Ciki da ruwa

Ruwa ne mai tsananin gaske a kan duniya. Yana warkar da ma’adanai daga dutsen, yana ɗaukar abinci zuwa ga itãcen marmari da kifi, kuma yana tsaftace kansa a yayin da yake motsi. A cikin mafi yawan tarihi, wannan ya isa: mutane sun zuba gurɓataccen abu a cikin koguna kuma halitta ta gauraya shi. A halin yanzu, da fiye da biliyan takwas na mutane da masana’antu a kowace nahiyar, rarraba ya daina aiki tun da dadewa. Kuma abin da Muka jẽfa a kan ƙasa yanã tafiya zuwa ga tẽku.

Yadda ruwa ke zama mai lalata

An samu gurɓata ta hanyoyi biyu. Masu fitowa daga wurin suna fitowa daga wani firam: wani ruwa mai fita, wani fanko na masana’anta, ko wani dutse. Su ne masu sauki a samu su kuma, tare da izinin da kulawa, mai sauki a gyara su. Masu fitowa daga ko’ina suna zuwa daga ko’ina a lokaci guda: man shanu da na kwari suna wankewa daga gonaki, man fetur da dusar ƙanƙara suna wankewa daga hanyoyi, sinadarai masu kashe cuta suna wankewa daga shuka. Sunã da tsanani, dõmin bãbu wani tarko wanda ake iya rufewa.

Su ne:

• Nutrients. Nitrogen da phosphorus daga shuka, da kuma ruwa mai zafi da kuma ruwan sha. A cikin ruwa sunã ci garken ƙasa, wanda ke tsiro, kuma ya mutu, sa’an nan ya ƙẽƙashe, yana shafar abin da kĩshin yake buƙata na oxygen.
• Pathogens. Bacteria, viruses and parasites from untreated sewage and animal waste. Sunã saukar da wata cuta, kuma suna fitar da wata cũta.
• Chemicals. Heavy metals kamar mercury da lead, masana’antu masu jujjuya, ƙwayoyin cuta, magunguna da kuma abin da ake kira forever chemicals (PFAS), waɗanda ba su da wahalar lalacewa a duk.
• Sediment da zafi. Ciki daga zubar da ruwa ya sauko cikin koguna kuma ya shafa duwatsu masu tsayi; ruwan zafi daga wutar lantarki yana rage oxygen har zuwa ƙarshe.

Wanda aka shafa

Kõwane shayarwa yanã da mai shiryuwa. A cewar Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya, aƙalla 1.7 billion people ya yi amfani da wani tushe na ruwa mai sha wanda aka lalata da feces a cikin 2022, kuma 2.2 billion har yanzu yana da rashin ruwan sha mai aminci. Yawanci yara ne ke fuskantar wannan matsala: rashin ingancin ruwan sha, da tsaftace muhalli da kuma kiyaye lafiyar jiki na ci gaba da zama babban dalilin mutuwar kananan yara sakamakon ciwon sankara.

A bayan wadannan adadi akwai tsaftace muhalli. A cikin 2022, 57 kashi na mutane a duniya sun yi amfani da wani ɗaki mai tsaro. More than 1.5 billion had no basic sanitation at all, and 419 million still defecated in the open, in street gutters, behind bushes or straight into rivers and canals. A cikin 2020, kashi 44 na ruwan sha na gida an fitar da shi ba tare da magani mai aminci ba (WHO, 2024). A inda bãbu wani tsaftace ruwa, kõgi na zama guda.

Ikon tsarin halittu na biyan kudinsa. A inda koguna masu wadatar abinci ke haɗuwa da tẽku, oxygen na iya sauka sosai har kifi da ƙwayoyin halittar teku su yi ciwo. Wannan matattu yankuna yanzu adadin a cikin ɗaruruwan; daya daga cikin mafi girman siffofi kowace bazara a cikin Gulf of Mexico, cike da Mississippi. A fadin duniya, tekun da aka bude ya rasa oxygen kuma, kuma wuraren bakin teku masu ƙarancin oxygen sun ninka tun daga tsakiyar karni na ashirin (Breitburg et al., 2018).

Wani yanki mai mutuwa shi ne wurin aikata laifi da dubban masu zargi kuma babu makami guda.

Daga koguna da ke ɗaukar mafi yawan

Wani yanki na koguna sun nuna matsalar gaba daya a lokaci guda: ruwan sha, gurɓataccen abu daga masana’antu da kuma plastik, duk a cikin ruwa guda, a birane da suka girma da sauri fiye da yadda aka gina magudanarsu, makarantun da ke kula da su. Kuma bãbu laifi a kansu ga sunã kiran su. Waɗanda suke zaune a kusa da waɗannan koguna su ne farkon waɗanda suka ji rauni daga gare su, kuma mafi yawansu suna aiki mafi tsanani don dawo da su.

Ciki da rayuwa ta yau da kullum

Pasig tana gudana ta hanyar Metro Manila, gida ga fiye da mutane miliyan 13. Yawancin gurɓataccen ruwan birnin da kuma ruwa mai tsafta suna isa ta hanyar manyan koguna da kananan hanyoyi masu haɗe da gidaje waɗanda ba su da alaƙa da tsarin wanke ruwa da kuma babu adadin ruwa na yau da kullun. Idan ruwan sama na monsoon ya zo, duk abin da ke ƙasa yana wankewa a cikin sa’o’i. Wannan tsari na daidaita a kan Klang a Kuala Lumpur, Ulhas da Mithi a Mumbai, da kuma daruruwan manyan koguna a cikin yankunan tropic.

Masana’antu: tanning da dyes

A cikin Dhaka, masana’antun yin fata na Hazaribagh sun saki kimanin 21,600 cubic metres na ruwa mai tsafta ba a kula da shi ba kowace rana, wanda aka cika da chrome, sulfur da ammonium, zuwa kananan hanyoyi waɗanda ke zubar da Buriganga (Human Rights Watch, 2012). Ma’aikata, da yawa daga cikinsu yara ne, da makwabta sun ji raunin lafiyar farko; fata ta tafi zuwa takalma da jakunkuna da ake sayarwa a duk duniya.

A Java, Citarum shine babban mai samar da ruwa mai sha da ruwan sha ga Yammacin Java. A 2025 bincike ya bayyana cewa kogin ya karbi kusan 35.5 ton na muhalli na mutum a kowace rana a cikin 2017, kuma cewa kusan kashi 90% na masana’antun kayan kwalliyar 3,236 a kan hanyarsa sun kasa da kulawa mai kyau na ruwa mai gurbataci, don haka dyes da sinadarai sun tafi kai tsaye zuwa cikin ruwa (Marselina et al., 2025). A shekarar 2018, Indonesiya ta kaddamar da Citarum Harum, shirin kasa na sake gina tafkin da ke hada gwamnatin kasa da ta jiha, sojojin soji, kamfanoni da al’umma.

