Poolisii fi poolisii

Biyaa kan ta’e kan uumamaa guddaan. Kanniin miinaaraloota kaabaa irraa ni bu’a, nutraayitiijiin akka qonnaan bultoota fi kalluuitti galchuu, fi kan isaas ittisa. Akka seenaan baay’ee itti fufutti: namootaa bakkeewwanii fi dachii keessatti bakki isaanii ni bu’a. Akka waltajjii har’aa, namoota miliyoona afurii fi beela’insa manneen jireenyaa irratti hundaa’uun, bu’uura kanas yeroo dheeraaf hin hojjenne. Kan nutti bu’e kan akka bishaan, lafaa fi dachii.

The Mississippi River delta carrying sediment into the Gulf of Mexico. — Deltaa Kibbaa Misisipii kan galmeewwan gara Golgii Meeksikoo fi Galmii Meeksikootti geessu. Akkasumas, bishaan tokkollee bakkoota faayidaa akkasii keessaa gara tokkoon tokkoon Ameerikaatti bakkeewwanii fiigicha. Qabeenya: NASA

Maal akka bishaaniitti bu’u

Poolisiin karaa lamaan dhufa. Fuulloota dhibee kan ta’e: daandiin, daandiin foormulaa, daandiin. Kanniin ni argatan, fi, yoo yaadan fi itti gaafatamummaa qaban, ni milkaa’u. Fuula kan ka’an bakka hundatti: bakkoota fi bakkoota dachii, fuula fi dachii taayiira, pestisiidii fi dachee irraa. Kanniin baay’ee salphaati, sababii hin danda’amne akka daawwatamu.

Pooliizeroota kanarratti hundaa’uun:

Nutrients. Niitirogenii fi fosfoorii irraa gara bakkee, bakkee fi bishaanitti. Akka bishaanitti, algeewwan itti nyaatu, kan bu’an, du’an fi daddabaraniif, kalluun oksijiinii akka barbaachisu.
Pathogens. Bakteeriyaan, viroosiin fi paraasiitaan kan ka’e bishaanii hin-daawwatamne fi bakkeewwan abboota namaa. Kanneen kunniin kolera, dysentery, typhoid fi dhukkuba diarrhea kan geessudha.
Kemikaala. Metaaloota dhibbaa akka mirkoofi liimii, dilwaantoota industrijaa, pestisiidii, farmaasii fi kan jedhu kemikaala forever (PFAS), kan wal hin bu’u.
Sedimentii fi hariiroo. Dhukkubi kan ka’e erosiinii reefsii fi reefsii dachii; bishaaniifi bishaanii kan ka’e gareen humnaa kan oksijiinii gadi buusu.

Bright green water full of algae beside a wooden pier on Lake Erie. — Nutrients made visible: an algal bloom turns the water of Lake Erie green at Kelleys Island, Ohio. Goowwan akka kana fakkaatan kan daddabarsu fi bishaanii kan lafa irraa bu'e. Photo: NOAA Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory, CC BY-SA 2.0

Kan miidhu

Namni kamiyyuu bakka tokkotti kan siimaa ta’eedha. Akka Organizeeshiniin Fayyaa Addunyaa jedhutti, 1.7 biiliyoona nama itti fayyadame bishaaniifi feesbuukii kan faca’e bara 2022, fi 2.2 biljanaa akka hin qabnee fi bishaan itti bu’uu hin dandeenye. Akkasumas, rakkoon kun kan guddaan ijoollee irratti argama: bishaan hin amanne, fayyaa fi hiigiina hin qabne sababni nama du’uu kan ta’e yoo ta’u.

Achterra kan jirus fayyaa dha. Bara 2022, boqonnaa 57’n namoota addunyaa tuuliisaa kan itti fayyadaman ta’a. Kakuu 1.5 biljanaa hin qabnee fi 419 miliyoonni ammallee bakka bu’uu qaban, gara galmeewwan, boodatti deebi’anii ykn waldaa fi kanaalaa keessa. Bara 2020, boqonnaa 44 ofiifii bishaanii manaa hin barbaachisu (WHO, 2024). Akka hin jirretti, fuula tokko ta’a.

1.7 biljanaanamootaan akka fayyadamu mana-jijjiiramaa kan faca'e (WHO)

42%of household wastewater flows were not safely treated in 2022 (UN-Waayi, 2024)

400+245,000 km² (Diaz fi Rosenberg, 2008)

Ekosistemii fiduu ni danda’a. Where nutrient-rich rivers meet the sea, oxygen can fall so low that fish and shellfish suffocate. Akkasumas, kan akka fuula duraatti, zonoota du’aa kunniin amma kuma hedduutu jira; tokkollee waan guddaan guyyaatti baraaruuf Goobli Meeksikoo keessatti, kan itti fayyadamu Mississippii. Akka addunyaatti, oksaayiinii itti fufuu ni adaba, fi bakka ogsaayinii hin qabnee fi reefkiin baay’ee dabree ture kan bara fuula duraa waggaa kuma dhibba (Breitburg et al., 2018).

Dhukkubni du’aa waa’ee yakka tokko malee yoo ta’e, namoonni miliyoonaan lakkaa’aman kan shakkaman yoo ta’u.

Jireenyaawwan kan baay’ee wal qabsiisan

Wallaggaa tokko tokkoon rakkoolee hunda agarsiisu: bishaan, bakkeewwan hojii fi plastikii, kan hammaataa, magaalaalee keessatti kan guddatan gara fuulduraatti yookaan gara manaa, bakka buufataa fi manneen fayyaa. Akkasumas, isaan waamuun adabbii hin qabu. Kanaafuu, namoonni baay’een kan isaan hin beekne ta’anii fi kan hin beekne ta’an, wantoota Rabbiin ala wanta biraa gabbaraniidha.

Qabeenya fi jireenya guyyaa guyyaan

Pasign akka Metro Manilatti, magaalaa namoota miliyoona 13 ta’an jiraatan. Akkasumas, baay’inni bakkeewwanii fi bishaanii magaalaan itti ga’u gara bu’aawwanifi kanaalee ciccimaa jiranitti geessimaa jira. Akkasumas, yeroo roobni mooson dhufan, wanta hundaa kan jiru lafa keessati sa’aatii tokko keessatti bu’aa. Akkasumas, kan walfakkaatu yoo ta’e, Klang in Kuala Lumpur, Ulhas fi Mithi in Mumbai, fi kumaan reefiiwwan magaalaawwan ciminaa fi ciminii dachii keessatti.

![Dhugumatti, kan akka fuula duraa fi gaaffilee biroo irratti mari’atan.](../../../assets/initiatives/pasig-storm-manila.jpg “Dhugumatti, kan akka fuula duraa fi gaaffilee biroo irratti mari’atan.” Dhugaa guddaan kan akka bishaanii fi lafaa keessatti argamuu danda’u, yeroo sa’aatii tokkotti gara fuula duraatti akka seenuuf carraaqu. Foottoon: CEphoto, Uwe Aranas, CC BY-SA 3.0”)

Faayirciilee: tannerii fi daandiin

In Dhaka, the tanneries of Hazaribagh released an estimated 21,600 cubic metres of untreated effluent every day, laden with chromium, sulphur and ammonium, into channels that drain to the Buriganga (Human Rights Watch, 2012). Ergamtoonni, kanneen keessaa baay’een ijoollee fi qotee bulaa ta’an, rakkoo fayyaa qaba; maqaan kun ammoo bakka bu’iinsa sammuu fi sammuutti fayyadamuun addunyaa mara keessatti itti fufuu eegale.

![Bakkawwaniifi bakkeewwanii fi bakkeewwanii fi bakkeewwanii fi bakkeewwanii fi bakkeewwanii fi bakkeewwanii fi bakkeewwanii fi bakkeewwanii fi bakkeewwanii fi bakkeewwanii fi bakkeewwanii fi bakkeewwanii fi bakkeewwanii fi bakkeewwanii fi bakkeewwanii fi bakkeewwanii fi bakkeewwanii fi bakkeewwanii fi bakkeewwanii fi bakkeewwanii fi bakkeewwanii fi bakkeewwanii fi bakkeewwanii fi bakkeewwanii fi bakkeewwanii fi bakkeewwanii fi bakkeewwanii fi bakkeewwanii fi bakkeewwanii fi bakkeewwanii fi bakkeewwanii fi bakkeewwanii fi bakkeewwanii fi bakkeewwanii fi bakkeewwanii fi bakkeewwanii fi bakkeewwanii fi bakkeewwanii fi bakkeewwanii fi bakkeewwanii fi bakkeewwanii fi bakkeewwanii fi bakkeewwanii fi bakkeewwanii fi bakkeewwanii fi bakkeewwanii fi bakkeewwanii fi bakkeewwanii fi bakkeewwanii fi bakkeewwanii fi bakkeewwanii fi bakkeewwanii fi bakkeewwanii fi bakkeewwanii fi bakkeewwanii fi bakkeewwanii fi bakkeewwanii fi bakkeewwanii fi bakkeewwanii fi bakkeewwanii fi bakkeewwanii fi bakkeewwanii fi bakkeewwanii fi bakkeewwanii fi bakkeewwanii fi bakkeewwanii fi bakkeewwanii fi bakkeewwanii fi bakkeewwanii fi bakkeewwanii fi bakkeewwanii fi bakkeewwanii fi bakkeewwanii fi bakkeewwanii Wabii kun waddo milkaa’inna namootaa, fi kan magaalaan baay’ee itti bahe dha. Footroo: Kriwetamana, CC BY-SA 4.0”)

Akka Jaava, Citarum Jaava Kibbaa keessatti, kan akka Jaava Kibbaatti, aanaa fi magaalaan tokko tokko keessatti, bishaaniifi bishaanii kan ta’e. Bara 2025 barachuu tokko akka gabaasetti, 35.5 tonneellaa bakkee namaa guyyaatti bara 2017, fi kan akka 90% of the 3,236 textile factories akkasii ammoo, dachii fi sheyxaanaa gara bishaanitti deebi’an (Marselina et al., 2025). Bara 2018, Indoneezhiyaa Citarum Harum* kan jedhu qophii biyyaalessaa akka itti fufuu eegalte. Kunis hojiin mootummaa naannoo fi federaalaa, humna waraanaa, siyaasafi hawaasa waliin ta’uu qabu.

Ganges kan salphaa ta’e yoo ta’u namoota miliyoonaan lakkaa’amanf kan kabajamu ta’ee fi bishaanii akka hin qabnetti kan itti fayyadamu naannoo Indiyaa fi Bangladesh. Akkasumas, manneen hojii akka manneen dhadhaa fi manneen distillatii bakkeewwanii fi bishaanii magaalota hir’ina guddaa qaban keessaa baasuu eegalan. Projeektii Namami Gange kan Indiyaa, bara 2014 eegale, manneen fayyaa fi mana jireenyaa bakka fuula duraa reefaatti ijaarsa fi eegumsa taasisa.Miseensonni Naannoo Oromiyaa).

Boolaa, saffisaan fi wal-qabateewwan plaasiikaa fuula ji'a tokko keessatti bakka jabinaatti akka hin buune gochuuf. — Saffisaan plaasiikaa fuula ji'a tokkoo keessatti akka hin buune gochuuf. Jireenyawwan cimaan kan akka kunniin, plastiikii baay'ee kan baaleetti ga'u galchuu danda'a. Photo: DayakSibiriak, CC BY-SA 4.0

Plastikii

Plaastikiin kan ta’e kan wal qabatee fi kan yeroo ammaa jijjirama itti fayyadama lafaa irratti hundaa’ee ni danda’ama. Hojiiwwan baay’ee lamaan, odeeffannoo kompitaraa fayyadamuun, walqabatee meetiraalee bakkaa waliin itti gaafatamuu, akka walqixxummaa bishaanii fi plastikii reefaatti kan itti fufe:

Lebreton et al. (2017)tti 1.15 fi 2.41 miliyoonni tonneellaa waggaatti kan ka’e jijjirama, jijjirama 20 ol ta’an keessaa tokko tokkoon sadii, kan duraanii Yangtze, Ganges fi Xi.
Schmidt et al. (2017) ga’e, kan agarsiisu yoo ta’u 10 reefonni 88 fi 95% of the global load. Akkasumas, kan jedhu “jireenya sadii” kun baay’ee dabalamee jira, garuu barreessitoonni isaanii akka hin beeknetti waamicha godhaniiru, fi hojiin haaraan itti gaafatama kana hin fudhatan.
Meijer et al. (2021) kan itti fufuu bakkee irraa gara bu’aa gadii fi gara baatii, kan eegamu dachii fayyadamuu fi gara gara. Kan isaan argatan 1,000 ol reefiiwwaniifi 80% of river reef plasticplaastikii reef, 0.8 fi 2.7 miliyoonni tonna waggaatti fi fuulawwan ciccimaa kan magaalaalee guddaa keessa socho’an keessaa tokko.

