Wasu harsuna a wannan shafin na iya zama an fassara su da injin kuma suna iya da kurakurai. Help improve it Read the English original
Orbital elements
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Navigator · Module 3

Orbital elements

An sanya sunayensu a cikin wani abu da ya shafi sararin samaniya, kamar girmansa, siffarsa, zurfinsa, da kuma inda jikinsa yake.

14 min

NASA/JPL/Space Science Institute

An yi wannan darasi da wani Local Solar System ma'aikacin ƙungiyar Foundation kuma za'a iya inganta shi da mai duba da ya dace. Shin kana da kwarewa a cikin wannan batutuwa? Suggest an edit

Orbit Sandbox

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Mẽne ne sararin samaniya? Ka yi jujjuya kwallon a gefe kuma za ta fashe zuwa ƙasa. Ka yi jujjuya ta da sauri kuma za ta faɗi kusa da ƙasa. Ka yi jujjuya ta da sauri sosai kuma ƙasa za ta fashe daga ƙarƙashinta kamar yadda take faɗawa, don haka ba za ta faɗi ba: tana ci gaba da faɗuwa a kusa da duniyar kuma tana ci gaba da kuskure. Wannan wata hanyar tafiya ce. Babu abin da zai riƙe wani samaniya sama; yana faɗuwa duk lokacin da yake faruwa.

What happens:

Speed now
_Maida
One lap takes
Lowest height
Highest height

Yi wannan

Falls back Orbits Escapes

·

Fine-tune the orbit (orbital elements and Kepler's laws)

Masu kimiyya na kimiyya suna bayyana wani orbit da adadi biyar ana kiransa elementun orbital. Sauya su a nan; Kuma da tsayi da sauri a sama sunã biyar.

Fastest (periapsis)
Slowest (apoapsis)
Kepler's 3rd law check: T² / a³
Yadda ake amfani da shi
Sideways speed
Wannan kulawa guda take yanke hukuncin abin da zai faru. Idan ya yi sauri sosai, zai fadi baya. Idan ya yi sauri sosai, zai juya cikin wani ɗauri. Idan ya fi sauri, zai canza zuwa wata kwalba. Idan ya fi sauri fiye da gudun gudu, zai bar wurin har abada. Bar mai launin rawani a ƙasan slider na nuna inda kowanne yake farawa a tsayin da aka zaɓa.
Height
A inda yake farawa. A sama, matsin jiki yana da rauni, don haka gudu mai sauri ya isa ya zauna a cikin orbit.
Time speed
Aikin-gidan-da-gaske na ɗaukar sa'o'i, kwanaki ko shekaru, don haka lokaci yana tafiya da sauri a nan. Lokaci ×1,000 yana nufin duk wata akan fuskar kwamfyuta tana da sakan 1,000 (kimanin mintina 17) cikin sarari. An rage gudun juyar duniyar ta hanyar adadin da ya daidaita. Litattafan da aka nuna suna da yawa.
Phonon:: MMF:: EffectFactory
Wannan hanyar da ta ke kan ƙasa ita ce hanya mai zuwa kasa da samaniya. Kuma ƙasa tanã gudãna a cikin wani sarari, sabõda haka kõwace jũyarwa tana tafiya a kan wani matãki na dabam.
Gold arrow
Which way it is moving and how fast: the longer the arrow, the faster.
Sunã kallo
Yi drag da kewaya ga gani, scroll ko kuma yi pinch don zooma. Gidan waya mai haske shi ne filin equator na ƙasa (ko, a kusa da rana, filin orbit na ƙasa).
Jadawalin bayanai (zaɓin rubutu)
distance and speed at twelve equal time steps around the orbit
Time stepstar nameSpeed now

Hudu. Wannan shi ne abin da yake buƙata don bayyana kowane yanayi a cikin tsarin rana, daga watan zuwa ga wata kwayar halitta. Ka koyi karanta su kuma za ka iya gano inda duk duniyar zata kasance, shekaru da yawa a gaba.

Earth ta tsayawa a bayan gadon haske na wata.
Earth sets behind the Moon, photographed by NASA's Orion spacecraft on Artemis I. Credit: NASA

An bayyana kowane yanayi a cikin tsarin rana da ƙidãye shida.

Look

Don bayyana inda wata tauraruwa ko wata duniyar take, kana bukatar ka amsa tambayoyi kaɗan:

  1. How big menene orbit?
  2. Wanne irin siffar ce ita: ta kwance ko kuma ta tsawo?
  3. Yaya yake daidaitacce?
  4. Wanne hanya ne ke fuskantar wannan tsayi?
  5. Wanne hanya ce ɓangaren da aka tsawaita yake nunawa?
  6. Ina a cikin orbit ne jikin yanzu?

Duk wani amsa ne da adadi guda. A haɗe waɗannan adadin shida ana kiran su al’amurran orbit, kuma suna bayyana kowane orbit.