Ganges yana da tsarki ga daruruwan miliyoyin mutane kuma yana samar da ruwa ga wani bangare mai girma na India da Bangladesh. A tsakiyar hanyarsa, masana’antu kamar su masana’antun yin fata da na shafawa suna ƙara gurɓatattunsu zuwa cikin ruwan sha na garuruwan da ke bunƙasa da sauri. Shirin Namami Gange na kasar India, wanda aka fara a shekarar 2014, yana gina da kuma kula da gidajen shayar da ruwan sha a kogin da ke kusa da shi (National Mission for Clean Ganga).

Plastic

Plastics shine mafi bayyanar da wadannan abubuwan da ke haifar da gurbata muhalli, kuma wanda yanzu za mu iya kiyasta koguna ta hanyar koguna. Two major studies used computer models, checked against field measurements, to estimate how much plastic each river carries to the sea:

• A’aha! (2017)](https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms15611) an kiyasta 1.15 zuwa 2.41 miliyan tan a shekara daga dukkanin koguna, tare da manyan koguna 20 suna ɗaukar kashi biyu cikin uku, wanda Yangtze, Ganges da Xi ke jagoranta.
• Dakata (2017)](https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.7b02368) ya tafi har abada, yana mai gargaɗi cẽwa kawai 10 Rivers carry 88 zuwa 95 bisa dari Daga cikin nauyin duniya. Wannan “ƙoramu goma” da ake zargi ya yadu sosai, amma marubucin ya gargaɗi kan rashin tabbatarwa mai girma, kuma aikin da ya fi dacewa ba ya goyon bayansa.
• Dakata (2021)](https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aaz5803) ya bi gurɓataccen abu daga inda aka jefa shi zuwa ga mafi kusa da kogi kuma zuwa ga tẽku, yana riƙon ruwan sama, amfani da ƙasa da nisan tafiya. Sun gano cewa sama da koguna 1,000 suna ɗaukar kashi 80% na bakin teku zuwa tekun, 0.8 zuwa miliyan 2.7 a shekara a cikin duka, kuma cewa manyan koguna masu tafiya ta hanyar manyan birane sune mafi muni.

The ranking

Wannan shi ne mafi girman adadin da aka samu a cikin tarihin halittu. An yi amfani da wannan adadin ne a matsayin ma’aunin yanayin duniyar nan ta 2015, an kuma daidaita shi zuwa kusan tan miliyan dari.

Wannan taswirar tana bayyana abin da ya gabata. Dukkanin nau’ikan suna amfani da bayanai na kusan 2015, kafin wasu shirin tsaftacewa na baya-bayan nan su shiga aiki, kuma ba a sake yin wani daga cikinsu ba ga koguna na yau. Misali, adadin Yangtze da Xi da Huangpu na bayyana koguna na kasar Sin shekaru goma da suka gabata, lokacin da aikin tsaftace kasa ya fara ne kawai, kuma adadin Pasig ya wuce shirin Manila na karshe. Abin da ya faru a nan gaba, kogi da kogi, an faɗa shi ne a cikin koguna da suka dawo duniya a ƙasa.

Rank	River	Country	Kimanin kwayoyin da ke zuwa cikin teku (a cikin tan a shekara)	Source
1	City in Philippines	Philippines	62,600	Dakata 2021
2	Tullahan	Philippines	13,500	Dakata 2021
3	Ulhas	India	13,400	Dakata 2021
4	Klang	Malaysia	12,800	Dakata 2021
5	Meycauayan	Philippines	12,400	Dakata 2021
6	Pampanga	Philippines	9,300	Dakata 2021
7	Libmanan	Philippines	7,100	Dakata 2021
8	Ganges	India and Bangladesh	6,200	Dakata 2021
9	Rio Grande de Mindanao	Philippines	5,300	Dakata 2021
10	City in Italy	Philippines	4,600	Dakata 2021

Wannan tsari na dauke da manyan koguna a matsayin wuraren shakatawa, tare da wani yanki ga kowane ɗayansu:

Rank	River	Country	Mediapoint (tons per year)	Range	Source
1	Yangtze	China	333,000	310,000 zuwa 480,000	Dakata 2017
2	Ganges	India and Bangladesh	115,000	105,000 zuwa 172,000	Dakata 2017
3	Dakata	China	73,900	64,600 zuwa 114,000	Dakata 2017
4	Huangpu	China	40,800	33,500 zuwa 67,300	Dakata 2017
5	Cross	Nigeria and Cameroon	40,300	33,800 zuwa 65,000	Dakata 2017
6	Brantas	Indonesia	38,900	32,300 zuwa 63,700	Dakata 2017
7	Amazon	Brazil, Peru, Colombia and Ecuador	38,900	32,200 zuwa 63,800	Dakata 2017
8	City in Philippines	Philippines	38,800	32,100 zuwa 63,700	Dakata 2017
9	Irrawaddy	Myanmar	35,300	29,700 zuwa 56,900	Dakata 2017
10	Solo	Indonesia	32,500	26,500 zuwa 54,100	Dakata 2017

Yaya za ka tabbatar da wannan adadin? Ba sosai ba, kuma yana da muhimmanci a ce haka. Dukkansu suna da misali: babu wanda ya yi zaton yawan sinadarin da ke barin koguna dubu. Maijer’s global total ya kunshi wani ma’aunin fiye da uku, kuma marubuta sun bayyana sifarsu a matsayin daidai zuwa cikin ma’aunin dari idan aka kwatanta da ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun; Pasig yana zaune a kan gefen wannan band. Waɗannan nau’ikan biyu sunã sãɓa wa jũna a kan kõguna na musamman. Ganges ya fadi daga 115,000 na tan a shekara a cikin sigar da ta fi dacewa zuwa kusan 6,200 a bakinsa na farko a cikin sabon sigar, saboda sabon sigar yana ba da damar plastics da aka saka a cikin ƙasa mai nisa don isa ga tekun: mafi yawansu ana kama su a kan rairayin bakin teku, bayan dams da kuma a cikin sediments a kan hanyar. Wasu koguna da ake kiran su a cikin tattaunawa, kamar Chao Phraya a Bangkok, Kelani a Colombo da Mithi a Mumbai, suna fitowa a cikin manyan masu fitarwa 50 a cikin jerin nau’ikan da aka wallafa. Abin da binciken biyu suka yarda da shi shine: mafi yawan kwayoyin ruwa na teku suna fitowa daga wuraren da ba a tara gurɓataccen abu ba, inda mutane ke zaune kusa da koguna, kuma inda ruwan sama mai yawa ya shafa ƙasa.

Rivers that came back around the world

Koguna a cikin takardun sama ba su zama wata dalili ɓatacce ba. An mayar da koguna da aka rufe a nahiyoyi hudu, a kasashen mafiya arziki da kuma na mafi talauci, a karkashin gwamnatocin daban-daban. Bãbu wanda ya tsarkake su da wani ƙirƙira ko wani doka. Duk wani al’amari a kasa yana amsa tambayoyi huɗu: me ya aikata kuskure, me aka yi, me aka kiyasta, da kuma me ba a warware shi ba har yanzu. An yi musu bayanin a cikin tsari da aka fara tsaftace su.