Rakkoo

Kunis waa’ee reefka sadii kan ta’e yoo ta’u, kan walfakkaatu, kan walfakkaatu. The figures are model midpoints for conditions around 2015, rounded to the nearest hundred tonnes.

Tabaalli kunniin kan bara darbee agarsiisa. Modeeloonni lamaanis dataa bara 2015 fayyadamu, ka’umsi hojiin naannolee ittisa bishaanii akka eegalu hin dandeenye, kana malees, tokkollee kan har’aa bakkeewwaniif hin kennamne. Akkasumas, fiigicha Yangtze, Xi fi Huangpu, kan bara sadii duraa, yeroo naannoleen isaa itti fufuu eegalan, fiigicha Pasig’n boodaa fiigicha Manila’s. Kan boodaa uumame, fuula tokko tokkoon, kan jedhu waaqoonni addunyaatti deebi’an keessatti.

Rakkoo	Ji’a	Iiraan	Plaastikii baatii tokko keessatti gara baalee hin deebine (tunniiwwan sadii)	Fuulaa
1	Pasig	Fillipiin	62,600	Meijer et al. 2021
2	Tullahan	Fillipiin	13,500	Meijer et al. 2021
3	Ul’aanaa	Indiyaa	13,400	Meijer et al. 2021
4	Klang	Malaayii	12,800	Meijer et al. 2021
5	Meyikawyaan	Fillipiin	12,400	Meijer et al. 2021
6	Pampanga	Fillipiin	9,300	Meijer et al. 2021
7	Liiban	Fillipiin	7,100	Meijer et al. 2021
8	Gaange	Indiyaa fi Banglades	6,200	Meijer et al. 2021
9	Riyoo Graandi de Mindanao	Fillipiin	5,300	Meijer et al. 2021
10	Agno	Fillipiin	4,600	Meijer et al. 2021

Modeelli kan duraa bakka reefka guddaan itti fayyadamu, kan akka:

Rakkoo	Ji’a	Iiraan	Akkasumas	Ji’a	Fuulaa
1	Yaangtse	Chaayinaa	333,000	310,000 to 480,000	Lebreton et al. 2017
2	Gaange	Indiyaa fi Banglades	115,000	105,000 to 172,000	Lebreton et al. 2017
3	Xi	Chaayinaa	73,900	64,600 to 114,000	Lebreton et al. 2017
4	Hong Kong	Chaayinaa	40,800	33,500 to 67,300	Lebreton et al. 2017
5	Q_ara	Naayijeeriyaa fi Kameroonaa	40,300	33,800 to 65,000	Lebreton et al. 2017
6	Branda	Indoneziya	38,900	32,300 to 63,700	Lebreton et al. 2017
7	Amaan	Brazil, Peru, Colombia and Ecuador	38,900	32,200 to 63,800	Lebreton et al. 2017
8	Pasig	Fillipiin	38,800	32,100 to 63,700	Lebreton et al. 2017
9	Irrawaddy	Birmaaniyaa	35,300	29,700 to 56,900	Lebreton et al. 2017
10	Solo	Indoneziya	32,500	26,500 to 54,100	Lebreton et al. 2017

Inni maal akka ta’e kan hin beekne? Hin fakkaatu, fi kun barbaachisaa dha. Kanneen armaan gadii hundinuu waa’ee: namni tokkollee plastikii miidhaa reefaatti erguun hin milkoofne. Akkasumas, kan Meijer’s global total inni isaa fakkii sadii ol qabaa’e, fi barreessitoonni moodeelli isaanii akka ta’u ibsanii yoo walqabatee faaktooriin sadii yookaan kuma tokko yookaan sadii yookaan sadii yookaan sadii yookaan sadii yookaan sadii yookaan sadii yookaan sadii yookaan sadii yookaan sadii yookaan sadii yookaan sadii yookaan sadii yookaan sadii yookaan sadii yookaan sadii yookaan sadii yookaan sadii yookaan sadii yookaan sadii yookaan sadii yookaan sadii yookaan sadii yookaan sadii yookaan sadii yookaan sadii yookaan sadii yookaan sadii yookaan sadii yookaan sadii yookaan sadii yookaan sadii yookaan sadii yookaan sadii yookaan sadii yookaan sadii yookaan sadii yookaan sadii yookaan sadii yookaan sadii yookaan sadii yookaan sadii yookaan sadii yookaan sadii yookaan sadii yookaan sadii yookaan sadii yookaan sadii yookaan sadii yookaan sadii yookaan sadii yookaan sadii yookaan sadii yookaan sadii yookaan sadii yookaan sadii yookaan sadii yookaan sadii yookaan sadii yookaan sadii yookaan sadii yookaan sadii yookaan sadii yookaan sadii yookaan sadii yookaan sadii yookaan sadii yookaan sadii yookaan sadii yookaan sadii yookaan sadii yookaan sadii yookaan sadii yookaan sadii yookaan sadii yookaan sadii yookaan sadii yookaan sadii yookaan sadii yookaan sadii yookaan sadii yookaan sadii yookaan sadii yookaan sadii yookaan sadii yookaan sadii yookaan sadii yookaan sadii yookaan sadii yookaan sadii yookaan sadii yookaan sadii yookaan sadii yookaan sadii yookaan sadii yookaan sadii yookaan sadii yookaan sadii yookaan sadii yookaan sadii yookaan sadii yookaan sadii yookaan sadii yookaan sadii yookaan sadii yookaan sadii yookaan sadii yookaan sadii yookaan sadii yookaan sadii yookaan sadii yookaan sadii yookaan sadii yookaan sadii yookaan sadii yookaan sadii yoo Moodeeloonni lamaanis kan wal hin fakkaatan yoo ta’u fuula duraa. Gaangees dabree kan ka’e 115,000 tonne sa’aa tokkotti baraa kana keessa akka 6,200tti bahee kan itti fufuu ta’uu isaati. Sababni isaas, kan itti fufuu ta’ee, plastiikiin kan bahe gara biyya keessaatti akka ba’u carraan isaa ni cimaa: baay’een isaa bakka reefaatti, boodaa daammaa fi seediimii keessatti yoo jiraatanitti ni qabama. Other rivers often named in public debate, such as the Chao Phraya in Bangkok, the Kelani in Colombo and the Mithi in Mumbai, also appear among the 50 largest emitters in the newer model’s published list. Akkasumas, kan baratan lamaan waliin wal qabate haala tokko: plastiikiin reefkii baay’ee bakka bu’aa waan ta’eef, bakka namoota reefkii irraa fagaatan jiraatan, fi bakka roobni guddaan lafaa dachii irratti mul’atu.

Jireenyaa addunyaatti deebi’an

Kibbaawwan tarree keessaa kan hin buune hin ta’u. Wallaggaawwan kan hin jirree fi kan hin taane, biyyalee baay’ee adda addaa keessatti, mootummaa gara garaa jalatti, akka deebi’an taasifameera. Akka tokkollee isaan irraa hin ta’in waan tokko malee ykn kan tokko malee. Akkaataa tokko tokkoon armaan gadii deebii gaafiilee afurii kanarratti kenna: maal ulfaataa ture, maaltu raawwatame, maaliif itti gaafatamuu hin qabne, fi maaliif akkasii hin taane. Kanneen kunniin akkasii keessatti kan dhiyaatan ta’u, yeroo itti naannoleen isaanii itti fufe.

The Thames, London

![Akkuma fuula duraa, kan itti fufe ta’e, akkasumaas kan itti fufuu ta’e, kan itti fufe ta’e, kan itti fufe ta’e, kan itti fufe ta’e, kan itti fufe ta’e, kan itti fufe ta’e, kan itti fufe ta’e, kan itti fufe ta’e, kan itti fufe ta’e, kan itti fufe ta’e, kan itti fufe ta’e, kan itti fufe ta’e, kan itti fufe ta’e, kan itti fufe ta’e, kan itti fufe ta’e, kan itti fufe ta’e, kan itti fufe ta’e, kan itti fufe ta’e, kan itti fufe ta’e, kan itti fufe ta’e, kan itti fufe ta’e, kan itti fufe ta’e, kan itti fufe ta’e, kan itti fufe ta’e, kan itti fufe ta’e, kan itti fufe ta’e, kan itti fufe ta’e, kan itti fufe ta’e, kan itti fufe ta’e, kan itti fufe ta’e, kan itti fufe ta’e, kan itti fufe ta’e, kan itti fufe ta’e, kan itti fufe ta’e, kan itti fufe ta’e, kan itti fufe ta’e, kan itti fufe ta’e, kan itti fufe ta’e, kan itti fufe ta’e, kan itti fufe ta’e, kan itti fufe ta’e, kan itti fufe ta’e, kan itti fufe ta’e, kan itti fufe ta’e, kan itti fufe ta’e, kan itti fufe ta’e, kan itti fufe ta’e, kan itti fufe ta’e, kan itti fufe ta’e, kan itti fufe ta’e, kan itti fufe ta’e, kan itti fufe ta’e, kan itti fufe ta’e, kan itti fufe ta’e, kan itti fufe ta’e, kan itti fufe ta’e, kan itti fufe ta’e, kan itti fufe ta’e, kan itti fufe ta’e, kan itti fufe ta’e, kan itti fufe ta’e, kan itti fufe Footoosi: Matt Brown, CC BY 2.0”)

Waan gaggeeffame. Waanti London’s sewers fi hojiin ittisa hin danda’amne akka magaalaan guddatu. Bara 1950, oksijiinii baay’ee ciminaan gara baatii Thames akka deebi’u kan taasise yoo ta’u bara 1957 kan du’e jechuun ni yaadatama. Akkasumas, kan Victorian seeliin bishaanii akkasii immoo bishaanii itti fayyadama, yoo roobni guddaan dabree fiigicha keessa deebi’u.

Maal itti raawwatame? Saayinsii hojiin lafaa fuula duraa bara 1960 eegalame (BBC, 2001). Bara 2014, Thames Water hojii ittisa bishaanii dhiyoo finiinee, bakka Beckton, Crossness, Riverside, Long Reach fi Mogden. Bara 2016tti, Liy Tunneel 7 km’n waggaatti miiliyoona 5’n bakkeewwan ciminaa kan itti dabalu ta’uu eegale. 25 km Thames Tideway Tunnel, hojii £4.6 biiliyoonaan itti kenname kan akka bilbila Thames Water’n, yeroo ammaa kana waliin walqabatee jira, akkasii ta’ee sistiimiin miidhaan 1.6 kubbaa miillaa bishaanii dachii akka galchuu danda’u; kan itti fayyadame fi hojiirra oolche yoo ta’u waggaa torbaa 2025, fi ni yaadatama akka bakkichi lafaa keessaa gara fuula duraatti gadi bu’u irraa kaasee hanga waggaa sadii (Thames Water; Tideway).

Ijoollee ittin wal-qabatee. Salmoonni jalqabaa bara 1974 deebi’e, fi bara 2001 reefkiin 115 species of fish (BBC, 2001) gargaare. The Zoological Society of London’s 2026 health check found dissolved oxygen rising over the long term from 2007 to 2024 and phosphorus falling since the 1990s; seahorses, eels, seals and even small sharks now live in the estuary (ZSL, 2026).

Haata’u malee hin fudhanne. Akkasumas, nitaraatiin akka itti fufuu kan agarsiisu bishaanii itti fayyadamaa jiru, fi baay’inni kalluuwwan isaa akka dabree ture kan mul’ise yoo ta’u, bara 1990tti, kan itti gaafatama kana fudhate. Akkasumas, hojiin Thames Water’s fi hojiin ittisa bishaanii yeroo 298,081 sa’aa bara 2024tti, kaasee 196,414 bara 2023tti, akka ibsa dataa qorannoo kompaanyii (The Guardian, 2025). Across England, spills fell by 35 percent in 2025, which the Environment Agency says was largely due to a dry year (Environment Agency, 2026).

Akkasumas, cuyahoga, Cleveland fi U.S. Clean Water Act

A steel lift bridge silhouetted against an orange sunset over the Cuyahoga River in Cleveland. — Sunset over the Cuyahoga River in Cleveland, the river whose 1969 fire helped bring about the US Clean Water Act. Photo: Erik Drost, CC BY 2.0

Waan gaggeeffame On June 22, 1969 a sparks from a passing train set fire to a oil slick on the Cuyahoga. Kanas yeroo jalqabaa hin ta’in: magaalaan bishaanii naannoo sanaa 13 nama ajjeese kan itti fufe yoo ta’u, kan 1969 (NEORSD). Bara 1970s, biliyoonni 9 olii fi bishaan ji’a tokko keessatti lafa irraa gara fuula duraatti ba’anii gara reefaatti fi Liiqii Erii (NEORSD) ga’an.