A cikin akwatin tsaunuka, an shigar da orbit na Molniya. Sataiti na sadarwar Rasha suna amfani da wannan dogon, mai juyawa orbit don haka sukan tsaya na sa’o’i a sama da kudu maso gabas, inda sataiti masu daidaituwa da ƙasa suke wahala a gani. Yi tiƙi Aikin gani na gefe don ka ga saurin, kuma ka yi wasa da sliders.

Understand

ElementSymbolWhat it sets
Semi-major axisaSize
EccentricitydaShafi
InclinationiPhonon:: MMF:: EffectFactory
Longitude na node mai tashiΩWurin da orbit din ke wucewa cikin filin alaƙa na “sama”
Argument of periapsisωIn da mafi kusa maɓalli yake, an ƙaddara shi cikin filin orbit daga node mai tashi
Median anomaly at epochmA inda jikin mutum yake a wani lokaci (a lokacin)

Ga taurari, ma’aunin alaƙa shine ecliptic, ma’aunin motsi na ƙasa, kuma ma’aunin alaƙa shine daidaiton watan Maris. Domin salula na ƙasa, filin alaƙa shine equator na ƙasa.

Some meaningful values:

  • i = 0°: orbit yana cikin filin alaƙa. A geostationary satellite has i = 0 and e = 0 around Earth’s equator.
  • i = 90°: wani polar orbit, yana wucewa kan duk bangarorin biyu.
  • i > 90°: retrograde, tafiyar da baya.
  • A cikin wannan yanayin, za a iya cewa, dalar Amurka ta kasance a kan 63.4% na farashinta a lokacin da aka fara yin amfani da ita.

Master

Anã yin wannan a kan ƙuduri uku na ƙananan halittu. Wani wuri a cikin jirgin orbital (x ‘zuwa periapsis, y’ 90 ° gaba) an kai shi cikin tsarin alaƙa ta R_z(−Ω) · R_x(−i) · R_z(−ω). Wannan ita ce daidaitawar da aka yi a cikin JPL’s “Approximate Positions of the Planets”, wanda shafin ke amfani da shi:

x = (cos ω cos Ω − sin ω sin Ω cos i) x′ + (−sin ω cos Ω − cos ω sin Ω cos i) y′

Kuma da bayyanannu na misãli ga y da z.

Taswirar duniyar takan ba da nau’ikan: longitude of perihelion ϖ = Ω + ω (mai amfani idan i mai ƙaranci ne kuma Ω an bayyana shi da kyau), da mean longitude L = ϖ + M. JPL ta lissafa a, e, i, L, ε, Ω tare da adadin canjinsu a kowace karni, saboda sauran taurari suna shafar kowane orbit.

Why 63.4°? Earth’s equatorial bulge (the J₂ term) makes the argument of periapsis precess at a rate proportional to (5 cos² i − 1). Yana faɗuwa idan cos² i = 1/5, wato i = 63.43° ko 116.57°: “inkliniya masu muhimmanci”. Elements that stay constant in the two-body problem drift slowly in the real world; that is why element sets always come with a epoch, the moment they are valid for.

Try it

Ka shigar da motsi na Molniya, ka zaɓi 'Aikin gani daga gefe', sa'an nan ka canza matsakaici daga digiri 63.4 zuwa 0 da kuma zuwa 180. Ka bayyana cikin kalmomi guda abin da kowanne daga cikin slideran ƙugu uku ke yi wa motin.

Quick quiz

3 tambayoyi masu sauri. Zaɓi amsa don ka ga ko kai mai gaskiya ne.

  1. Kuma mẽ ya sanar da kai abin da akẽ cẽwa mai tafiyar wata?

    1. A Eccentricity
    2. B Inclination
    3. C Semi-major axis
    4. D Median anomaly
    Nuna amsa

    B. Inclination

  2. A orbit da inklination mafi girma fiye da digiri 90 ne:

    1. A Impossible
    2. B Retrograde: the body goes around backwards
    3. C Always circular
    4. D star name
    Nuna amsa

    B. Retrograde: the body goes around backwards Halley's Comet (162 digiri) da Neptune's watan Triton (kamar 157 digiri) ne retrograde.

  3. Waɗanne abubuwa biyu ne ke bayyana girma da siffar wannan sararin samaniya?

    1. A Incin da kuma node
    2. B Semi-major axis and eccentricity
    3. C Argument of periapsis and mean anomaly
    4. D Node da matsakaicin rashin daidaito
    Nuna amsa

    B. Semi-major axis and eccentricity

Finish line

  • An yi wasa da mai magana da kai
  • Read the lesson
  • Did the challenge
  • Took the quiz

Mark the lesson complete to save it to your progress on this device.

Words in this lesson

Sources

Wannan darasi yana da lasisin CC BY-SA 4.0.

Kayan aiki da karatu suna amfani da siffofin sauƙi don koyon kawai. Ba za a iya amfani da su don tafiyar ruwa, shirin aiki ko wani hukuncin aiki ba. Shaidu ne kyauta kuma ba a amince da su ba. Ka karanta bayanin da ke cikin shirin koyarwa