The Thames, London

Me ya faru da ba daidai ba. Wuraren wanke ruwa na London da kuma ayyukan kulawa ba su iya ci gaba da bunkasuwar birnin ba. A cikin shekarun 1950, an bar oxygen mai yawa a cikin wasu sassan kogin Thames wanda a shekarar 1957 aka bayyana su da mutuwar halitta. A cikin wannan lokacin, ruwa ya yi tsananin zafi, kuma a wasu lokutan ruwan sama ya yi yawa.

Me aka yi. An fara tsaftace aikin ruwan sha na kogin a shekarar 1960 (BBC, 2001). A shekarar 2014, Thames Water ta kammala inganta ayyukan kulawa biyar a Beckton, Crossness, Riverside, Long Reach da Mogden. A shekarar 2016, ginin da ya kai kilomita 7 na Lee Tunnel ya fara kama fiye da tan miliyan 5 na ruwa a kowace shekara wanda aka saba zubarwa daga mafi girman tashin. The 25 km Thames Tideway Tunnel, a £4.6 billion project paid for through Thames Water’s customers’ bills, now links to it, so that the system can store 1.6 million cubic meters of storm sewage; it has been fully connected and working since February 2025, and is expected to cut spills into the tidal river from more than fifty in a typical year to about five (Thames Water; Tideway).

Mene ne aka auna. Salmon na farko ya dawo a 1974, kuma a cikin 2001 kogin ya goyi bayan nau’ikan kifi 115 (BBC, 2001). The Zoological Society of London’s 2026 health check found dissolved oxygen rising over the long term from 2007 to 2024 and phosphorus falling since the 1990s; seahorses, eels, seals and even small sharks now live in the estuary (ZSL, 2026).

Ba a warware shi ba har yanzu. Wannan binciken lafiyar ya gano cewa nitrate na ci gaba da tashi daga ruwan sha da aka yi wa magani, kuma akwai kadan kadan na raguwar nau’ikan kifi tun farkon shekarun 1990 wanda ke bukatar bincike mai yawa. A cikin tsakiyar ginin, ayyukan Thames Water na zubar da ruwa da kuma magance shi sun zuba ruwan sha a cikin 298,081 sa’o’i a cikin 2024, daga 196,414 a cikin 2023, bisa ga nazarin bayanan kulawar kamfanin (The Guardian, 2025). A duk fadin Ingilishi, zubar da ruwa ya ragu da kashi 35 cikin dari a shekarar 2025, wanda Hukumar Kula da Muhalli ta ce ya fi yawa saboda shekara mai zafi (Environment Agency, 2026).

Cuyahoga, Cleveland, da kuma Dokar Ruwa Mai Tsarki ta Amurka

Me ya faru da kuskure. A ranar 22 ga watan Yunin shekarar 1969 wata fitila daga wani jirgin kasa mai wucewa ta yi wuta a kan wani ruwa na man fetur a Cuyahoga. Ba ita ce farkon lokacin ba: yankin ruwa na cikin gida ya yi la’akari da wuta 13 a kan kogin kafin 1969 (NEORSD). A cikin shekarun 1970, fiye da biliyan 9 na ruwa mai tsafta da ruwan sama a kowace shekara ya zubo daga wuraren shaye-shaye na yankin zuwa cikin kogin da Lake Erie (NEORSD).

Me aka yi. Masu kada kuri’a a Cleveland sun amince da dala miliyan 100 don tsaftace hanyoyin ruwa na birnin, kuma gwamnan ya ɗauki ‘yan jarida zuwa kogin kuma ya shaida wa Majalisar Dattawa (NPR, 2019). A cikin 1972 Congress ya amince da Dokar Ruwa Mai Tsarki, wanda ya sa shi ba doka ba ne don fitar da gurɓata daga wani bututun zuwa cikin ruwa na Amurka ba tare da izini ba kuma ya biya don sabon masana’antar magance ruwan sha (US EPA). A shekarar 1987, aka yiwa kogin suna Great Lakes Area of Concern tare da matsaloli tara na hukuma da za a gyara. Tun daga 2011, shirin da ke kula da ruwan sha na jihar, wanda ya kai dala biliyan 3, shi ne shirin shekara 25 da aka amince da shi tare da masu kulawa, yana gina manyan tituna da wuraren ajiya don rage yawan ruwa mai yawa daga kusan biliyan 4.5 a kowace shekara zuwa miliyan 494 a shekarar 2036 (NEORSD).

Mene ne aka auna. Yawancin ruwa ya ragu da rabinsa tun daga shekarar 2000. A watan Disamba na shekarar 2025, an kammala ko kuma ana ci gaba da ayyukan 76 daga cikin ayyukan 78 na Project Clean Lake, wanda ya rage yawan ruwan da ke zubar da biliyan 2 a shekara. Kifi ya dawo: an samu nau’ikan kifi fiye da 60 a cikin kogin a shekarar 2014 (NEORSD). EPA ta cire biyar daga cikin matsalolin da aka bayyana na tara: rashin kyau (2017), iyaka kan cin kifi (2019), algae (2021), tumors na kifi (2023) da kuma kulle bakin teku (2024) (US EPA).

Ba a warware shi ba har yanzu. Matsaloli huɗu sun rage: yawan kifi da dabbobin daji, rayuwa a kan kogin, tsaftace tashar jirgin ruwa da rasa wurin zama na kifi. A bayan Dam din Gorge, wanda aka gina a 1911, ana tsabtace kusan mita cubic 865,000 na ruwa mai guba daga shekarar 2025 kafin a iya cire dam din (US EPA).

City in Australia

What went wrong. Bayan an yi amfani da ruwa mai tsafta na Melbourne zuwa wani gonaki na kulawa a Werribee daga 1897, an bayyana Yarra a matsayin daya daga cikin mafi tsananin koguna a duniya (Melbourne Water). Kamar yadda birnin ya girma, gonaki, tituna da kuma ruwan sama na ruwa sun ci gaba da ƙara gurbata muhalli.

Me aka yi. Shirin wanke ruwa ya zo na farko, kuma kogin ya samu ci gaba sosai tun daga shekarun 1970 da 1980 (shafin daya). A cikin 2017 Victoria ta wuce dokar kare kogin Yarra (Wilip-gin Birrarung murron), doka wacce ke kula da kogin a matsayin wani abu mai rai da kuma daidaitaccen yanayi, kuma ta kafa majalisar Birrarung don ba da shawara akanta (Victorian legislation).

Mene ne aka auna. Yarra ta sama tana samar da kashi 70 cikin dari na ruwan sha na Melbourne (Melbourne Water). Tun watan Disamba na shekarar 2013, hukumar kula da muhalli ta jihar ta yi gwajin kwayoyin cuta a wurare huɗu masu zaman kansu kuma ta wallafa hasashen ruwa don su (EPA Victoria).