Maal akka ta’e? Walgahii Cleveland keessatti, miseensonni mana maree magaalaan $100mn akka itti fayyadaman kan himan yoo ta’u, mana mareen magaalaas warri gabaasaa gara fuula duraatti akka hin deebine fi akka hin dhiyeenyatin kan himan (NPR, 2019). Bara 1972 Kongireesii Ameerikaan akkasitti jechaa ture: “Waan inni guddaan kan nama miidhu, waan hin milkoofne fi waan hin barbaachisu ta’uu isaati.US EPA). Bara 1987, wabii kun akka Wabii Liiqii Keessatti kan itti gaafatamu ta’e kan jedhuun kan beekame yoo ta’u rakkooleen isaa lammataa akka itti fufuu. Since 2011 the sewer district’s Project Clean Lake, a 3 billion dollar, 25-year programme agreed with regulators, has been building tunnels and storage to cut overflows from about 4.5 billion gallons a year to 494 million by 2036 (NEORSD).

Maal itti fufe? Akkasumas, kan 2000tti bu’iinsaa ni cimaa ture. Haga Diseembaara 2025, 76 ofiifi 78 hojiin Poolii Keenyaa itti fufuu eegale ykn jiru, galloonni biliyoona 2’n kan dabalatu waggaatti. Kanneen itti deebi’an: kan 60 ta’an yoo ta’u, bara 2014 keessa kan itti argame (NEORSD). EPAn dhibeewwan sadii keessaa saddeet hiikkachiise: wal-qabatee (2017), dhimmoota ittisa nyaataa (2019), algae (2021), tumooroon kalluu (2023) fi dabalataan (2024) (US EPA).

Inni hin fudhanne. Dhimmii afurii akka jiru: dhibee ittisa bishaanii fi uumama, jireenya bakka reefaatti, daawwachiiftuu daandii fi lafa itti jiraatan itti bu’uu. Bara 1911, bara Gorge Dam, kan ijaarrame, 865,000 yards kubbaa ta’an kan seediimii sassaabdamaniif akka hin bu’amne kan ta’e yoo ta’u, bara 2025 booda damma ni bahe (US EPA).

The Yarra, Melbourne

![A rowing crew on the calm Yarra River, with parkland on the left and Melbourne’s tower in the distance.](../../../assets/initiatives/yarra-melbourne-rowers.jpg “Dhugumatti, kan kana fakkaate yoo ta’u, akkasumaas akkasii ta’ee yoo ta’e, akkasumaas akkasii ta’ee.” Akkasumas, lafaa fuula duraa ji’a kana keessatti bishaanii guddaan kan argame yoo ta’u, Foottoon: Donaldytong, CC BY-SA 3.0”)

Maal akka hin taane. Kaayyoo bishaanii Melbourne’s akka gara lafaa ittisaatti galmeessuun Werribee irraa eegalee bara 1897, Yarra akka tokko ta’u kan beekamu yoo ta’u (Melbourne Water). Akka magaalaan itti guddateetti, manneen jireenyaa, laaffiiwwan fi daandiin bishaanii miidhaa itti aanaa geessisuu eegalan.

Akkam ta’e? Akkasumas, bishaanii fi fuula duraa kan itti fufuu ta’e, fi fuula duraa kan itti fufu ta’e bara 1970 fi 1980 (kan tokko) Bara 2017, Viktooriyaa yakka Yarra River Protection (Wilip-gin Birrarung murron) akka hin jirree murteessite, yakka kana keessattis, fuula reefaatti akka uumama tokkotti kan jiraattu fi walfakkaatu ta’uu isaa ibse.Aadaa fi seenaa Oromoo).

Maal itti fufe? Yarraan olaanaa 70% ofiifii bishaanii Melbourne’s (Melbourne Water). Bara 2013, aangawoota naannoo biyyattii bakka hedduutti bakteriiwwan argee fi haala itti-baqaan isaanii maxxanse.Victoria).

Ijoollee hin fudhanne. Qabeenya bishaanii akkasii itti bu’aa, sababiin isaas, qabeenyaa, ijaarsa magaalaa fi bishaani (Waaqni Melbourne). Dhiibbii bakkatti, Kew fi Launching Place, hamma yerootti akka hin barbaachisu itti-ba’uu (EPA Victoria).

Minamata Bay, Jaapan

Bakka Minamataa kan ka'e bakka aanaa tokko keessatti, akkasumas bishaaniifi kibbaalee gara garaatti. — Minamata fi kibbaa isaa bara 2020, kan ka'e bakka aanaa Nakaoyamaatti. Photo: Sanjo, CC BY-SA 4.0

Maal akka hin taane. Bara dheeraaf, faayinaansii kimikaa kan dhaabbata Chisso ta’e, methylmercury, wal-qabatee acetaldehyde uumuu, gara Baatii Minamatatti erge. Kana jechuun bishaanii fi dachii irraa uumame, kana boodas isa itti fuudhe. Dhimmi kun bara 1956 akka dhukkubaatti beekamee ture. The factory stopped the process in May 1968, and the government confirmed the cause that September (Ministry of the Environment of Japan).

Maal godhame? Bara 1974, galmeewwan bakka bu’aa kan ta’an akka itti fufuu fi kalluun itti hin baane akka hin ta’in taasifame. Bara 1977 irraa eegalee hanga bara 1990, miiliyoona 1.5 mitiroota kubbaata seediimii keessaa qabu kan akka 25 parsii fi miliyoon maraakiiraa ta’e, bakkicha’uun fi bakka 58 hektaara lafaa itti fufuu keessatti galmeefameera. Hojii kun 48 bilyoona yen, kan keessaa Chisso 30 bilyoona fi mootummaa federaalaa fi naannoon 9 bilyoona tokko tokkoo (kan biraa) itti bahe.

What was measured. Mercury levels in seven species of fish stayed below the provisional limits for three years in a row, and in 1997 the governor declared the bay safe and the nets were taken away (same source).

Haata’u malee hin fudhanne. Baayii kun bara dheeraaf itti deebi’e; garuu namootaas hin deebisin. By December 2024, 3,000 people had been officially certified with Minamata disease, including those of a second outbreak in Niigata, and 304 of them were still alive (National Institute for Minamata Disease). About 11,000 more people qualified for relief under a political settlement reached in 1995, more than 48,000 applied under a relief law passed in 2009 (Ministry of the Environment of Japan), and courts are still deciding claims: in 2023 an Osaka court recognised all 128 plaintiffs in one case, while in 2024 a Kumamoto court rejected 144 because the time limit had passed (Asahi Shimbun, 2024).

Kibbaa

Hojiiwwan baay'ee wal-qabatee fi gara garaa kan Boat Quay bakka fuula duraa fuula Sinhaagootti, akkasumas manneen hojii. — Boat Quay bakka fuula duraa fuula Sinhaagootti, bakka miidhaaniitti bakkeewwan kargoota bishaan keessatti daawwataman. Photo: Zairon, CC BY-SA 4.0

Maal akka hin taane. Bara 1970, Kibbaa Singaapor fi Baasii Kallang keessatti bakkeewwan, bishaanii fi bakkoota daddabarsiifaman hedduutu ture. Dachii fi dachee, qabeenyaa, namoota gara-garaattii fi manneen hin qabnee fi kan hin jirree akkasitti ba’u.

What was done. On 27 February 1977 Prime Minister Lee Kuan Yew set a target of ten years to clean the river. Akkasumas, bakka reefaatti fi Baasii Kallang kan wal qabate, maatiin kuma hedduu akka hin jiraatne taasifame, akkasumas, manneen nyaataa 610, manneen nyaataa 500, manneen jireenyaa 2800 fi namoota gara-garaatti deeman 5,000 akka deebi’an taasifame. The 800 cargo lighters that crowded the river were moved to Pasir Panjang by 1983. Itti gaafatamaan Kitaaba Naannoon (National Library Board) akka jedhanitti, bu’aa isaa miliyoona 300 ta’a.Raadiyoo Oromiyaa).

Maal itti fufe? Akka yeroon kampaanii kun bara 1987 xumurameetti, bakkee fi gaddaan wal-qabatee akka itti fufuu eegale (National Library Board). Baraajjii Marina, bara 2008 itti xumurame, bara 2010 lafaa bishaanii akka hin qabnee fi hektaara 10,000 akka hinqabne godhate.PUB).

Inni hin fudhanne. Akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akka Bara 2015 baratan akka jedhanitti, kan haaraan, kan duraan itti bu’e, har’aas salphina guddaa irraa dhibama (Galelli et al., 2015).

The Mersey, North West England

The Liverpool waterfront with the Royal Liver Building, seen from a ferry on the Mersey. — Liverpool Waterfront kan itti dhagahame gara Liifburriitti gara Liifburriitti. Photo: Richard Hoare, CC BY-SA 2.0

What went wrong. Two centuries of industry and the sewage of millions of people made the Mersey one of the most polluted rivers in Europe, and in 1985 it was called the most polluted estuary in the United Kingdom (Mersey Basin Campaign). Bara 1970, kutaalee dheeraaf kan itti fufuu ta’e, oksijiinii hin qabne yeroo baraa, yeroo hammaataa (Jones, 2006).

Maal itti raawwatame? Kampaanii Baasii Mersii waggaa 25 dura, bara 1985-2010, mootummaa, kompaanyii bishaanii, manneen hojii fi dhaabbilee hawaasaa waliin walitti qaba (Kampanjaan Baasii Mersii). Hojiiwwan haaraa fi fooyya’aa fi fuula ittisa industrijaa irratti hundaa’uun: bara 2006tti biliyoonni £1 ol akka hin fayyadamne kan godhu ta’e (Jones, 2006).

What was measured. The daily load of organic pollution (BOD) entering the estuary fell from more than 300 tonnes in 1972 to just over 50 tonnes in 2000 (Jones, 2000). Akkasumas, oksijiinii kan gadi fageenyaan kan ka’e bakka bu’iinsa 48% bara 2001, 58% bara 2002 fi 65% bara 2003. Bara 2001, salmoonni baraa kan jalqabaa waggaa kuma tokkoon dura itti fufe. Kanneen 26 ammoo bara 2002 keessa akka Woolston Weirtti galmeessanii (Jones, 2006).

Inni hin fudhanne. Yeroo baraaruuf, oksijiinii kan itti jiru Mancheester Ship Canal keessatti kan salmoon akka ga’u qabus, ammallee baay’ee badaa ture, yeroo 20% ta’e, kan kalluun itti fufuu danda’u (baraan kun). Riiktoota barnoota itti fufuu estuarii kan agarsiisanis akka walqabateetti kan mul’atu yoo ta’e, pollutantoota qaxxaamuranii fi kan itti fufuu (Hawkins et al., 2020).

Boston Harbor

Maal akka hin taane. Akka bara 1990tti, bishaan Boston’s gara portaatti dhufaa turee fi hojiin qulqullina isaa kan jalqabaa qofa, akkasumas, bishaaniin kun guyyaa tokkollee itti fayyadamamaa ture. Bara 1987, daandiin bishaanii 84 walfakkaatuun ba’ee, bishaanii fi bishaaniitti hin milkoofne fidee gara portaatti fi reefaatti (MWRA).

Akkam ta’e? Bara 1985 manneen murtii federaalaa mootummaa naannoolee itti gaafatamummaa bishaanii haaraa ijaaruuf ajaja kennaniiru. Sludge dumping into the harbour stopped in 1991, a new treatment plant on Deer Island opened in stages from 1995, and in 2000 a 9.5-mile tunnel moved the treated outflow far out into the deep water of Massachusetts Bay (MWRA). Projeektii Boston Harbor 3.8 bilyoona dollara (MWRA) ittin bahe. A separate plan of about 906 million dollars closed 34 of the 84 overflows and is designed to cut the volume spilled in a typical year by 88 percent (MWRA).

Maal itti fufe? Mana-hidhaa bishaanii bakka 70 ol kan ittii ilaalu fi dataa kana maxxansa, akkasumas mootummaas bakkawwan bishaanii guyyaa har’aa (MWRA). Garaagarummaa Charles River’s akka D irraa Btti fiduu eegale bara 2004 (MWRA), fi bara 2025 bakka bu’oota magaalaa hundaa akka Nahant fi Nantaskettti dhibee 80% ol ta’uu isaa kan agarsiisu, kan jalqabaa (Save the Harbor/Save the Bay, 2025).

Isaan hin fudhanne. Bara tokko keessatti, Kibbaa Charles’s bakka bu’aa bakterii akka itti bahe 48% ta’u qofa, fi kan xiqqaate ammoo waan hin milkoofne (MWRA, 2023). Dhimmii hojiin itti fufuu qophaa’e akka yaada ummataa gahuu eegalee hanga 30 Octoobaara 2026 (Citadel of Somerville).

