavari zvakananga, kuburikidza newebsite dzavo. Local Solar System Foundation haina kumbova nehukama nadzo uye haisi kuwana chero chinhu kubva kwadzo. Pashure pekupa, verenga ongororo yegore negore uye mari dzese dzesangano.

DarkSky International (United States, tax-exempt non-profit since 1988). Yakavakwa muTucson, inotungamira International Dark Sky Places program iyo yakaratidza Flagstaff, Sark uye Pic du Midi, uye DarkSky Approved scheme yezvigadzirwa zvinosangana nemhando dzechiedza. Inoshandawo nemaguta nemadzimambo panyaya dzezvirongwa zvemagetsi.
Flagstaff Dark Skies Coalition (United States, tax-exempt non-profit). Founded in 2000, it proposed the Dark Sky Places programme in 2001 and now documents “the Flagstaff Solution” so that other towns can copy it.
ANPCEN (France, Association nationale pour la protection du ciel et de l’environnement nocturnes). Yakashanda nesimba kudzora mashandisiro ezuva muFrance uye yakashandisa zita rekuti “Villes et Villages étoilés”: muna Zvita 2025, 1,062 maguta nemisha yaive nayo nekuda kwekudzikisira, kudzivirirwa kana kudzima zviedza zvavo.
CPRE, the countryside charity (England, registered charity 1089685). Inoita gore rega rega Star Count, iyo mamiriyoni evanhu vanobata zviratidzo kubva kumusha, uye inoburitsa mapfupi ezuva rakaomarara uye dzimba dzakaomarara pasi rose muEngland kuti ibatsire hurumende kuzvidzivirira.

The glow of a city's lights on the horizon behind the domes of Kitt Peak National Observatory under a starry sky. — Mazuva eTucson, Arizona, anomira pahorizonti kunze kwetelescopes yeKitt Peak National Observatory. Tucson's shielded, dimmable street lights inobatsira, asi sezvakaratidzwa ne2019 test, chero mhando yekunze magetsi ine chikamu chekutamba. Photo: KPNO/NOIRLab/NSF/AURA/P. Marenfeld, CC BY 4.0

Maitiro ekubatsira

Zvigadzirisa zvausingade, kunyanya zvishongedzo uye mabhatiri ezuva nezuva.
Shield uye aim down chero kunze kwezuva unowana; sarudza mabhatiri anopisa e3000 K kana pasi.
Tira zvishongedzo pazuva kuti mweya wekunze urege kubuda kunze.
Chitaurirane neshamwari nezvekuedza maziso, neyakajairika kugadziriswa mupfungwa.
Taurirana nedare rako remunharaunda uye nemakambani emuno yechiedza chakadzivirirwa, chinotonhora, chine simba uye chezviratidzo kuti zviite mushure mekuvharwa kwenguva.
Kudzivirira masango anofamba: muzhizha nekumabvazuva, dzima mabhatiri asingadiwe mumabhizimisi ane zvivakwa zvakakwirira pazuva.
Count stars with Globe at Night and start a dark-sky group through the contribution board.

Zvimwe zvinokosha zvekuverenga

DarkSky International, Kukanganisa kwezuva
Falchi et al. (2016), The new world atlas of artificial night sky brightness, * Science Advances *
Kyba et al. (2023), Citizen scientists report global rapid reductions in the visibility of stars, Science
Kukanganisa et al. (2014), Bird-kuumba kusangana muUnited States, * The Condor *
Flagstaff Dark Skies Coalition, The Flagstaff Solution and International Dark Sky City
Barentine et al. (2020), Kudzoreredza fraction yezuva reguta kubva pakuongororwa kweskyglow mukuwedzera kukuru kwemunharaunda, *Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer * 253 (free preprint)
Republic of France, Arrêté du 27 décembre 2018 relatif à la prévention, à la réduction et à la limitation des nuisances lumineuses
Gooley et al. (2011), Kusvibiswa kwezuva rezuva pamberi pekudya kwemanheru kunodzikisa kuonekwa kwemelatonin uye kunoderedza nguva ye melatonin muvanhu, * Jornal de Endocrinologia Clínica e Metabolismo * 96
Brainard et al. (2001), Action spectrum yemelatonin kudzora muvanhu: chokwadi chenyaya circadian photoreceptor, * Journal of Neuroscience * 21
Chang et al. (2015), Kushandiswa kwezuva nezuva kweeReaders inoburitsa magetsi inokanganisa kuzorora, nguva yezuva nezuva uye kutarisisa kwezuva rinouya, * PNAS * 112
Van Doren et al. (2021), Vatyairi vekusangana kwezvisikwa zvinouraya mudunhu reguta, PNAS 118
Villes et Villages étoilés results
CPRE, Dark skies
Kubatsira zvinyorwa kubva ku Charity Commission for England and Wales register uye US kwete-profit status kubva ku ProPublica Nonprofit Explorer
Mamwe dzidzo anowanikwa pa scientific publications page.