Ba a warware shi ba har yanzu. Ingancin ruwa na ci gaba da tabarbarewa, saboda noma, bunkasa birane da ruwan sama (Wata ta Melbourne). Biyu daga cikin wuraren da ake tsammani, Kew da Launching Place, ana sa ran su zama marasa kyau don nutsuwa (EPA Victoria).

Minamata Bay, Japan

Me ya faru da kuskure. A cikin shekarun nan wani kamfanin kimiyyar da ake jagoranta ta kamfanin Chisso ya fitar da methylmercury, wani abu ne na samar da acetaldehyde, a cikin tekun Minamata. Sai tsirrai da mutãne da dabbõbi suka ci daga gare shi. An bayyana cutar da ita a matsayin cuta a shekarar 1956. Masana’antar ta dakatar da aikin a watan Mayu na shekarar 1968, kuma gwamnatin ta tabbatar da dalilin a watan Satumba (Ministry of the Environment of Japan).

Me aka yi. A shekarar 1974 an shimfida wasu kwandunan a kan kogin domin hana kifi da ke dauke da cututtuka fita daga cikinsa. Daga 1977 zuwa 1990, kusan mita cubic miliyan 1.5 na tashe-tashen hankula da ke kunshe da fiye da kashi 25 cikin dari na mercury an tsaftace su kuma an sanya su a cikin hekta 58 na ƙasar da aka sake ginawa. Aikin ya kai kimanin biliyan 48 yen, wanda Chisso ya biya kimanin biliyan 30 da kuma gwamnatin tarayya da ta jihohi kimanin biliyan 9 kowace (shafin daya).

Me ya yi daidai. Matsayin mercury a cikin nau’ikan kifi bakwai ya zauna ƙasa da iyakokin lokaci na shekaru uku a jere, kuma a cikin 1997 gwamna ya bayyana cewa bakin teku yana aminci kuma an cire maɓallan (shafin daya).

Ba a warware shi ba har yanzu. Kogin ya dawo cikin shekaru; amma mutane ba su sake komawa ba. A watan Disamba na shekarar 2024, mutane 3,000 sun tabbatar da kamuwa da cutar Minamata, ciki har da wadanda suka kamu a karon farko a Niigata, kuma 304 daga cikinsu suna rayuwa (National Institute for Minamata Disease). Akalla mutane 11,000 suka cancanci taimako a karkashin wani mataki na siyasa da aka samu a shekarar 1995, fiye da 48,000 sun yi amfani da wani doka mai sauƙin da aka amince da shi a shekarar 2009 (Ministarcin Muhalli na Japan), kuma kotun tana ci gaba da yanke hukunci kan zargi: a cikin 2023 wata kotu ta Osaka ta yarda da duk wadanda ake zargi 128 a cikin wani lamari, yayin da a cikin 2024 wata kotu ta Kumamoto ta ki amincewa da 144 saboda lokacin ya wuce (Asahi Shimbun, 2024).

The Singapore River

Me ya faru da kuskure. A shekarar 1970, kogin Singapore da Kallang Basin sun cika da gurɓataccen ruwa da kuma manyan jiragen ruwa da aka bar su. Wasu daga cikinsu sun hada da: ‘yan kasuwa, masu sayar da kayan abinci, masu sana’ar kwalliya, masu sana’ar yin ado da kuma wasu manoma.

Abin da aka aikata. A ranar 27 ga watan Fabrairu, 1977, Firaminista Lee Kuan Yew ya sanya wani buri na shekaru goma don tsabtace kogin. A cikin ruwa da ke kusa da Kallang Basin, an sake kafa dubban iyalai masu kwangilar, kuma an mayar da gonakin tumaki 610, da gonakin kifi 500, da fiye da shagunan shago 2,800 da kuma ‘yan kasuwa 5,000. The 800 cargo lighters that crowded the river were moved to Pasir Panjang by 1983. Hukumar National Library Board ta sanya kudin a kan kusan dala miliyan 300 na Singapore, ba tare da la’akari da biyan kuɗin sake kafawa ba (National Library Board).

Me aka auna. A lokacin da yakin neman zabe ya ƙare a 1987, kifi da kwari sun yi yawa a cikin kogin (National Library Board). The Marina Barrage, finished in 2008, turned the river mouth into a freshwater reservoir in 2010, with a catchment of 10,000 hectares (PUB).

Ba’a warware ba har yanzu. Ba za mu iya samun wani rahoton da aka wallafa na tsawon lokaci game da ingancin ruwa na kogin ba. Wani bincike na 2015 ya nuna cewa sabon ma’adinan, wani tsohon kogin ruwa, har yanzu yana fama da yawan zafi mai yawa (Galelli et al., 2015).

The Mersey, North West England

What went wrong. Two centuries of industry and the sewage of millions of people made the Mersey one of the most polluted rivers in Europe, and in 1985 it was called the most polluted estuary in the United Kingdom (Mersey Basin Campaign). A cikin shekarun 1970, tsawo na sama estuary ba da oxygen a duk lokacin bazara, a kowane hali na ruwa (Jones, 2006).

Me aka yi. Kamfen din Mersey Basin ya gudana na shekaru 25, daga 1985 zuwa 2010, yana hada gwamnati, kamfanin ruwa, masana’antu da kungiyoyin al’umma (Kamfen din Mersey Basin). An yi aiki na gyara da kuma kula da fitar da masana’antu: a cikin 2006 an kashe sama da biliyan £1 (Jones, 2006).

Mene ne aka auna. A yau da kullum na organic pollution (BOD) shiga estuary ya ragu daga fiye da 300 tan a cikin 1972 zuwa kawai sama da 50 tan a cikin 2000 (Jones, 2000). Mafi karancin adadin oxygen da aka kiyasta a cikin tsakiyar ruwa ya karu zuwa kashi 48 na yawan zafi a shekarar 2001, kashi 58 a shekarar 2002 da kashi 65 a shekarar 2003. A watan Nuwamba na shekarar 2001 an kama naman salomon a cikin kogin don farkon lokaci a cikin kusan rabin karni, kuma aka kama 26 a Woolston Weir a lokacin hunturu na shekarar 2002 (Jones, 2006).

Ba a warware shi ba har yanzu. A lokacin hunturu, oxygen a cikin yanki na Manchester Ship Canal da salmon ya kamata ya wuce yana da wahala sosai, kusan kashi 20 cikin dari, wanda ke hana kifi kan hanyarsu ta sama (shafin guda). Masu bincike da ke nazarin dawowar kogin kuma suna nuna damuwar ci gaba game da gurɓataccen abu na daɗewa yana wucewa cikin layin abinci (Hawkins et al., 2020).

Boston Harbor

Me ya faru da kuskure. Har zuwa shekarun 1990, ruwan sha na Boston ya kai ga tashar jirgin ruwa tare da kulawa kawai, kuma ana zuba shi a cikinsa kowace rana. A cikin 1987, 84, ruwa mai yawa na ruwan sha ya ci gaba da fitar da ruwa mara tsabta da ruwa mai zafi zuwa cikin tashar jiragen ruwa da kogunanta (MWRA).