Raayinaa

Namoota wal-qabatee Raayina kibbaa fi buluu keessatti wal-qabatanii Baasil keessatti guyyaa ji'aa, akkasumas manneen qaxxaamurree bakka bu'anii. — Wal-qabeessa Raayina Baasil keessatti bara 2023, gara bahaa kan itti fufe yoo ta'u, gara bakka naannaa Sandoz 1986 pestisiidii fuula reefaatti galcheetti. Photo: WikiEuropian, CC BY-SA 4.0

Waan gaggeeffame. Waggaa hedduuf, Raayins bakkeewwan industrijaa addunyaa keessaa tokkorra bu’aa hin qabne galchuu eegale. On 1 November 1986 a fire at a Sandoz warehouse near Basel washed up to 30 tonnes of pesticides into the river and killed fish along hundreds of kilometres.

Maal akka ta’e? Biyyoonni itti jiran kan reef walqabatee, bara 1987 irratti qophii “Rhine Action Program” jedhuun deebii kennaniin: yeroo waggaa sadii keessatti, bakkeewwan kemikaalaan miidhaa qaban 40 akka nutti hin deebine gochuun, fi reef akka qulqulluu ta’e gochuun (International Commission for the Protection of the Rhine). Treatment plants were built and upgraded, and fish passes were opened around the big dams, at Iffezheim in 2000 and Gambsheim in 2006 (ICPR).

What was measured. Heavy metals in the river fell significantly between 1987 and 2000 (ICPR). Naaytrojenni kan Raayiin gara baatii fidu irraa kaasee hanga 443,000 tonneetti bara 1985tti akka 272,000 tonneetti bara 2016tti dabre (ICPR). Salmoonni bara 1990 irraa eegalee gara Kibbaa Kibbaatti bahee kibba Sieg keessatti guddachuu jalqabee kan ture yoo ta’u, kan itti dhalate immoo bara 1994; bara 2000 keessa, kibbaawwan 63 deebi’anii fi kibbaa Raayinaas, kan hin taane eel, akka itti nyaatuf amansiisan (ICPR, Salmon 2020). Komishinni kun har’a spesiiyisii 71, fi kalluuwwan hunda kan beekaman akka waldaa reefaatti itti fufuun dura ture malee (ICPR).

Isaan hin fudhanne. Salmoonni ammallee baay’ee hin jirre: ittii galmee Koblenz keessatti 11 yoo ta’an kan deebi’an yoo ta’u bara 2025 (ICPR counts). About two thirds of the nitrogen now comes from farming and other diffuse sources, heavy metals from diffuse sources are still too high, and treatment plants do not remove most traces of medicines and other micropollutants; the countries aim to cut these by at least 30 percent by 2040 (ICPR).

Danube fi Baatii Muree

Pelikanni Dalmatian kan fiigicha isaa dabalatee fiigicha guddaan akka hin fudhanne kan itti fufe. — Pelikanni Dalmatian kan fiigicha isaa dabalatee fiigicha guddaan akka hin fudhanne. Foottoon: Charles J. Photo: Charles J. Sharp, CC BY-SA 4.0

Maal akka hin taane. Bakka bu’iinsa, bakki haadha fi bakki bishaanii kan tokko ta’e kan bal’aa kan Yurooppaa, midhaan nyaataa gara Kibbaa-garbaatti geesise. From the early 1970s, water near the sea bed ran out of oxygen every year, and in 1983 the low-oxygen area covered about 20,000 square kilometres (Capet et al., 2013).

Maal godhame? Bara 1994, biyyawwan baasii kunniin Konveensii Danube River Protection irratti akka saxilan godhe. Kana booda bara 1998 irraa eegalee waliin hojjechaa turan, akkasumas, hojiirra oolanii fi haala baasii (ICPDR) kan itti fufan ta’uu qaba.

Maal itti fufe? Komishinaan akka gabaasetti, niitiroojinii fi fosfoorii 30% fi 50% ol ta’uun isaanii bara 15 keessatti dabalamee ture.ICPDR). Akkasumas, yeroon oksijiinii ba’aa Baatii Muree ciccime, garuu bara 1990tti akka hin jirree kan dubbatame yoo ta’u, bara 2000tti akka deebi’ee kan dubbatame (Capet et al., 2013).

Not solved yet. In the basin’s 2021 plan, only 24 percent of river length had good ecological status and 36 percent good chemical status, 624 barriers still blocked fish migration, the European sturgeon was extinct in the basin, and nutrient loads were still above those of the 1960s (ICPDR, 2021).

The Pasig, Manila

A riverside promenade with ornate lamp posts beside the Pasig River in Manila, with water hyacinth on the water and a bridge beyond. — Esplanada reefside baruu fi Intramuros kan Pasig, June 2025. Photo: Ralff Nestor Nacor, CC BY-SA 4.0

Maal akka ga’e? Pasig kan lafaa fi bishaanii magaalaa guddoon 13 miliyoona nama qaba, fi bara 1990tti akka hin du’iin ibsameera (GMA News, 2018). It tops the newer model’s list of rivers carrying plastic to the sea, although its authors note that the model overestimates the Pasig compared with measurements made in 2019 (Meijer et al., 2021).

Maal akka ta’e? Bara 1999 hanga bara 2019, komishinaa ji’a Pasig keessatti bakkawwan fi bu’oota ittisa bishaanii qulqulleessun hojjetamaa ture. Bara 2018, yeroon itti galmee Lixaa Aasiyaa argatte, maatii 18,719 kan bakka liqaa keessa jiraatan akka deebi’an taasisamee fi 17 ta’an kan liqaa 47 keessaa kan baratan ta’uu eegale, kan jalqabaa ammoo Estero de Paco keessatti bara 2010 (GMA News). Komishinaan kan lakkaa’ame ta’e bara 2019 (Philstar, 2019). Since January 2024 a new programme, Pasig Bigyang Buhay Muli, has been building a riverside esplanade, whose fourth phase opened in October 2025 (ABS-CBN, 2025).

Maal itti aanaa? Rakkoon komishinaa kan isaas agarsiisa akka pollution organikii (BOD) fuula reebicha keessatti 30.79 milligramm per liter ta’e bara 2009-2014, ka’umsa 7 fi 23.09 bara 2012-39.03 bara 2014; oksijiin ammoo 2.85 milligramm per liter ta’e (PRRC, 2014). Akka gabaasa mootummaa bara 2018tti, boqonnaa 96% kan baankiin akka itti fayyadamu taasifame, yoo xiqqaate ammoo boqonnaa 1 fi 28% kan hojiin qophaa’e raawwatame (Rappiler, 2018).

Haata’u malee hin fudhanne. Akkasumas, yeroon ittii 2014tti hin arganne, kan jedhu yookaan sirreechi kun har’a akka deebi’u hin dandeenye. Jireenya kana keessatti, kan itti fufuu ta’e yoo ta’e, jireenyaa guutuun hin raawwatamne.

Cheonggyecheon, Seol

A small clear stream with trees and a footbridge running through a valley of office towers in central Seoul at sunrise. — Cheonggyecheon in central Seoul, which ran under concrete and an elevated motorway until 2003. Photo: Basile Morin, CC BY-SA 4.0

Maal akka hin taane. Jireenya magaalaa Seol keessatti konkolaataa fi wayita itti fufe gara garaa kan ta’e ture.

What was done. Between 2003 and 2005 the city tore down the motorway and opened up 5.8 kilometres of stream, at a total cost of about 380 million US dollars (Landscape Architecture Foundation, 2011).

What was measured. Between 2003 and 2008 the number of fish species rose from 4 to 25, birds from 6 to 36, insects from 15 to 192 and plants from 62 to 308. Haati bakka bu’aa 3.3 fi 5.9 °C ol akka hin milkoofne kan ta’e yoo ta’u,Landscape Architecture Foundation), fi bara 2025, qorannoowwan 33 kan itti fufuu, kan baay’ee ta’e yeroo wal-qabatee (The Korea Herald, 2025).

Isaan hin fudhanne. Jireenya kanas kan baay’ee namatti uumame: guyyaatti 48,000 tonnees ofirratti akka ba’u godhama, yeroo hedduu immoo bishaanii wal-qabatee kan ji’a Han irraan ka’e, fi ittisa isaas waggaatti miliyoonni 2.9 wonni (The Guardian, 2025). Bara 2011, kolliiformi bakteeriyaan kan jiru bakka bu’aa itti-baqaan (The Korea Herald, 2011).

Ganga, Indiya

Dubbiin bakkoota galmee galmee Ganges'n guyyaa har'aa baranaasi, fuula duraa immoo mana amantaa fi ijaarsa qaroomina. — Gaggeeffama kan Ganges'n guyyaa har'aa baranaasi, magaalaan saalaa wabii tokko fi bakka itti wal hin eegne. Photo: travelwayoflife, CC BY-SA 2.0

Maal akka hin taane. Ganga kan salphaa ta’e yoo tahu, namoota miliyoonaan lakkaa’amanf kan qulqullaa’u fi naannoo Indiyaa fi Banglaadesh keessaa bishaanii kennuuf kan gargaaru. Akkasumas, manneen hojii akka manneen dhadhaa fi manneen distillatii bakkeewwanii fi bishaanii magaalota hir’ina guddaa qaban keessaa baasuu eegalan.

Maal itti raawwatame? Projeektii Namami Gangee kan Indiyaa, bara 2014 eegale, manneen fayyaa fi mana jireenyaa bakka haadha reefitti argamuu fi itti fayyadamuu (National Mission for Clean Ganga). Baankiin isaa 20,000 crore rupees ta’e hanga bara 2021 fi 22,500 crore rupees ta’e yeroo lammaffaaf hanga bara 2026. By March 2026, 21,340 crore rupees had been spent and 355 of 524 approved projects completed (Press Information Bureau, 2026), and by March 2025 treatment plants able to handle 3,446 million litres of sewage a day had been built or rehabilitated (Press Information Bureau, 2025).

Maal itti fufe? Bakteriiwwan faakikii bakka itti qoramaniitti ni dabre, jechuun gabaasa mootummaati: lakkoofsi tokko tokko akka hin jirre kan agarsiisu, akka akka Assi Ghat, Varanasi keessatti 2500 ta’e millilitara 100 irratti bara 2014 irraa gara 790tti bara 2025tti fi akka Gandhi Ghat, Patna keessatti 5400 ta’ee 2200tti, yoo xiqqaate ammoo 2500 ta’e.Biroo Irreechaa, 2026).

Isaan hin fudhanne. Bara 2025, waltajjii bakkeewwan faayikal bakterii keessatti argame kan ta’u bakka tokko tokkootti qofa Uttar Pradesh, Bihar fi West Bengal, fi mul’ina orgaanikii baay’ee guddaa ture Farrukhabad irraa gara Kanpur fi Mirzapur irraa gara Ghazipur (soojiin tokko). Haaluma walfakkaatuun, yeroo guyyaan Maha Kumbh bara 2025 gaggeeffamu, gabaasa jalqabaa kan Boordii Keennaal Pollution Control akka inni argee jirutti, bishaaniitti hin milkoofne ta’uu isaa ni mul’isa; gabaasni boodarra dhiyaate immoo, lakkoofsa tokko keessatti yoo jiraate, akka inni itti hin milkoofne ni mul’isa (The Hindu, 2025).

Jireenyawwan fi fuula Yangtze

![Akkasumas, kan akka ../../../assets/initiatives/yangtze-finless-porpoise.jpg “Yaangze finless porpoises at the Institute of Hydrobiology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences in Wuhan, 2006. Foottoon: Huangdan2060, CC BY 3.0”)

Maal akka hin taane. Bara 2015, 64.5% kan dhibeewwan biyyatti irratti xiinxaltoonnii fi daandiin itti fayyadaman keessaa, bishaanii sadarkaa I-III qaba, yeroo inni akka bu’u qophaa’e, fi 8.8% ammoo ol ta’a sadarkaa V, waan hin barbaachisu miti (Ministariyaa Dhimma Biyyaa, 2016). In March 2013 more than 16,000 dead pigs had been pulled from the Huangpu and its tributaries upstream of Shanghai, a source of the city’s tap water, after farms upstream dumped the carcasses in the river (The Guardian, 2013).

Maal godhame? Bara 2015, mana mareen mootummaa Itoophiyaa, “Waan Dabre” jedhamuun beekamu, qophii hojiin akka walqabatee fi akka wal-qabatee ibsa. Akkasumas, kan bara 2020tti: bishaaniifi bishaanii baankiilee 70 ol ta’an akka gadi lakkifaman, faayidaa itti fayyadama bishaanii akka cimsamu, manneen jireenyaa fi qabeenya namaa akka hin bu’amne gochuu, fi bishaanii fi bishaanii magaalaa akka 95% ta’e itti fayyadamuu (mana maree mootummaa, 2015). Bara 2016 irraa kaasee, lafaa fi lixaa tokko tokkoof “hoota lafaa” kan kenname yoo ta’u, hogganaan akkasitti beekamu kan itti gaafatamaa bishaanii isaa ta’uu qaba.(Offiisii Gumii Komitaanni Keennaa fi Manni Riphaa CPC, 2016; Qonnaan Bultoota Liqaa Poolisii fi Ittisa Biyaa, Arda 5). Bara 2018, boqonnaa 97.8 parkiijii industirii guddaan bishaanii itti fayyadamu qabu, akkasumas bara 2019 magaalota 2,513 keessaa 2,899 “qabeenya fi bu’aa hin qabne” akka itti fufu taasisan (Ministaree Ekoloojii fi Deebii, 2018 fi 2019 buleenjiin). Yaada Jireenya Yangtzee Hojiin Ilaalchiisuuf, kan hojiirra oolche waggaa March 2021, manneen xiyyaara kimikaa haaraa kiilootara tokko keessatti ji’a fi ittisa isaa irraa akka hin jirre (Yaada Jireenya Yangtzee Hojiin Ilaalchiisuu), fi baankiin komishiinii Jireenya Yangtzee bara 2021 irraa eegalee hanga waggaa sadiitti akka hin taanee, akkasumas gargaarsa baankiilee duraan hin qabnef akka hin kennamne (Xinhua, 2026).

