Zomwe zili m'mapiri

Zina zambiri. Kuwala kwa dzuwa ndi mpweya wa m’nyanja, ndipo kuwala kwa mwezi ndi mpweya wa m’madzi. Zitani kuti mudziwe zimene zikuchitika padziko lapansili, ndipo mudzadziwanso mmene dziko lapansi lilili.

Magulu a maplaneti ndi magulu a zinthu zomwe zili m’magawo a Solar System.

Onani

Kuti mufotokoze komwe satellite kapena planet ikupita, muyenera anayankha mafunso angapo:

1. Kodi orbit ndi yayikulu bwanji?
2. Kodi ndi mtundu uti: wozungulira kapena wolimba?
3. Kodi ndi yolimba bwanji?
4. Kodi njira ndi kuwala?
5. Kodi njira ndi yotani?
6. Kodi pa orbit ndi thupi latsopanoli?

M’malo mwake, yankho lililonse ndi limodzi. Pamodzi izi zisanu ziwerengero zimatchedwa Zomwe zili m’ orbit, ndipo amafotokoza chilichonse orbit.

M’chipinda choyera, Molniya orbit imayikidwa. Ma satellite a Russia amagwiritsa ntchito nthawi yayitali, yozungulira mozungulira kuti ikhale yolimba kwa maola ambiri pamwamba pa kumadzulo komwe satellites geostationary ndi zovuta kuziwona. Sankhani Side view kuti muone kuwala kwa zenera, ndipo muzisewera ndi sliders.

Kumvetsa

Zosankha	Chithunzi	Zomwe zimapangira
Masiku	a	Kukula
Kuwala	e	Kuwala
Kuwala	i	Kuwala kwa orbital plane pa ndondomeko ya kuyerekezera
Longitude ya node yowonjezereka	Ω	Mtundu wa mfundo
Kusintha kwa periapsis	ω	Kumenepo malo ozungulira akupita, molingana ndi kutalika kwa orbital plane kuchokera ku node yotsika
Mtengo wa anomaly pa epoch	M₀	Kumene thupi ndi pa nthawi yoperekedwa (the epoch)

Kwa maplaneti, chitsanzo cha ndege ndi nthawi zambiri ecliptic, ndege ya orbit ya dziko lapansi, ndipo njira yowerengera ndi March equinox. Kuchokera pa nyanja ya Atlantiki, dziko lapansi limadutsa kudzera m’mphepete mwake.

Ena tanthauzo maganizo:

• i = 0°: orbit ili m’mbali mwa mbale yoyang’anira. A geostationary satellite ali i = 0 ndi e = 0 kuzungulira equator ya dziko lapansi.
• i = 90°: a polar orbit, kuyendera pamwamba pa awiri mabowo.
• i > 90°: retrograde, kuzungulira mobwerezabwereza.
• The Molniya orbit uses i = 63.4° on purpose: at that tilt, Earth’s bulge does not make the periapsis drift around the orbit.

Woyang’anira

Maonekedwe a nyanja ndi osiyana kwambiri panthawi ya kuzungulira kwa dziko lapansi. M’madera ena, monga ku Japan, mfundo ya m’mphepete mwa nyanja (x′ kupita ku periapsis, y′ 90° patsogolo) imatha kuchitidwa mu chigawo cha R_z(−Ω) · R_x(−i) · R_z(−ω). Izi ndi zoyenera kusinthidwa mu JPL “Approximate Positions of the Planets”, yomwe orriry ya tsambali imagwiritsa ntchito:

x = (cos ω cos Ω − sin ω sin Ω cos i) x′ + (−sin ω cos Ω − cos ω sin Ω cos i) y′

ndi mawu ofanana kwa y ndi z.

Masamba a maplaneti nthawi zambiri amapatsa mitundu: lowest point ϖ = Ω + ω (zothandiza pamene i ndi yaying’ono ndipo Ω siyimadziwika bwino), ndi m’lifupi mwake L = ϖ + M. Masamba a JPL amasonyeza kuti a, e, i, L, ϖ, Ω ndi kuchuluka kwa kusintha kwawo pa zaka makumi asanu, chifukwa zina mwazoyenda m’mapiri zimasintha pang’onopang’ono.

Kodi 63.4°? Earth’s equatorial bulge (the J₂ term) makes the argument of periapsis precess at a rate proportional to (5 cos² i − 1). It vanishes when cos² i = 1/5, i.e. i = 63.43° kapena 116.57°: “zosagwirizana zosagwirizana”. Elements kuti azikhalabe m’malo mu vuto awiri-thupi drift slowly mu dziko latsopano; chifukwa chake element sets nthawi zonse kulowa ndi epoch, nthawi imene iwo ndi oyenera kwa.