Me aka yi. A shekarar 1985 wata kotu ta tarayya ta umurci hukumar ruwa ta yankin da ta gina wani wurin kula da ruwan sha na musamman. An dakatar da fitar da ruwa mai gurɓata cikin tashar a shekarar 1991, an bude wani sabon kamfanin kula da ruwan sha a kan Tekun Deer a matakai daga shekarar 1995, kuma a shekarar 2000 an gina wani layin dogo mai kilomita 9.5 wanda ya motsa ruwan sha zuwa cikin tekun Massachusetts Bay (MWRA). An kashe dala biliyan 3.8 wajen gina Boston Harbor Project (MWRA). Wani shirin daban na kusan dala miliyan 906 ya rufe 34 daga cikin 84 da aka yiwa kwafi kuma an tsara shi don rage adadin da aka zubo a shekara mai kama da 88% (MWRA).

Me aka auna. Hukumar ruwa ta kula da fiye da wurare 70 a cikin kogin da kuma kogunanta, kuma tana wallafa bayanan, kuma gwamnatin jihar na gwajin rairayin bakin teku a duk lokacin bazara (MWRA). An kara darajar Charles River daga D zuwa B ko kuma mafi kyau tun 2004 (MWRA), kuma a cikin 2025 duk bakin teku na birni daga Nahant zuwa Nantasket ya samu sama da 80 bisa dari don kwanciyar hankali, farko (Save the Harbor/Save the Bay, 2025).

Ba a warware ba har yanzu. A cikin shekara mai kama da ita, Charles River yana haɗuwa da ƙa’idar ƙwayoyin cuta don motsa jiki kawai kashi 48 na lokaci, kuma wasu matsalolin sun ci gaba da rasa burinsu (MWRA, 2023). An sabunta shirin canzawa na ƙarshe don amsawa ga jama’a har zuwa Oktoba 30, 2026 (City of Somerville).

star name

Me ya faru da kuskure. Ga shekaru da dama, kogin Rhine ya ɗauki gurɓataccen abu daga ɗayan mafi yawan yankunan masana’antu a duniya. A ranar 1 ga watan Nuwamba, 1986, wata wuta a wani wurin ajiyar Sandoz kusa da Basel ta shafa har zuwa tan 30 na kwayoyin cuta cikin kogin kuma ta kashe kifi a tsayin kilomita dari.

Mene aka yi. Kasashe dake kusa da kogin sun amsa da shirin aikin Rhine a 1987: rage kashi biyu cikin uku na fitar da sinadarai masu hadari 40 cikin shekaru goma, kuma su sanya kogin mai tsabta sosai domin dawowar salmon (Kwamitin Duniya don kare kogin Rhine). An gina da kuma inganta masana’antun kula da ruwa, kuma an bude hanyoyin shiga kifi a kusa da manyan magudanar ruwa, a Iffezheim a 2000 da Gambsheim a 2006 (ICPR).

Mene ne aka auna. Ma’adanai masu nauyi a cikin kogin sun ragu sosai tsakanin 1987 da 2000 (ICPR). Nitrogen da Rhine ke ɗauka zuwa tekun ya ragu daga fiye da tan 443,000 a cikin 1985 zuwa kusan tan 272,000 a cikin 2016 (ICPR). Salmon ya fara nutsuwa daga Tekun Arewa zuwa cikin Kogin Sieg a 1990 kuma ya yi haihuwa a can ta dabi’a tun 1994; a cikin shekara ta 2000, nau’ikan kifi 63 sun dawo, kuma kifi daga Rhine, sai dai eel, sun kasance amintattu don cin su.ICPR, Salmon 2020). Wannan kwamitin yanzu yana da jerin 71 nau’i, tare da duk kifi da aka sani daga bakin teku na baya sai dai European sturgeon (ICPR).

Not solved yet. The salmon are still few: the fish pass at Koblenz counted 11 returning adults in 2025 (ICPR counts). Akalla kashi biyu cikin uku na nitrogen yanzu yana zuwa daga noma da sauran hanyoyin da ba a sani ba, ma’adanai masu nauyi daga wuraren da ba a sani ba suna da girma sosai, kuma masana’antun magance su ba sa cire mafi yawan abubuwan da ke tattare da magani da sauran micropollutants; kasashen sun yi niyyar rage waɗannan ta kashi 30 bisa dari kowace shekara ta 2040 (ICPR).

star name

Me ya faru da ba daidai ba? Man shanu, da kuma ruwan sha daga daya daga cikin manyan koguna na Turai sun zuba abinci a cikin arewa maso gabashin tekun Black. Daga farkon shekarun 1970, ruwa kusa da gabar teku ya fita daga oxygen a kowace shekara, kuma a cikin 1983 yankin da ke da ƙarancin oxygen ya rufe kusan kilomita murabba’in 20,000 (2013).

Me ya faru? A shekarar 1994 kasashen yankin sun rattaba hannu kan Yarjejeniyar Tsaron Kogin Danube a Sofia, kuma tun daga shekarar 1998 sun yi aiki tare ta hanyar Kwamitin Duniya na Tsaron Kogin Danube, da kulawa da shirin yankin (ICPDR).

Mene ne aka auna. Hukumar ta bayyana cewa fitar da nitrogen a cikin tafkin ya ragu da kashi 30 cikin dari kuma phosphorus da kashi 50 cikin dari a cikin shekaru 15 (ICPDR). An rage yankin da ke da ƙarancin oxygen na tekun Larabawa, kodayake wata bincike mai zurfi ya gano cewa dawowar a ƙarshen 1990s ta fi ƙaranci fiye da yadda aka yi tsammani a farko, kuma ta zo ne a cikin 2000s (Capet et al., 2013).

Ba a warware ba har yanzu. A cikin shirin 2021 na tafkin, kashi 24 kawai na tsawon tafkin ya kasance mai kyau kuma kashi 36% yana da kyakkyawan yanayi na sinadarai, 624 barin ya ci gaba da hana tafiyar kifi, sturgeon na Turai ya mutu a cikin tafkin, kuma nauyin abinci ya kasance sama da waɗanda ke cikin shekarun 1960 (ICPDR, 2021).

The Pasig, Manila

Me ya faru da kuskure. Pasig na ɗaukar gurɓataccen abu daga yankin birni mai yawan mutane fiye da miliyan 13, kuma an bayyana shi a matsayin mutuwar halitta a cikin shekarun 1990 (GMA News, 2018). Yana kan gaba a jerin manyan hanyoyin ruwa na sabon nau’in da ke ɗaukar plastik zuwa tekun, kodayake marubutansa sun lura cewa nau’in ya yi zaton Pasig fiye da yadda aka kiyasta a cikin 2019 (Meijer et al., 2021).