Maal itti aanaa? Akka bara 2025tti, 91.4% dhibeewwan eegumsa biyyaalessaa sadarkaa I-III fi 0.6% dhibeewwan gara garaa akka ta’an kan agarsiisu; bakka Yangtze baasiitti, dhibeewwan 1,016 keessaa 98.9% dhibeewwan sadarkaa I-III (Ministarichaa Ekoolojii fi Deebii, 2026). Akkasumas, lakkoofsi porpoises finless Yangtze kan ka’e 1,249 keessati bara 2022tti hanga 1,426tti, fi 351 species of fish akka tarree keessatti argamuu kan beekame bara 2021-2025, 43 caalaa kana duraa (Xinhua, 2026).

Hiriin hin fudhanne. Bara 2025, boqonnaa 28.4 kan ji’oota fi bakkeewwan guddaan akkasii itti-bakka’aman, fi algeeleen baay’ee dabree ta’an Taihu keessaa tokko tokkoon ji’a; fosfooriin ammoo miidhaa guddaan yoo ta’u jira (Ministariyaa Ekolojii fi Deebii, 2026). Garaawwan bishaanii plaasiitii hin miine: banaan yeroon gaggeeffamu kan akka plaasiitiin fayyadamuu tokko irratti bara 2020 eegale (NDRC fi Ministeera Ekooloojiifi Deebii, 2020), garuu hin dandeenyee fiduu ittisa baruu-barruu haaraa kan plaastikii Yangtze gara baatii geessu. NETWORK MONITORING kan cimuu fiduu 967 dhibee bara 2015 irraa gara 3,641 dhibee bara 2021,kan jedhu akka walqabatee hin jiru.

Seine, Pariisii

Namoonni wal-qabatee wal-qabatee wal-qunnamtii irratti Seine keessatti Pariisii, waliin dekkee kaa'ee, sammuu fi Eiffel Tower. — Namoonni wal-qabatee wal-qabame Grenelle bakka wal-qunnamtii Seine keessa jirutti bara 2026, bara-gahuu lammaffaa kan wal-qabatamtoota wal-qunnamtii Seine keessatti yeroo duratti ta'u. Photo: Heidi Meudt, CC BY 4.0

Waan gaggeeffame. Jijjiirama Seene keessatti raawwatamu bara 1923tti akka hin jirre taasifame. Paris’s old sewers carry both sewage and rainwater, and on rainy days they overflow into the river; many homes upstream were also wrongly connected to rainwater drains. Bara 1970s, kan baraaruuf sadii qofa species of fish were found in the river around Paris (France 3 / AFP, 2025).

What was done. Since 2015 a bathing plan has invested more than 1.4 billion euros in storage basins, sewer repairs, treatment plants and the correction of about 23,000 faulty household connections; one storage basin at Austerlitz alone holds 50,000 cubic metres and has worked since May 2024 (City of Paris). Olimpiaadiin triathlon fi maraatoonii itti-ba’uu 2024 keessatti gaggeeffame, garuu roobni akka hin jirre taasise (France 24, 2024).

Maal itti fufe? 5 July 2025, bakka walqunnamtii hawaasaa lamaan galmeeffaman, Bras Marie, Grenelle fi Bercy (Faransaay 24, 2025). Bara 2026, namoonni 120,000 akka ba’an kan himan yoo ta’u, boqonnaa 20 ol ka’e bara 2025 (Citee Pariisii, 2026). Between 35 and 40 fish species now live in the Seine around Paris, according to the region’s sanitation authority, including the bullhead, which has returned (France 3 / AFP).

Haata’u malee hin fudhanne. Jireenya ammallee kan seera qaqqabaa itti dabalatu, kanaafis bakkawwan kunniin yoo xiqqaate yeroo jijjirama, walqunnamtii bishaanii fi yeroon itti fayyadama danda’an qofa akka furaman taasisa, fi bara 2026 boodaa waan yeroon itti fayyadama danda’uuf (Citaati Pariisii). Goobbii invaasiifni kun yeroo ammaa kan inni baay’ee namatti dhagahamu ta’a (France 3 / AFP).

Planktonni fitoo-planktonaa naannoo Gotlandii, Baatii Baltiikii. — Planktonni fitoo-planktonaa magaalaa Gotlandii keessatti baatii Baltiikii keessa daddabarsa, tokko ta'ee kan itti bu'u bishaanii. Saayinsii: USGS/NASA Landsat 7

Maqaa galmee

Akkasumas, kitaabota lamaan kana keessatti, wantoota wal-fakkaatan ni mul’ata. Akkasumas, rakkoon namootaa nama yaaddessu: fuula duraa bu’aa, bakkoota miidhaa qaban, naannaa kimikaa, fuula duraa dachii du’e. Akkasumas, qaamoleen hojiirra oolchuu fi itti gaafatamummaa qaban, qabeenyaa fi humna namaa kan akka poolisii, mana murtiifi manneen murtii naannootti hirmaatan. Akkasumas, isa tokkollee hin fudhanne. Thames’n waggaa kuma tokko ol fudhate, kampanii Mersey’s’n waggaa 25 dura ga’ee, Rhine’s har’aas salmoon isaa akka baay’atutti hin oolle, fi namoota Minamata’tti miidhaan irra gahe har’aas akka beekaman gaafatu.

Haalli kun akka hin taanee fi hojiirra oolchuu isaa ni mul’ata. Ammas, bakka bishaaniifi bu’aawwan isaa walitti qabaman fi itti fayyadamamu, fi manneen hojiin isaanii kan itti fufu ta’e, fuula duratti, reebicha itti argata. Ummattoonni bakka Pasig, Citarum fi Ganga jiru kun har’aa akkasii agarsiisu, birrii tokkofi magaalaa tokko yeroo tokkotti.

Maaliif akka jiru, fi maaliif rakkoo naannoo hin tahin

Barnoota Meijer alatti, reefanni lama walqabatee. Ciliwung, kan Jakartaa keessatti dabre, kiilomeetira 591 kaadiraatti, ka’umsa Rhine bara baraan gara Kibbaatti fiigicha. Yet the Ciliwung was measured sending about 300 tonnes of plastic a year to the sea, and the Rhine about 3 tonnes. Akkasumas, wal-fakkaatuun yoo ta’u, jiografia fi infraraaktora: bakka Ciliwung baasiitti, bu’aa tokko tokkoon bu’aan kun kilomeetira 1 kiilootara 29 kiilootara reefaatti kan argamu yoo ta’u, fi roobni tropikii kan itti fufu ta’a. Kan nama hin fakkaatu. Magaalaa isaaniin hir’ina isaanii gara garaa kan cimina isaaniiti.

Waan cilliwung keessaa kan dabree jiru, gidduutti konkolaataa, geejjibaa fi manneen magaalaa Jaakaartaa. — Waan Ciliwung keessatti. Photo: CEphoto, Uwe Aranas, CC BY-SA 3.0

Sababni isaas, walfakkaata:

Urbaanisiimii jabaa. Magaalaawwan Asiyaa Kibbaa fi Kibbaa-Gabaa, Afrikaa fi Laatin Amerikaa namoonni miliyoonaan lakkaa’aman waggaatti dabalatee, yeroo hedduu mana jireenyaa hin qabne keessatti bakka reefaatti fi naannoo lafaa buqqisaa jirutti jiraatan, bakka bishaan hin jirreetti, manneen bakkee hin qabneetti fi meeshaalee cimina hin qabneetti.
Serviisii bakkeewwan hin jirre. Bakkeewwan walitti qabachuun fi itti fayyadamuun maal akka ta’e kan hin beekne yoo ta’u, magaalota baay’ee dhibee baaqee hin qabneef carraan argatan hin jiru, akkasumas namoota bakka bu’anii, yeroo hedduu ammoo namoonni bakkeewwan walitti qabaniifi hin beekne, gara garaa akka hin argatinis himan.
Produktota bakka biraa keessatti qophaa’an. Saagilee tokko-gahuu, saffisaan lakkofsa hedduu fi qabxiilee hin-qabne kan qopha’an fi kan itti-ganne qondaaltonni miseensota isaanii yeroo baay’ee gara garaa jiran, gara iddoowwan isaan akka itti-fakkaatan hin dandeenyetti.
Mallattoowwan fuula duraa Bara dheeraaf, biyyoota baay’ee miidhaman, bakkeewwan alaa gara “bakka itti fayyadamuuf” akka seenan taasisaniiru. China took in about 45 percent of the world’s traded plastic waste from 1992 until it banned most imports in 2018; high-income countries exported about 70 percent of their plastic waste in 2016 to lower-income countries in East Asia and the Pacific, and about 111 million tonnes will need a new destination by 2030 (Brooks et al., 2018). Akkasumas, bakki kun kan itti fufuu fi kan itti fufe yoo ta’e.

Swirls buluu fi kibbaa planktonii kan itti fufe, kan ka'e gara orbiitii. — Swirls ozeanii kan itti fufe, kan ka'e gara orbiitii. Akkasumas, wal-qabatee, wal-qixxummaa fi wal-tarreewwan kan biroon kan wal-qabatanii fi wal-fakkaatan ta'uu danda'u. Qabeenya: NASA

Dhugaa tokko, aanaa tokko

Wabiileen daangaa hin qabne, akkasumas baankiin (gaazixaan) kan hin jirreedha. Bocoota Manilii Bay irraa hin baane karaa Paasifikii keessatti socho’uu ni dandeessa; mikroplastisiin kan argamuu yoo ta’e akka Arktikiitti gara bu’aa guddaatti. Lixaa tokko tokko kan argatu kan liqaa biraa itti kennaniifi biyya tokko tokko kan hin arganne fi hin kennen waan walfakkaatuuf. Akkasumas, kan tokko yoo ta’e, kan biraa hin ta’u.

Seerri Manilaa waa’ee Paasifikii ti. Kanaafuu, waan nurratti hojjannu, waan nurra jiru hundaan nurraa kan ka’e.

Awurooppaa hin tahin lafaa-qabeessa

Akkasumas, rakkoolee naannoo adda addaa keessatti uumaman irratti hundaa’uun, rakkooleen kunniin kan walqabsiisan yoo ta’u, rakkoowwan naannoo adda addaa keessatti uumamanis akkasii ta’uu danda’a. Haa ta’u. Kibbaaleen Awurooppaa plastikii cimaan akka hin qabne kan agarsiisu waggaa hedduutti hojiin ijaarsa, dabalataa fi ittisaa ture, garuu plastiki kun har’allee kibbaalee fi bakkoota keessatti jira.

The Mediterranean is a plastic trap. It holds about 1 percent of the world’s sea water but about 7 percent of its microplastics, and more than 200 million visitors each year push marine litter up by about 40 percent in summer (WWF, 2018). Plaastikiin itti-fufiinsaa bakka hundatti kan argame yoo ta’u, akka walfakkaatuun kan walqabatee fi fuula dachii keessoo guddaan, kan itti-fakkaatu hanga 1,000 fi 3,000 tuunaatti (Cózar et al., 2015).
Greece and its islands. A survey of 80 Greek beaches found that plastic made up 43 to 51 percent of the litter, and the most common items were cigarette butts, bottle caps, straws, bottles, food wrappers and bags; Greece recycles only about a fifth of the plastic it uses (WWF, 2018). On reefs afurii of Corfu, yeroo ammaa kana 142 wantoota haaraa per 100 metres guyyaa 15tti, baay’ee ammoo baatii keessatti (Prevenios et al., 2018). Akkasumas, kan itti fufe ta’e, yeroon kun akkasumaas 4.7 times (Grelaud fi Ziveri, 2020).

