Ciki da ruwa

Ruwa ne mai tsananin gaske a kan duniya. Yana warkar da ma’adanai daga dutsen, yana ɗaukar abinci zuwa ga itãcen marmari da kifi, kuma yana tsaftace kansa a yayin da yake motsi. A cikin mafi yawan tarihi, wannan ya isa: mutane sun zuba gurɓataccen abu a cikin koguna kuma halitta ta gauraya shi. A halin yanzu, da fiye da biliyan takwas na mutane da masana’antu a kowace nahiyar, rarraba ya daina aiki tun da dadewa. Kuma abin da Muka jẽfa a kan ƙasa yanã tafiya zuwa ga tẽku.

Yadda ruwa ke zama mai lalata

An samu gurɓata ta hanyoyi biyu. Masu fitowa daga wurin suna fitowa daga wani firam: wani ruwa mai fita, wani fanko na masana’anta, ko wani dutse. Su ne masu sauki a samu su kuma, tare da izinin da kulawa, mai sauki a gyara su. Masu fitowa daga ko’ina suna zuwa daga ko’ina a lokaci guda: man shanu da na kwari suna wankewa daga gonaki, man fetur da dusar ƙanƙara suna wankewa daga hanyoyi, sinadarai masu kashe cuta suna wankewa daga shuka. Sunã da tsanani, dõmin bãbu wani tarko wanda ake iya rufewa.

Su ne:

• Nutrients. Nitrogen da phosphorus daga shuka, da kuma ruwa mai zafi da kuma ruwan sha. A cikin ruwa sunã ci garken ƙasa, wanda ke tsiro, kuma ya mutu, sa’an nan ya ƙẽƙashe, yana shafar abin da kĩshin yake buƙata na oxygen.
• Pathogens. Bacteria, viruses and parasites from untreated sewage and animal waste. Sunã saukar da wata cuta, kuma suna fitar da wata cũta.
• Chemicals. Heavy metals kamar mercury da lead, masana’antu masu jujjuya, ƙwayoyin cuta, magunguna da kuma abin da ake kira forever chemicals (PFAS), waɗanda ba su da wahalar lalacewa a duk.
• Sediment da zafi. Ciki daga zubar da ruwa ya sauko cikin koguna kuma ya shafa duwatsu masu tsayi; ruwan zafi daga wutar lantarki yana rage oxygen har zuwa ƙarshe.

Wanda aka shafa

Kõwane shayarwa yanã da mai shiryuwa. According to the World Health Organization, at least 1.7 billion people used a drinking-water source contaminated with faeces in 2022, and 2.2 billion still lacked safely managed drinking water. Yawanci yara ne ke fuskantar wannan matsala: rashin ingancin ruwan sha, da tsaftace muhalli da kuma kiyaye lafiyar jiki na ci gaba da zama babban dalilin mutuwar kananan yara sakamakon ciwon sankara.

Ikon tsarin halittu na biyan kudinsa. A inda koguna masu wadatar abinci ke haɗuwa da tẽku, oxygen na iya sauka sosai har kifi da ƙwayoyin halittar teku su yi ciwo. Wannan matattu yankuna yanzu adadin a cikin ɗaruruwan; daya daga cikin mafi girman siffofi kowace bazara a cikin Gulf of Mexico, cike da Mississippi. A fadin duniya, tekun da aka bude ya rasa oxygen kuma, kuma wuraren bakin teku masu ƙarancin oxygen sun ninka tun daga tsakiyar karni na ashirin (Breitburg et al., 2018).

Wani yanki mai mutuwa shi ne wurin aikata laifi da dubban masu zargi kuma babu makami guda.

@ action

Labarai masu kyau shi ne cewa gurbata ruwa daya ne daga cikin matsalolin da al’umma ta warware, a wasu wurare, sau da yawa. An bayyana cewa kogin Thames a birnin London ya mutu ta hanyar halitta a cikin shekarun 1950; kuma yanzu haka, akwai tsuntsaye da dabbobin teku suna zaune a ciki. Rhine, wanda aka fi sani da kankara ta Turai, yana da naman sauro. Kayan aiki an san su:

1. Ka yi maganin ruwan sha. Tattarawa da kuma magance ruwa mai gurbata shi ne mafi tasiri a fannin kiwon lafiyar jama’a a tarihi. A inda aka gina da kuma kiyaye masana’antun tsabtace ruwa, cututtukan da ake yadawa ta hanyar ruwa na raguwa.
2. Ka ci abincin gonaki, ba koguna. Amfani da takin zamani, rufe gonaki, da kuma sanya bishiyoyi da ganyen itatuwa a kan bakin koguna na iya rage yawan ruwa mai gina jiki sosai, da kuma rage kudin manoma akan takin zamani.
3. Permit, monitor, publish. Wasu ayyukan masana’antu na faruwa ne idan an sanya iyakoki a kan izinin, ana gudanar da bincike kuma sakamakon ya zama na jama’a. Tsarin tsiraici yana aiki saboda babu wanda yake so ya zama sunan a kan hoton.
4. Restore wetlands. Wetlands su ne masu tsaftace ruwa na duniyar nan, suna damfara da kuma cire nitrogen kyauta.
5. Yawanci. Ta hanyar biyan kudin fitar da ruwa, da kuma biyan manoma kudin amfani da ruwan sha mai tsafta, ana mayar da ruwan sha mai tsafta zuwa wani abu da kasuwa ke karbar kyautar sa.

Yadda zaka iya taimaka

• Kada ka wanke shi. Abinci, ruwa, da kuma abincin da ba a ciyar da su ba, sun kasance a cikinta. Ku mayar da maganin gargajiya zuwa wani shago.
• Ka yi amfani da kadan daga cikin takin zamani da kuma maganin kashe kwari a gida, kuma kada ka yi hakan kafin ruwan sama ya sauka. Wani lambu yana bukatar kaɗan fiye da abin da jakar take nufi.
• Ka tsaftace ruwan sha. Abin sha na titin yakan tafi kai tsaye zuwa mafi kusa da kogin, ba tare da an yi masa magani ba. Ba za a bar man shanu da ruwan hoda da kuma sabulu na wanke mota su shiga cikinsu ba.
• Ka dasa wani tsare-tsaren. Idan kana da ƙasa kusa da ruwa, wata ƙuƙumma ta tsirrai na gida a kan bankin za ta shafa ruwan da ke zubarwa kafin ya isa.
• Tambayar tambayoyi a cikin gida. Nemo rahoton ingancin kayan aikin ruwa da kuma bayanan zubar da ruwan sha na yankinka. Ku tambayi wakilinku ko da yaushe ake fitar da ruwa ba tare da tsabtace shi ba, kuma menene shirin hana shi?
• Suna goyon bayan manoma da ke kare ruwa, kuma su tambayi shagunan inda abincinsu yake fitowa.
• Ka shiga cikin kokarin. Ka fassara wannan mai bayyana ko ka taimaka wajen tsara bayanan yankin ta hanyar tashar tallafi.

Sources and further reading

• World Health Organization, Drinking-water fact sheet (2023)
• Aikin da aka yi a kan gyaran ruwan sha, sabuntawa 2024
• Diaz da Rosenberg (2008), Yalwatar da yankuna matattu da sakamako ga tsarin halittu na teku, Science 321
• Dakata (2018), Tashin oxygen a cikin tekun duniya da ruwa na bakin teku, Science 359
• @ item Calendar system EPA, Matsalar abinci
• Yawan ruwa da ruwan sha