Me aka yi. Daga 1999 zuwa 2019, Kwamitin farfado da Kogin Pasig ya tsaftace bankin da kuma koguna. A shekarar 2018, lokacin da ta lashe kyautar farko ta Asia RiverPrize, an sake kafa iyalai 18,719 masu zaune a kan bakin kogin kuma an gina 17 daga cikin 47 na kogin, an fara da wani mai kulawa a Estero de Paco a shekarar 2010 (GMA News). An rufe hukumar a shekarar 2019 (Philstar, 2019). Daga watan Janairu na shekarar 2024 wani sabon shirin, Pasig Bigyang Buhay Muli, ya gina wani filin shakatawa a kan kogin, wanda mataki na huɗu ya bude a watan Oktoba na shekarar 2025 (ABS-CBN, 2025).

Me aka auna. Rahoton kwamitin ya nuna cewa gurɓatattun sinadarai (BOD) a cikin kogin sun kai 30.79 milligrams per liter daga shekarar 2009 zuwa 2014, bisa ga ka’ida ta 7, kuma sun tashi daga 23.09 a shekarar 2012 zuwa 39.03 a shekarar 2014; oxygen ya kai 2.85 milligrams kawai a kowane lita (PRRC, 2014). A shekarar 2018, wani bincike na gwamnatin tarayya ya gano cewa kashi 96 cikin dari na kudaden da aka ware domin tsaftace hanyoyin ruwa an yi amfani da su, inda aka yi amfani da kashi 1 zuwa 28 cikin dari na aikin da aka tsara.2018.  Hausawa).

Ba’a warware ba har yanzu. Mafi yawanci. Ba mu iya samun wasu kididdigar ingancin ruwa na bayan 2014 ba, don haka ba za mu iya cewa ko ruwan ya dawo da kyau a yau. Kuma lalle ne, haƙĩƙa, Allah Ya saukar da shi a kan wani malã’ika daga cikinku, yana mai cẽwa, “Ka ce: Lalle ne ni, inã nufin Ubangijĩna.

City in Korea

Me ya faru da ba daidai ba. An rufe kogin dake tsakiyar Seoul da kwalba da kuma hanyar mota mai tsayi.

Mene aka yi. Tsakanin 2003 da 2005 birnin ya rushe hanyar mota kuma ya bude kilomita 5.8 na ruwa, a kan farashin kusan milyan Amurka 380 (Landscape Architecture Foundation, 2011).

Abin da aka ƙaddara. A tsakanin 2003 da 2008, adadin nau’ikan kifi ya karu daga 4 zuwa 25, tsuntsaye daga 6 zuwa 36, ƙwayoyi daga 15 zuwa 192 da tsirrai daga 62 zuwa 308. The air along the stream is 3.3 to 5.9 °C cooler than on a parallel road (Landscape Architecture Foundation), da kuma a cikin 2025 masu bincike sun yi rijista da nau’ikan kifi 33, mafi yawansu tun lokacin dawowa (The Korea Herald, 2025).

Ba a warware shi ba har yanzu. Kogin yana da yawa: fiye da tan 48,000 na ruwa a rana ana pompawa cikinsa, mafi yawansu ruwan da aka yi amfani da shi daga kogin Han tare da ruwa mai zafi, kuma adadin kudin kula da shi ya kai biliyan 2.9 a shekara (The Guardian, 2025). A shekarar 2011, kwayoyin cuta na coliform a cikin kogin sun yi gwajin sau da yawa akan ka’idojin motsa jiki (The Korea Herald, 2011).

The Ganga, India

Me ya faru da ba daidai ba. Ganga ita ce ruwan ibada ga daruruwan miliyoyin mutane kuma tana samar da ruwa ga wani yanki mai girma na India da Bangladesh. A tsakiyar hanyarsa, masana’antu kamar su masana’antun yin fata da na shafawa suna ƙara gurɓatattunsu zuwa cikin ruwan sha na garuruwan da ke bunƙasa da sauri.

Me aka yi. Shirin Namami Gange na kasar India, wanda ya fara a shekarar 2014, yana gina da kula da gidajen shayar da ruwan sha a kogin da kuma wuraren da ke biyowa (National Mission for Clean Ganga). Kudin da aka ware wa wannan shirin ya kai Naira biliyan 20,000 zuwa watan Maris na shekarar 2021 da kuma Naira biliyan 22,500 ga mataki na biyu har zuwa shekarar 2026. A watan Maris na shekarar 2026, an kashe Naira biliyan 21.340 kuma an kammala ayyukan da aka amince da su guda 355 daga cikin 524 (Buro na Labaran Jaridu, 2026), kuma a watan Maris na shekarar 2025 an gina ko kuma an sake gina gidajen shafawa masu iya sarrafa littattafai miliyan 3.446 na ruwa mai tsafta a rana (Buro na Labaran Jaridu, 2025).

Me aka auna. Bakteriya ta fecal ta ragu a wuraren da ake kulawa, kamar yadda gwamnatin ke bayyanawa: adadin matsakaicin a Assi Ghat a Varanasi ya ragu daga 2,500 a kowace millilitara 100 a shekarar 2014 zuwa 790 a shekarar 2025, kuma a Gandhi Ghat a Patna daga 5,400 zuwa 2,200, bisa ga iyakar wanka na 2,500 (Buro na Bayanai na Jaridu, 2026).

Not solved yet. In 2025 the bathing standard for faecal bacteria was met only in certain stretches of Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and West Bengal, and organic pollution was too high from Farrukhabad to Kanpur and from Mirzapur to Ghazipur (same source). A lokacin bikin Maha Kumbh a 2025, rahoton farko na Hukumar Kula da Muhalli ta Tsakiya ya gano cewa ruwan da aka kula da shi bai dace ba don wanka a lokuta da dama; wani rahoton da aka sake duba ya bayar da matsakaicin cikin iyakar (The Hindu, 2025).

China’s rivers and the Yangtze

What went wrong. A cikin 2015 kawai 64.5 percent na wuraren kula da ƙasar Sin a kan koguna da magudanar ruwa sun kasance ruwan Grade I zuwa III, darajoji waɗanda za a iya magance su don shan ruwa, kuma 8.8 percent sun fi muni fiye da Daraja V, suna da kyau ga kusan komai (Ministry of Environmental Protection, 2016). A watan Maris na shekarar 2013, an samu fiye da 16,000 na dabbobin daji daga Huangpu da kuma manyan koguna a Shanghai, wani tushe ne na ruwan sha na birnin, bayan gonakin da ke gabashin kogin sun jefa jikinsu cikin kogin (The Guardian, 2013).