Small pieces of colored plastic scattered among black volcanic pebbles at the edge of the water on a beach in Tenerife. — Fragmentii plastiikii gidduutti bal'ina vulkaanii bal'ina Atlantikii kan Tenerife, Islaa Kanaarii Ispeen keessatti. Photo: Marek Ślusarczyk (Tupungato), CC BY 3.0

Akkasumas, akkasumas. Akka Thermaic Gulf off Thessaloniki, barnoota baratan irratti 750,000 partikulaa mikroplastiikiifi kilomeetira tokkoof fi mikooplastikaa itti fufeen, kan isaan argee (Kermenidou et al., 2023). Bocoota plastikii kan ka’e bakka Aegean fi Ionian itti fufeen akka hin jijjiiramne ture. 15 waggaa ergaaIoakeimidis et al., 2016).
Jireenyawwan guddaan Awurooppaa. Jireenyaa Raayinni akkasumatti 890,000 mikroplastiika parsiikii kiilomeetira tokkoof kan walfakkaatu yoo ta’u, kan baay’ee fidu ammoo 3.9 miliyoonaa kan ta’e magaalaalee Raayin-Ruhr (Mani et al., 2015). In the Austrian Danube, drifting plastic outnumbered drifting fish larvae, and the river was estimated to carry about 4.2 tonnes of plastic a day towards the Black Sea (Lechner et al., 2014).

Itti aanaa Yunaayitid Isteetis yeroo ammaa kan dabalatu akka hin taanee fi itti gaafatamummaa isaanii akka hin qabne ibse. Dirqama Plaastikii Ijaarsa-Gaba. Kanas hojii gaariidha. Ammas, bakka tokko tokko kan islaayidii Giriikii keessatti namaaf saaxilamuu isaa kan agarsiisu, plastikiin, yeroo tokko tokko uumame, akkaan jajjabinaas ta’ee kan itti fufu ta’a.

Maal akka hojjatu

Haala gaariin ammoo akka rakkoolee darban keessaa tokkotti nama geessu, yeroo hedduu, akka reefamni armaan gadii agarsiisutti. Intarneetii

Taankiiwwan lamaa wal-qunnamtii bishaanii bakka reefaatti, kan seenamu irraa kaasee, kan dabalatee geejjiba fi manneen gurguddoo magaalaa Bengaluru. — Taannii tokko wal-qunnamtii bishaanii bakka reefaatti, kan seenamu irraa kaasee, kan dabalatee geejjiba Doddabommasandra keessatti, magaalaa Bengaluru, Indiyaa. Photo: Vraj Acharya, WELL Labs, CC BY-SA 4.0

Ija-qabeessa itti fayyadama. Ijaa-qabeessa walitti qabachuun fi itti fayyadamu kan ta’e haala fayyaa ummataa kan yeroo dheeraaf itti fayyadamamu ta’uu isaati. Akkamitti yoo beekumsa fi dandeettii walfakkaatuun fayyadamne, rakkoon bishaanii ni bu’a.

Bakka bu’oota, hin reef. Akkasumas, fayyadama bakkeewwanii fi dachii fi dawaa bakka bu’oota reefitti akka itti fufuu, kan barbaachisu, fi qabeenyaa bakkeewwanii fi dachaa irratti akka kabaju.

![Aerial view of a winding creek lined by a wide belt of trees and grass between ploughed fields in Iowa.](../../../assets/initiatives/riparian-buffer-iowa.jpg “Buufarri sammuu fi dachii kan itti fufe Bear Creek keessatti Story County, Iowa, caala fi mul’ata lafaa irraa gara bakka lamaatti qabatee booda akka bishaanitti ga’u. “Foto: USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service, public domain”)

Yaada, eeggata, maxxansa. Akkasumas, kan itti fufuu danda’an yoo ta’e, yeroon itti fufuu ni dabre. Haalli kun kan hojjetame yoo ta’e sababni isaas namni tokko akka maqaatti mappii irratti argamuu hin barbaadne.
Dhugumatti, bakka bu’iinsaa. Bu’iinsaan waa’ee bishaanii kan addunyaati, seediimii fi nitrojenii gara garaa baasuu.
Qabsoo miidhaa. Akkasumas, miidiyaaleen hawaasummaa akka BBC fi VOA’tti, rakkoon kun kan mul’atu yoo ta’e, yeroo ammaa kana rakkoon kun hin jiru.
Bakka tokkotti bakkee hunda qabdu, fi namoota bakkeewwan keessaa qaban ittisa. Plaastikii reefii baay’ee akka bu’aa hin qabneetti eegala. Akkasumas, yeroon itti fayyadama bishaanii fi lafaa akka hin jirree fi akka hin bu’u ta’uu isaati.
Dhugumatti, kan itti fufe yoo ta’e, akkasumas kan hin taane, kan itti fufuu ta’e. Barnoota kana keessatti, yeroon kun kan itti fayyadamamu yoo ta’e, akkasumas kan itti fayyadamamu yoo ta’e, akkasumas kan itti fayyadamamu yoo ta’e, akkasumas kan itti fayyadamamu yoo ta’e, akkasumas kan itti fayyadamamu yoo ta’e, akkasumas kan itti fayyadamamu yoo ta’e, akkasumas kan itti fayyadamamu yoo ta’e, akkasumas kan itti fayyadamamu yoo ta’e, akkasumas kan itti fayyadamamu yoo ta’e, akkasumas kan itti fayyadamamu yoo ta’e. Kanneen kunniin sababaa mitii, kan isaan fayyadu, garuu magaalaawwan ciccimii keessatti kan wal qabatu yoo ta’e, waan wal fakkaatu gochuun ni danda’ama.

Maqaawwanii itti gaafatamummaa qaba. Akkasumas, yeroo wal-qabsitoonni akka bilbilaan itti fayyadamu fi bakka bu’iinsa itti fayyadamaaf yoo hin barbaachisin, bilbilli akka itti fayyadamu fi akka deebi’uuf kan qophaa’e ta’uu qaba.
Industrii namaaf saaxilamte, beekumsa wal-qabatee. Ijoollee dhaantii fi hojiin dachii wal-qabatee beekumsa wal-qabatee akka hin-ga’iin kan taasisan yoo ta’u, akkasumas, daldalaa fi teekstiila itti-qunnamtoota bishaan saalaa akka barbaachisu kan gaafatan yoo ta’e.

Qorannoowwan akkasii

Gumiiwwanis rakkoolee hedduu keessa galchan, garuu isaan tokko malee hin jiru. Akkasumas, miseensonni waldaa kanas, akkasumaas, mana murtiitti kan dhiyaatan yoo ta’u, namoota miidhaa uumaniifi miiliyoonaan lakkaa’aman akka dataa ta’an taasisan. Kunis kan inni guddaan, kan hundas akka itti fufuu danda’an. Fakkeenyaaf, eegaa maaliif akka hojjatu fi yoo dandeessu, isaan irratti ergaa kennuuf toora webii isaanii irraa.

The Ocean Cleanup (Netherlands). A fondaashiniin hin-raabsinee kan miidiyaalee hawaasummaa irratti hundaa’ee In rivers, its solar-powered Interceptors, floating barriers and small conveyor barges catch rubbish in some of the most polluting rivers and gullies, from Kingston in Jamaica to the Motagua in Guatemala, Los Angeles and Bangkok, and its “30 Cities” programme aims at 30 of the most polluting coastal cities. At sea, System 03, a floating barrier that funnels plastic into a retention zone that is emptied onto a ship about every four days, has worked in the Great Pacific Garbage Patch since 2023 and caught almost 500,000 kg there. Dashboard isaa ummataa akka ibsetti, kiloo 65 miiliyoonaan lakkaa’amu lafa irraa buqqa’ee; dhaabbanni kun akka jedhanitti, dachii kana yeroo tokko tokko qofa kan eeggataa jiru firmoota DNV (rivers, oceans, dashboard). Akkasumas, saayintistoonni isaas fuula kana keessatti fayyadamaa turan. Deebii fi gargaarsi akkasuma gara Stichting The Ocean Cleanup, kan ta’e foormulaa faayidaa ummataa ta’ee Neerlaandiitti, ykn ammoo gara American Friends of the Ocean Cleanup, kan ta’e 501(c)(3) charity (FAQ)
Haati Trash Wheel](https://www.mrtrashwheel.com/)** (Baltimore, Yunaayitid Isteets). Four googly-eyed trash wheels, launched between 2014 and 2021, sit at the mouths of streams flowing into Baltimore’s harbour. Boomuun bu’aa dachii fiigichaatti geessu gara galmee tokkotti, fi galmee bishaanii kan jijjirame, kan poolisii taayitaa qorannoo sun, kan rakkoofi konvooyerii gara galmee keessatti bobbaasu. Akkasumas, hanga 500 US tons (haata’u malee 450 tons) bakkeewwan sadii keessatti walitti qabaman, boqonnaa 90% kan ta’e ammoo dachii fi bishaanii irratti bu’aa guddaa qabu. Kan isaan oolchuu Poolitiikii Waatfrontii Baltimore, 501(c)(3) hin-raabsine; maashinoonni kan Clearwater Mills, kamshina Maryland (trash interception, how it works) ijaare fi ittisa.

Dhibeewwaniin wal-qabatee, kan akka fuula, sammuu, fi qaamaa, kan wal-qabatee, kan akka fuula, sammuu, fi qaamaa, kan akka wal-qabatee, kan akka fuula, sammuu, fi qaamaa. — Mr. Wayita wal'aantummaa seeraa kabachiisuu keessatti, kan akka mana murtiitti. Bu'aa lafee kun bakkeewwan dachii gara galmeetti erge, kan isaan galmee keessaa baasuu danda'e. Photo: Matthew Bellemare, CC BY-SA 2.0

Waterkeeper Alliance (New York, hojii addunyaa keessatti). Born from a group of Hudson River fishermen who fought industrial polluters from 1966, the alliance was founded in 1999 and now links 296 local Waterkeeper groups in more than 40 countries and territories. Akkasumas, fuula isaanii irratti akka jiran kan agarsiisu, “Akkuma namoonni baay’een, yeroon keenya ga’aa jira.About).
Ocean Conservancy (Washington, D.C.). Nagaasii Lixaa Addunyaan isaa, miliyoona 19 ol kan ka’e namoota hojii gaarii hojjataniif gara bakkoota fi daandiiwwan itti fayyadama bishaanii geessise, kanneen miidhaan miiliyoona 400 ta’an baasuu danda’an. Akkasumas, akkasii waan tokko tokko akka namatti himan gochuudhaaf, akkasii too’annoon kunis nutti hime, wanti bishaan keessatti argame maal akka ta’e.
Surfrider Foundation (Kaliforniya, kan akka kutaawwan Ameerikaa keessatti). Blue Water Task Force isaas labaratoorii 60 ol ta’an kan hojjechaa jiru yoo ta’u, bakteriiwwan 600 ol bakka bu’aa, bahii fi dachii keessatti itti fayyadama, yeroo hedduu immoo bakka itti fayyadamni rasmii hin jirretti, fi guutumaan booda akka rakkoon itti fufutti fayyadama (Blue Water Task Force).
Thames21 (Londinii). Akka nama gargaarsa (nummarii 1103997) kan galmeessee fi kan itti fayyadamu, kan waggaatti miiliyoonaan lakkaa’amu akka lafaa fi bishaanii London 400 miljii itti fufuu fi itti fufuu, hojiin guyyaa guyyaan boodaa kan Thames akka deebi’u kan ibsame.

Anan akka siif kenntu. Local Solar System Foundation waliin walqabatee hin jiru fi waan tokkollee irraa hin argatu: nutis isaan keessaa argisiisa sababii hojii isaaniin ummataa fi miidhama ta’uu isaa. Akkasumas, ergaa fi guutummaan baraa’insa jaarmiyaa tokko tokkoo dubbisuu qabdu, akkasumas akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas Akkasumas, yoo ta’e, akkasitti: - Kanniin kan yaadatu yoo ta’e, akkasitti: Filannoon manneen hojii taxxaala hin qabnee Ameerikaa ykn Reegiraamii Komishinaa Deebii (Ingilaandii fi Walaas). Markiiwwan qulqullinaa adda addaa kan beekaman qondaaltonni kanneen ta’an yoo ta’u, kan isaan irraa iibsu ni gaariidha, garuu akka gargaarsaatti hin ta’u. Akkasumas, kan barbaachisu hundi akka ta’e ni yaadatama: ummanni naannoo keessanii kan gargaarsa barbaade.

Maal akka hojjattu, fi maaliif akka hirmaattu

Kibbaaleen saffisan mootummaa, kompaaniiwwan bishaanii fi manneen jireenyaa ijaarsa, garuu kan milkaa’ina nama tokkoo fi yeroo gara garaa hojjechaa turan. Kana jechuun kan gargaaru, akkasitti, ka’ee bakka bu’aa manaa irraa hanga mana magaalaatti. Akkasumas, yeroon siif qophaaye yoo ta’e, Local Solar SystemFaandoomii’s Get Involved page liizii qabsoonii kan akka finne ykn jalqabaa faandii. Projektota armaan gadii wolqabatee fi gargaarsa ni gammada. Akkamaa hojjechuu barbaadde, nutti hiika kennuuf boordni hirmaachisaa fayyadami, bakka mana mareen fooyya’insaa hirmaachisa hundaa eeggata.