Abin da aka aikata. A watan Afrilu na shekarar 2015, Majalisar Tarayya ta fitar da wani Shirin Ayyuka don hana da kuma kula da gurbatacciyar ruwa, wanda aka fi sani da “Wata Ta Sha Goma”, tare da manufofi don 2020: fiye da kashi 70 na ruwan a cikin manyan tafkunan ruwa bakwai a matakin III ko mafi kyau, masana’antu masu yawa masu lalata, gidajen dabbobi sun motsa daga ruwa mai taushi da kusan kashi 95 na ruwan sha na birnin an yi magani (2015). Daga 2016, an baiwa kowace kogi da lambu “mai ruwa”, wani jami’i mai suna wanda ke da alhakin ruwanta kuma aka yi nazarin sakamakon (Kamfanin Gudanarwa na Kwamitin Tsakiya na CPC da Majalisar Tarayya, 2016; Dokar hana da kula da gurbatacciyar ruwa, Sashe na 5). A shekarar 2018, kashi 97.8 na manyan filayen masana’antu sun sami kulawa ta tsakiya da ruwa mai gurɓatacce tare da bin diddigin yanar gizo, kuma a cikin 2019 garuruwan sun wanke 2,513 daga cikin 2,899 “baƙi da baƙin ciki” masu ruwa na birni da suka gano (Ma’aikatar Ikonology da Muhalli, 2018 da 2019 buletins). Wani Dokar kare Kogin Yangtze, da ke aiki tun watan Maris na shekarar 2021, ya haramta gina sabbin masana’antu na sinadarai a cikin kilomita daya na kogin da kuma sauran ruwa (Dokar kare Kogin Yangtze), kuma an hana kiwo na kasuwanci a kogin Yangtze na tsawon shekaru goma daga shekarar 2021, tare da tallafawa makiyayan da suka daina kiwo (Xinhua, 2026).

What was measured. Ta hanyar 2025, 91.4 percent na kasafin kudin da aka yi a matsayin Grade I zuwa III kuma 0.6 percent sun fi muni fiye da Grade V; A cikin Yangtze basin, 98.9 kashi na 1,016 alamun sun kasance a Grade I zuwa III (Ministry of Ecology and Environment, 2026). An samu karuwar yawan tsuntsayen Yangtze daga kimanin 1,249 a binciken 2022 zuwa 1,426, kuma an kiyasta nau’ikan dabbobi 351 a cikin tafkin a shekarar 2021 zuwa 2025, 43 fiye da kafin hana kiwo (Xinhua, 2026).

Ba a warware ba har yanzu. A shekarar 2025, kashi 28.4 na manyan koguna da magudanar ruwa sun ci gaba da yin amfani da takin zamani, kuma mafi girman bushewar algal a Taihu ya rufe rabin kogin; phosphorus yana nan shine babban mai gurbata muhalli a cikin Yangtze main stream (Ministry of Ecology and Environment, 2026). Matsakaicin ruwa ba ya auna plastik: an fara haramta wasu na’urorin amfani guda daya da aka yi a shekarar 2020 (NDRC da ma’aikatar ilimin muhalli da muhalli, 2020), amma ba za mu iya samun wani sabon adadin kwatanta na plastik da Yangtze ke kaiwa zuwa tekun ba. Yanar gizo na kulawa ya karu daga 967 a cikin 2015 zuwa 3,641 daga 2021, don haka ƙididdiga na farko da na ƙarshe ba su da kyau.

The Seine, Paris

Me ya faru da kuskure. An haramta nutsuwa a cikin Seine a shekarar 1923. A cikin garin akwai wasu gidaje masu tarihi da suka hada da gidan Sarkin Kano, da gidan Sarkin Zazzau, da gidan Sarkin Katsina, da gidan Sarkin Kano. A cikin shekarun 1970, an samu nau’ikan kifi uku kawai a cikin kogin da ke kusa da Paris (France 3 / AFP, 2025).

Mene aka yi. Tun daga 2015, wani shirin wanka ya zuba fiye da biliyan 1.4 na euro a cikin wuraren ajiyar ruwa, gyaran ruwan sha, masana’antun kula da muhalli da kuma gyaran kusan 23,000 na haɗin gwiwar gida; wani wurin ajiya a Austerlitz yana da mita 50,000 na cubic kuma ya yi aiki tun watan Mayu na shekarar 2024 (City of Paris). An yi wasannin Olympic na triathlon da marathon a cikin kogin a shekarar 2024, duk da cewa ruwan sama ya sanya jinkiri (France 24, 2024).

Me aka auna. A ranar 5 ga watan Yuli na shekarar 2025, an bude wurare uku na wanka na jama’a, a Bras Marie, Grenelle da Bercy (France 24, 2025). A shekarar 2026 sun karbi bakuncin mutane 120,000 masu wanka, kashi 20 bisa dari fiye da a shekarar 2025 (City of Paris, 2026). A tsakanin nau’ikan kifi 35 da 40 yanzu suna zaune a Seine kusa da Paris, bisa ga hukumar tsabtace yankin, ciki har da bullhead, wanda ya dawo (France 3 / AFP).

Ba a warware ba har yanzu. Rana na ci gaba da sanya ruwan sha na daɗaɗawa, don haka wuraren suna buɗewa kawai idan yanayin ruwa da yanayi sun yarda, kuma lokacin 2026 ya ƙare da sauri saboda yanayin yanayi (Birnin Paris). Gobi masu shiga cikin teku yanzu suna daga cikin kifi mafi yawan da ake kamawa (France 3 / AFP).

Abin da dawowansu suke da shi a cikin al’ada

Ka karanta, gefe da gefe, labari na rarrafe. A kullum wata matsala ce take sa mutane su damu: wani kogi mai zafi, wani tekun da aka shafa kwayoyin cuta a ciki, wata wuta ta sinadarai, kogi mai cikakke da aladu matattu. Sa’an nan kuma an zo da dokoki da tsawo, da sunan mutane masu alhakin, da kudi don magudanar ruwa da gidajen wanke ruwa, da kuma kulawa da kowa zai iya bincika. Kuma bãbu mai gaugãwar kõme daga gare shi. The Thames ya dauki fiye da rabin karni, Mersey kamfen ya gudana na shekaru 25, Rhine har yanzu yana jiran salmon ta zama mai yawa, kuma mutane da suka yi zafi a Minamata suna ci gaba da neman a gane su.

Ba duk shirin da aka yi ya yi aiki ba, kuma gwaje-gwajen sun bayyana hakan kamar yadda suka nuna nasarar da aka samu. Amma duk inda aka tara ruwa mai gurbata muhalli da kuma magance shi, da masana’antu suka yi wa tsaftace abin da suka fitar, kogin ya amsa. Al’ummomin da ke kan Pasig, Citarum da Ganga suna nuna hakan a yau, wani kogi da wani gari a lokaci guda.

Me ya sa yake faruwa a nan, da kuma me yasa ba matsala ce ta cikin gida ba

A cikin wannan littafin, an kwatanta koguna biyu. Ciliwung, wanda ke gudana ta hanyar Jakarta, yana zubar da 591 kilomita murabba’i, ƙasa da rabin kashi na Rhine basins a Arewacin Turai, kuma basins ɗinsa yana samar da ƙazantar plastic mai ƙaranci. Yet the Ciliwung was measured sending about 300 tonnes of plastic a year to the sea, and the Rhine about 3 tonnes. Wannan bambanci yana cikin geography da kuma ginin gine-gine: a cikin Ciliwung basin, yawanci ana samar da wani abu na shara ne kusan kilomita 1 daga kogin da kuma kilomita 29 daga tekun, kuma ruwan sama mai zafi ya shafa shi. Kuma bãbu wani abu game da mutãnen da yake dabam. Gargaɗinsu ya girma da sauri fiye da na tsarin gurɓatattun abubuwa.