Akka nama tokkotti

Bakka bakkeetti galchi. Deebi’ee bakkee, saafiifi gaaziin itti daddabartu, booda bakkoota keessaa galchi. Kan isaan sababa ta’an 20,000 kan ta’an kan ta’an yoo ta’u, 28% kan ta’an (Thames Water, 2025). Bara 2017 “fatberg” tokko tokkoon kan faca’e fi dameewwanii kan argamu Whitechapel London keessatti miira 250 ol fi tonna 130 ol ta’uu isaa ibse (BBC, 2017).
Dhugaa, haadha fi daandiin qofa. Daandiin hin bu’u sababaa boqonnaa 94 ta’e kan bakkeewwan bishaanii itti bu’an keessatti ta’uu qaba, akkasumas bakkeewwan bishaanii itti bu’an jechuun daandiin bishaanii akka fuula reefaatti baay’ee fayyadamamu (Water UK; Bin the Wipe). Bakka bu’iinsaa, bakkoota fi waldaawwan fayyaa gara bakka itti fayyadamaa jirutti galchuu.

Manhole cover in Whitechapel, London, marks where a 130-ton fatberg of fat and wipes was cleared from the sewer in 2017. Photo: AndyScott, CC BY-SA 4.0

Dhugumatti, midhaanii hin barbaadne qabdu. Haayyamtanii fi hin fudhannee: gara farmasii ykn skema itti deebi’uuf (NHS; US EPA) galchi. Akkasumas, barnoota 258 ji’oota keessatti biyya 104 keessati, waldaa fayyaa addunyaan (WHO) akka jedhanitti, yeroo tokkotti dhukkubni kun kan uumame yoo ta’u, sababa antibiyootikootaan itti gaafatamummaa qaba.Wilkinson et al., 2022).
Dhibeewwan fuula duraa akka hin bu’in gad dhiisi. Magaalaa hedduu keessatti, dhibeewwan fuula duraa gara reefaatti deebi’u malee hin ittisamin (Gootummaa UK). Haaluma kanaan, maaliin, silikiin mootoraa ykn saayinsii bishaanii kan ka’e gara garaan akka hin bu’u; maaliifi silikiin gara fuula duraatti deebi’uu qaba.
Bakka-bu’aa, hin reef. Bakka-buusaa fi pestisiidii hin barbaachisu fayyadami, baay’ina itti gaafatama qofa, gara bakkoota fi jijjirama hin geessin, fi sammuu hin bu’u (US EPA). yoo biyya keessan lafaa waliin wal qabatee jiraatte, dachii fiigicha natii kan itti jiran gara fuula duraatti akka hin deebine ni gargaara.

Akkam jiraattu

Bakka saffisaatti hirmaataa, ykn tokko qopheessi. Haadha Saffisa Addunyaa guyyaa 20 September waggaatti gaggeeffama, fi hoggantoonni isaa jedhani namoota biyya fi naannoo 212 keessatti hirmaatan (Naannoon Birmadummaa Mootummootaa; Haadha Saffisa Addunyaa). Oonaan Konservaansii’s International Coastal Cleanup fi Mariin Konservaasii’s Great British Beach Clean guyyaa Septaambaaratti gaggeeffamu, akkasumas, dhaabbilee reebichaa akka Thames21’s’s’s’s’s’s’s’s’s’s’s’s’s’s’s’s’s’s’s’s’s’s’s’s’s’s’s’s’s’s’s’s’s’s’s’s’s’s’s’s’s’s’s’s’s’s’s’s’s’s’s’s’s’s’s’s’s’s’s’s’s’s’s’s’s’s’s’s’s’s’s’s’s’s’s’s’s’s’s’s’s’s’s’s’s’s’s’s’s’s’s’s’s’s’s’s’s’s’s’s’s’s’s’s’s’s’s’s’s’s’s’s’s’s’s’s’s’s’s’s’s’s’s’s’s’s’s’s’s’s’s’s’s’s’s’s’s’s’s’s’s’s’s’s’s’s’s’s’s’s’s’s’s’s’s’s’s’s’s’s’s’s’s’s’s’s’s’s’s’s’s’s’s’s’s’s’s’s’s’s’s’s’s’s’s’s’s’s’s’s’s’s’s’s’s’s’s’s’s’s’s’s’s’s’s’s’s’s’s’s’s’s’s’s’s’s’s’s’s Rakkoo kan qabdu, akkasumas, app-ni Free Clean Swell, akka ittisa daataa ta’uuf (Ocean Conservancy).

![Seven volunteers in life jackets with paddles, kayaks and bags of collected rubbish on a gravel bank of the Trinity River in California.](../../../assets/initiatives/trinity-river-cleanup.jpg “Volunteers after a day’s paddling clean-up on the Trinity River in northern California. “Foto: Biroo Manaajimentii Aanaa Kaliforniya, domaina ummatootaa”)

Dhugumatti ta’uu barbaadde. Gaaffilee galchi ykn bakkeewwan fayyadami, yeroo daandiin gadi bu’u ykn sa’a tokkoo booda daandiin ol bu’e eegala, fi sirrii, daandiin ykn wanta miidhaa agarsiisu hin fudhanne: itti deebi’ee yoo jiru gabaasa. Akkasumas akka Sea Conservation Society jedhutti, yoo shakkii qabdu, hin kaa’u (MCS organizer guide, 2026).
Jireenya kee fooyya’aa. Qorannoon saayinsii ummataa akkasumaan kan siif kennaniifi hojiirra oolchuu danda’u ta’uu qaba. FreshWater Watch, kan dhaabbata Earthwatch’n hojjechaa jiru, seerawwan 70,000 ol qabduu isaa kan agarsiisu yoo ta’u, ka’umsa namoota 22,000 ol ta’an irraa kan argame. The Rivers Trust’s Big River Watch namoota UK fi Iirlandii irraa akka fuula 15, waggaatti afur, itti dhaga’an gaafata. Riverfly Partnershipn wolqabatee namoota hojii gaarii hojjataniif barsiisa akka waa’ee bishaanii fi miidhaa itti dhagahamu. EarthEcho Water Challengen gargaarsa barattootatti kennaa akka bishaanii isaanii itti fayyadamu, Water Rangersn kiitawwan itti fayyadamaa fi dataa hin dhiifne kan Kanaadaa ta’e kennuuf, Waterwatchn dhaabbilee Astaliyaatif deeggarsa gochuuf, fi Surfrider’s Blue Water Task Forcen bakka buufataalee bakkoota Ameerikaa keessatti itti fayyadamuu.

![Dhugumatti, akkasumaas, akkasumaas, akkasumaas, akkasumaas, akkasumaas, akkasumaas, akkasumaas, akkasumaas, akkasumaas, akkasumaas, akkasumaas, akkasumaas, akkasumaas, akkasumaas, akkasumaas, akkasumaas, akkasumaas, akkasumaas, akkasumaas, akkasumaas, akkasumaas, akkasumaas, akkasumaas, akkasumaas, akkasumaas, akkasumaas, akkasumaas, akkasumaas, akkasumaas, akkasumaas, akkasumaas, akkasumaas, akkasumaas, akkasumaas, akkasumaas, akkasumaas, akkasumaas, akkasumaas, akkasumaas, akkasumaas, akkasumaas, akkasumaas, akkasumaas, akkasumaas, akkasumaas, akkasumaas, akkasumaas, akkasumaas, akkasumaas, akkasumaas, akkasumaas, akkasumaas, akkasumaas, akkasumaas, akkasumaas, akkasumaas, akkasumaas, akkasumaas, akkasumaas, akkasumaas, akkasumaas, akkasumaas, akkasumaas, akkasumaas, akkasumaas, akkasumaas, akkasumaas, akkasumaas, akkasumaas, akkasumaas, akkasumaas, akkasumaas, akkasumaas, akkasumaas, akkasumaas, akkasumaas, akkasumaas, akkasumaas, akkasumaas, akkasumaas, akkasumaas, akkasumaas, akkasumaas, akkasumaas, akkasumaas, akkasumaas, akkasumaas, akkasumaas, akkasumaas, akkasumaas, akkasumaas, akkasumaas, akkasumaas, akkasumaas, akkasumaas, akkasumaas, akkasumaas, akkasumaas, akkasumaas, akkasumaas, akkasumaas, akkasumaas, akkasumaas, akkasumaas, akkasumaas, akkasumaas, akkasumaas, akkasumaas, akkasumaas, akkasumaas, akkasumaas, akkasumaas, akkasumaas, akkasumaas, akkasumaas, akkasumaas, akkasumaas, akkasumaas, akkasumaas, akkasumaas, akkasumaas, akkasumaas, akkasumaas, akkasumaas, akkasumaas, akkasumaas, akkasuma Footoosi: Aanga’aan Hojii Deebii Hawaasa Ameerikaa, (public domain)

Dhugumatti yoo argee, warri isaa ni yaadata. Kanneen du’an, kan bishaanii, kan ulfaataa, kan bu’aa fi kan wal-ga’ee: yeroo fi bakka itti dhaga’a, fotoo qabi, yoo seera qabate, fi waamicha mootummaaf goota. In England, the Environment Agency’s incident line is 0800 80 70 60, day and night (UK government); in Scotland, SEPA takes reports online or on 0800 807060 (SEPA); in Ireland, the national complaints line is 1800 365 123 and most councils accept reports through the See it? Say it! app (EPA Ireland); fi, biyya Ameerikaatti, EPAn fooyya’insa onlaayinni qabu qaba, fi rakkooleen gara Naannoo Dhimmii fi Jijjiiramaatti deemuu danda’u 1-800-424-8802 (US EPA); in Victoria, Australia, EPA Victoria answers on 1300 372 842 (Victoria). Akkasumas, mana maree naannoo keessanii ykn ajjeshaa biyyaalessaa waa’ee qabeenyaa bakka itti eegaluu dha.
Adda-Biyyaa. Akkasumas, bakka tokko tokkotti, mana barnootaa, klubii fi/yommuu waltajjii tokko keessatti jiraatan, akkasumas yeroon tokko tokko itti fayyadamu; Georgia Adopt-A-Stream kan Ameerikaa ta’e, kan duraanii ta’eedha. yoo hin jiru, akka qabannoo naannootti dhiyeessi.

Akka sammuu kee

42%of the world's household wastewater was not safely treated in 2022 (UN-Waayi, 2024)

22,289bathing sites were monitored in Europe in 2025, and 85 percent were rated excellent (EEA)

94%of sewer blockages in the United Kingdom are caused by wet wipes (Water UK)

Dataa gaafata. Dabalataan kan isaas yeroo ammaa ummataati. In England and Scotland, The Rivers Trust’s sewage map shows every storm overflow and how often it spilled (The Rivers Trust); in Europe, the European Environment Agency publishes results for more than 22,000 bathing sites, 85 percent of them rated excellent in 2025 (EEA); in the United States, the EPA’s How’s My Waterway shows the condition of local rivers and lakes. Akka hin jirretti, mana maree keessanii fi manneen jireenyaa bishaanii gaafadhaa maaliif akka hin taane, fi maal akka ta’u.
Gargaarsa galmee fi amanamummaa proofeetara. Akkasumas, kanneen kunniin wal-qabatee, miseensonni mana maree tokko tokkoo yoo ta’an, kan biroon ammoo kan mana maree tokko tokkoo yoo ta’an. warri mul’isaniifi kan mul’isan keenya akka gaariitti hojjechaa jiran agarsiisa.

Baaloota bakkeewwan plaasiikaa dabalataa akka lakkaawwaman. — Baaloonni bakkeewwan plaasiikaa dabalataa akka lakkaawwaman. Dhimmii fiduu keessatti, kan itti fayyadamu ta'e, kan itti fayyadamu ta'e, kan itti fayyadamu ta'e, kan itti fayyadamu ta'e, fi kan itti fayyadamu ta'e. Photo: Grendelkhan, CC BY-SA 4.0

Investiment back in sewers and treatment. Bara 2022, boqonnaa 42 of the world’s household waste water was not safely treated (UN-Water, 2024). Akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas, akkasumas,
Dhimma bakkeewwan bishaanii, fi gara mana nyaataa deebi’anii gaafadhaa. Baratoota keessanis gaafadhaa akka maxxansan, maal akka qabanii fi maaliif akka itti fayyadaman.

Akkamtiitti

Hiyyaacha hin galchiin. Jijjiiramaa kee gara haadha manaa keetti kaa’u, bakka bu’iinsa waldaa hin jirutti.
Dhubbisuun akka hin buune itti fufsi. Boqollaan kan lakkaa’amu fi bakka bishaaniifi saxiilawwan fayyadama tokkoon itti fayyadamu dhiisi; yoo bishaaniifi saxiilawwan itti fayyadama tokkon itti fayyadamuu hin danda’amne, raawwii fayyaa naannoo hordofi.
Akka hin jenne itti fufna, itti fayyadamni mallattoolee fi raajiiwwan naannoolee bishaanii, fi gara baatii dabree booda bakka bishaaniin bu’u keessatti hin jiraatin.
Dhugumatti gargaara. Yoo barbaadde gargaarsa reefka saalaa biyya alaa keessatti, barreeffama ga’i, bara, fi gargaara kana dubbisaa.

Jijjiiramnii

Jireenyawwan kan wal-qabatee akka ta’e hin beekne waan ta’eef, wanti tokkollee hin mul’atu. Akkasumas, waan hedduu namatti mul’atan, kan akka: daandii baankii gaarii, bakka bu’iinsa, mana barumsaa kan bishaanii itti fayyadamu, manneen jireenyaa kan hin dhibne, fi meeshaaleewwan biroo. Nuti nutti ergi, akkanumatti waan hin qabneef.

Ga’u, baraa, fi gargaara

Wanti nama barbaachisu tokko yoo jiraate, kan nama geessu ta’uu qaba. Injiineeroonni, intarneetii, barsiisonni, dizaineroonni, barataan fi ogeessi hojii kan hin qabneefi kan hin barbaachisu ta’uu danda’u, fi waan tokko akka hin qabneefi kan hin beekne ta’uu danda’a. Kanaafu, yoo siin hin danda’amne, Rabbiin irraa of eeggatee fi wanta Inni siif godhe hin dhiisine.

Bituu irraa eegalee dhaga’a. Akkasumas, erga dhufanii booda, waliin mari’ataan qondaaltota naannoo, yunivarsiitii, mana maree fi kan magaalaa, fi isa kana gaafadhaa waan isaan barbaachisu. Namni bakka kana keessa jiraate waggaa hedduuf hojiirra oolchaa ture.
Hojiin waliin hojjechuu fi wal-qabatee. Bu’aa itti fufuu akka danda’amu, haalaan kan barbaachisaa ta’e: hoggantoonni naannoo, kanneen karaa qabsa’iinsaa fi hayyama adda baasuu danda’an, akkasumas jiraattonni, kan guyyaa tokkotti waan bishaanitti darbamu hundaaf deebii kennuu danda’an. Akkasumas, akka isaan walqabsiisan waadaa gale, malee akka isaan jijjiiran.

A boy in a blue shirt crouching on smooth riverside rocks, gathering plastic bottles from among water plants on the River Benue. — A boy gathers plastic bottles on the bank of the River Benue in Nigeria, 2018. Namni bakka reefaatti jiraate yeroo ammaa hojiirra oola. Photo: Ummigarba, CC BY-SA 4.0

Baraa fi barama. Akkasumas, waan beektu irratti walga’ii, fayyaa, fi hojiin akka jiru bara. Barnoota fi dataa furamaa, hin qabnee fiduu.
Dhugumatti ta’u. Biyaan miidhaa qabu dhukkuba fi maallaqni kan dabalatudha. Rakkoowwan safara mootummaa keessanii hordofaa, talaallii kan hospitaala safaraa itti gaafatamu argata, hin bu’inneef ykn hin bu’inneef reefaalee kana, fi seeraa fi amantaa naannoof ajaja.
Haala gaarii qaba. Local Solar System Foundation’n safara hin qopheessinu, hin deeggarsinu ykn hin maalsiisu. Namni kamiyyuu gargaarsa kennuun akka wolqabatee ofii isaas ta’ee hojjechaa jira.

Akkasumas, yeroo deebi’tu, nutti ibsi wanta barbaadde akkasii: barreeffama naannoo eegaluu fi hojiin akka itti fufuu bakka isin jiraattanitti.

Fuula fi barreeffama dheeressuu

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Ministeera Dhimma Deebii Hawaasa Siinaa, 2015 Rakkoo fi Ittisa Hawaasa Siinaa (2016, Afaan Siinaa)
Ministeera Ekooloojiifi Deebii Siinaa, 2018 bulletin, 2019 bulletin fi 2025 bulletin kan haala ekooloojiifi deebii Siinaa (Sinaay)
Manni Murtii Biyyaalessaa Siinaa (2015), Plaanii Hojii Ijoollee Fiiyyee Ijji (in Chinese)
Mana Maree Gumii Caffee CPC fi Mana Maree Gumii Manni Rifeensi (2016), Oromoo fi fuula duraa (in Chinese)
Dhimmii fi Qophiin Mootummaa Naannoo Oromiyaa (ammend 2017)
Yaangtse River Protection Law of the People’s Republic of China - QBO (2020, akka hojiitti hiikamu 2021)
Komishinni Naannoo Deebii fi Reefoomii fi Ministeera Ekolojii fi Haalli Aada (2020), Oromoowwan kan fooyya’ina mul’ataa plastiikii cimsuun (in Chinese)
Xinhua (2026), Yangtze finless porpoise population increases in China
The Guardian (2013), Jireenya dhiigaa: haadha warraa du’an bishaanii Siinaay keessatti daddabarsuu
Zoological Society of London (2026), Akkasumas,
Tideway, The London Tideway Tunnel and About Tideway
Komishinii Internaashinaalaatiin Raayina eegsisuu, The turning point: the Sandoz accident, Salmon 2000 and Salmon 2020 fi salmoon dabalataa kan galmeewwan keessaa
NPR (2019), 50 waggaa booda, Kibbaa Cuyahoga bu’uun kan jedhamu dhala posteraa akka ta’e kan ibsame
U.S. EPA, Historiaa Aadaa Biyaa Sammuu fi Guyyaa Cuyahoga River Area of Concern
Mouth of the Singapore River and Singapore River (historical overview)
PUB Singapore (2008), Birth of the barrage (arkiiveerii)
Robinson fi Hopton (2011), Projeektii Cheonggyecheon Stream Restoration, Seeraa Aadaa Laanqaa, Aadaa Arsiikiteektuu Foundation
Faransaay 24 (2024), “Oromoon akka biyyatti deebi’u kan taasise ta’uu isaa” - Ministeera Muummee Itoophiyaa
France 24 / AFP (2025), Seine reeopen to Paris swimmers after century-long ban
Sewer system history and Boston Harbor, rivers and beaches
Naannoo Baatii, Jijjiirama, Baatii, Impact dashboard fi Qabxii-dhabxii
Waterfront Partnership of Baltimore, [Mr. https://www.mrtrashwheel.com/trash-interception)and how it works
Waan keenya
Oomishaan Konservaansi,
Blue Water Task Force
Thames21, About us
BBC News (2001), A tale of two rivers
Thames Tideway Tunnel
The Guardian (2025), Dataa Thames Water kan agarsiisu dabalataan bakkeewwan reefii 50% ol ta’an bara 2024
Aanga’oota Deebii (2026), Dhugumatti, dataawwan qorannoo haaraan kan agarsiisan, dabalataan fi yeroo dheeraaf dabalatee, 2025
Bahaa-Ohio Rejiinal Sewer District, Taariika: waanta, fuula Cuyahoga Kibbaa du’e maal yeroo hedduu booda 1969?, Ijaarsa walfakkaata kan sewer, Projeektii Liiqii Diinni fi Taariikhi: akkamitti fuula duratti ba’uun keenya jireenya keenya eeggate
U.S. EPA, Cuyahoga Gorge Dam Great Lakes Legacy Act clean-up
Ministeera Deebii fi Dhimmii Jaapan, Barnoota kaasuudhaaniifi barreeffamoota miidiyaalee hawaasaa irratti hundaa’uun
Inistiitiyuutiin Naannoo Gaaffilee fi Jawaaboota Dhimmii Minamataa, Questions and answers
The Asahi Shimbun (2024), Manni murtichaa dhiyeenya kana murtiin miidiyaalee hawaasaa irratti dhiyaate hiikkachiise
Afaan Oromoo, Saayinsii fi Teknooloojii
PUB, Aanga’oota Naannoo Lixaa Singaapor, Marina Barrage
Galelli, Castelletti fi Goedbloed (2015), Kontoorii walfakkaatu kan qunnamtii fi baay’ina bishaanii keessatti, Risqoota Biyyaa 51
Jones (2006), Quallii fi ittisa bishaanii bakka Mersey estuary, England: haala seenaa, Marine Pollution Bulletin 53
Jones (2000), [Eestuariyaa Mersey: deebi’ee maaliif du’e? Soluting a 150-year old problem
The legacy and The Mersey in six minutes (archive)
Hawkins et al. (2020), Dhugumatti itti fufuun estuarii magaalaa: naanno, de-industrialisaa fi deebi’uun baankiilee dokiitti akka hin jirree fi hin barbaachisu Mersey, Marine Pollution Bulletin 156
Maastricht Water Resources Authority, Dhihaa Iilaal, Dabalataanis fi Ibsa ummatootaa, Charles River (2023)
Save the Harbor/Save the Bay (2025), Boston beaches rank as some of the cleanest urban beaches in the country
Magaalaa Somerville, Joint combined sewer overflow planning
Komishiniin Internaashinaal kan Raayina eegsisuu, Ecological continuity, Succes in water quality, Nutrients, Fish and Micropollutants
Capet, Beckers fi Grégoire (2013), Druukerii, mechanisms fi yeroo dheeraaf wal-fakkaatuun hipoksii saayinsii irratti shelfiin Kibbaa Bahaa, Biogeosciences 10
Komishiniin Internaashinaal kan Jireenya Danube Addunyaa, Konveensii Jireenya Danube Addunyaa, Pollution of Nutrients fi Danube River Basin Management Plan, update 2021
Melbourne Water, Yarra River
Yarra River Protection (Wilip-gin Birrarung murron) Act 2017, Parleema Victoria (2017),
EPA Victoria, Kuni akka nutti ta’u hin beeku fi Qabeenya bishaanii kan itti fufuu
GMA News (2018), Programmiin barannaa reebichaa kan Pasig River feted in first Asia RiverPrize awards
Duterte abolishes Pasig River Rehabilitation Commission, Philstar (2019), [Addunyaa Afaan Oromoo]
ABS-CBN News (2025), Phase IV of Pasig River esplanade unveiled; site open to public beginning Monday
Komishinaa Dhihaa fi Lixaa Lammaffaa 2014 (archived)
Rappiler (2018), Rapportii itti gaafatamummaa komishinaan reebicha aanaa Pasig (arkiiveeramaa)
Landscape Architecture Foundation, Cheonggyecheon Stream Restoration, Case study brief
The Korea Herald (2025), Sagal booda, Cheonggyecheon Seol’s dabree fi ittii 8tti bal’ina, and (2011), Cheonggyecheon stream in Seoul polluted with bacteria
The Guardian (2025), ‘Namni tokkollee hin yaade yoo ta’e’: wayita Seol gara fuula duraatti deebi’u
Biroo Ittisa Hawaasa, Gootummaa Indiyaa, Namami Gange (2026) and Namami Gange (2025)
The Hindu (2025), Now CPCB tells green tribunal Maha Kumbh water fit for bathing
Magaalaa Pariisii, Se baigner dans la Seine en 2024 et au-delà fi Baignades à Paris 2026 (Fayyaa)
France 3 Paris Île-de-France / AFP (2025), Dépollution : des espèces de poisson disparues retrouvent leur habitat dans la Seine (in French)
US EPA (1998), Kuni akka bishaan ittisa bakkeetti hojjetamu: haalawwan (arkiiveerii), fi (2004), Primer for municipal wastewater treatment systems
Thames Water (2025), 100-tonne Whitechapel fatberg discovered
BBC News (2017), ‘Monster’ fatberg found blocking east London sewer
Water UK, Faatbergs waliin hidhata, fi Bakka-bu’ii
NHS, Kuni akka farmasiinifii gargaaru; US EPA, Dhugumatti itti fayyadama dawaa
Wilkinson et al. (2022), Pollution pharmaceutical of the world’s rivers, PNAS 119
Gumii UK, Preevention of pollution for businesses fi Report an environmental problem
US EPA, Ijoollee kee keessatti maal gochuu dandeessu fi Dhugumatti rakkoolee naannootti uumaman
Naannoo Oromiyaa, Haadha Haaraa; Haadha Haaraa
Seenaa Konservaashinii, Gara Briteen Keessatti Naannoo fi Gudaa Organisatoorii Beachwatch (2026)
Oonaan Konservaansi, Clean Swell app; Thames21, Events
Waan-Dhugumatti-Irra-Adda; Wabiileen Irreechaa, Wabiilee-Gooftaa-Irraa-Irra-Adda fi Wabiilee-Irra-Adda; Riverfly Partnership; EarthEcho Water Challenge; Water Rangers; Wabiileen Awstraaliyaa; Georgia Adopt-A-Stream
SEPA, Rakkoo naannoo gabaasa; EPA Ireland, Make an environmental complaint; EPA Victoria, Contact us
Aanga’aan Deebii Awurooppaa, Qabeenya bishaanii itti bu’uu; EPA Ameerikaa, Ijoollee koo maal akka ta’e?