An raba dalilan kuma:

• Rashin ci gaba da birane. Birane a Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya, Afirka da Amurka ta Larabawa sun kara da daruruwan miliyoyin mutane cikin shekaru kadan, a mafi yawan lokuta a wuraren zama na ba da izini ba a kan bakin koguna da yankunan ruwan sama, inda babu kwalaye, babu adana abubuwa da kuma babu hanyoyin ruwa.
• Kuskuren ayyukan kwashe. Samfurin da kuma kula da kwayoyin cuta na bukatar kudi wanda garuruwa masu samun kudin shiga mai yawa ba su iya samu ba, kuma mutanen da suke tarawa, wadanda a kan yi musu kira da ‘yan kakar-kakar-kwaya, suna da wahalar samun kudin fansa don kwayoyin da ba su da wata daraja ta sake sayarwa.
• Products designed elsewhere. Single-serving sachets, multi-layer wrappers da kuma cheap packaging an tsara su kuma an sayar da su ta kamfanonin da ke da ofisoshinsu a wuri mai nisa, a wuraren da ba su da wata hanya ta sake amfani da su.
• Kasuwar duniyar da ke cikin gurbatattun abubuwa. A shekarun baya, kasashen da suka fi arziki sun tura gurbatattun abubuwa na plastik zuwa waje domin “tattara su”. Sin ta karbi kusan 45 percent na duk abubuwan da ake sayar da su a duniya daga 1992 har zuwa lokacin da ta haramta yawanci shigowa da su cikin 2018; kasashe masu arzikin da suka fi girma sun fitar da kashi 70 na gurɓataccen sinadarin su a cikin 2016 zuwa kasashen da ke samun riba mai yawa a Asiya ta Gabas da Pacific, kuma game da 111 million tonnes za su buƙaci sabon wuri ta hanyar 2030 (Brooks et al., 2018). Sashe daga cikin wannan gurɓatacce yana ƙaruwa a cikin koguna.

Planet name

Koguna bã su kẽwayẽwa da iyakoki kuma tẽku bã ta kẽwayẽwa. Wani kwalba da ke barin Manila Bay na iya tafiyar da ruwa a cikin Pacific; an samu microplastics daga ruwan teku na Arctic zuwa mafi zurfin ginshiƙai. Duk wani yanki na tekun yana samun abin da sauran yankuna ke fitarwa, kuma kowane kasa yana siyar da kayayyakin da kwalbansu ya kai ga ruwa. Babu wani tẽku sai ɗaya, kuma munã raba shi duka, don haka babu wani abu kamar kogi na wani.

Manila ita ce cibiyar tattalin arziki da kasuwanci ta kasar. Abin da muke yi masa, muna yi wa tekun nan, kowannenmu yana dogara a kansa.

Turai ba ta da babu-plastik

Yana da wahala a yi tunanin cewa gurbata muhalli a koguna wata matsala ce ta wuraren da ke nisan kilomita. A’aha! Kogunan Turai suna da ƙarancin plastik saboda shekaru masu yawa na saka hannun jari a cikin tattarawa, wuraren shaye-shaye da magance su, amma plastics har yanzu yana ci gaba a cikin koguna da tekuna, kuma wasu daga cikin gurɓataccen abu da aka fitar sun dawo zuwa tẽku a wani wuri.

• Mediterranean wani kwari ne na plastik. Yana da kashi 1 cikin dari na ruwan teku na duniya amma kusan kashi 7 cikin dari na microplastics, kuma fiye da masu ziyara miliyan 200 a kowace shekara suna jawo gurɓataccen ruwa zuwa sama da kashi 40 cikin dari a lokacin bazara (WWF, 2018). An samu kwayoyin da ke gudu a kowace wurin da aka yi gwajinsu a fadin tafkin, a yawan da ya bambanta da na manyan wuraren gurbatacciyar ruwa na tekun, wanda ya kara zuwa kimanin tan 1,000 zuwa 3,000 masu gudu (Cózar et al., 2015).
• Greece da tsibiranta. Wani bincike na bakin teku 80 a Girka ya gano cewa, kwayoyin halittar sinadarai sun kai kashi 43 zuwa 51 cikin dari na gurɓataccen abu, kuma abubuwan da aka fi amfani da su sun hada da ƙwayoyin sigari, kofunan bututun ruwa, kofuna, kwalban giya, kayan ɗaure abinci da sauran kaya; Girka tana sake amfani da kashi daya bisa huɗu kawai na sinadarin da take amfani da shi (WWF, 2018). A kan huɗu rairayin bakin teku na Corfu, da yawan kusan 142 sabon abu a kowace mita 100 da aka shafa a kowace rana 15, mafi yawanci an yi su ne ta hanyar teku (2018). A cikin tsibiran Mediterranean, gurɓataccen abu da ke zuwa ga rairayin bakin teku yana tashi har zuwa 4.7 sau a lokacin bazara (Grelaud da Ziveri, 2020).

• A cikin ruwa da kuma a cikin kifi. A cikin Termaic Gulf daga Thessaloniki, masu bincike sun lissafa game da 750,000 microplastics kwayoyin ga kowace kilomita murabba’i na tekun sama kuma sun sami microplastics a cikin dukkan nau’ikan kifi bakwai da suka gwada (Kermenidou et al., 2023). Kwalban filastik da aka fice daga ƙasar Aegean da Ionian Sea sun zauna kusan ba su canja ba har tsawon shekaru 15 shekaru A gabãnin su fara rarraba (2016).
• The great rivers of Europe. The Rhine carried on average about 890,000 microplastic particles per square kilometre of surface, with a peak of 3.9 million near the Rhine-Ruhr cities (Mani et al., 2015). A cikin Danube na Austria, plastics mai gudu ya fi yawan larvae na kifi mai tafiya, kuma an kiyasta cewa kogin yana ɗaukar kusan 4.2 ton na plastic a rana zuwa ga Tekun Black (Lechner et al., 2014).

Kungiyar Turai yanzu tana hana abubuwa masu amfani da daya na plastic kuma tana bukatar masu samarwa su biya don tsabtace wasu a karkashin Single-Use Plastics Directive. Waɗancan ne makõmarku. Amma duk wani bakin teku mai tsafta a tsibirin Girka yana nuna cewa, bayan an yi shi, yakan kare tsawon lokaci fiye da kowane tsari.

What actually works

Labarai masu kyau shi ne cewa, rashin tsabtataccen ruwa na daga cikin matsalolin da al’umma ta warware su a wasu wurare, sau da yawa, kamar yadda koguna ke nunawa. Kayan aiki an san su:

1. Ka yi maganin ruwan sha. Tattarawa da kuma magance ruwa mai gurbata shi ne mafi tasiri a fannin kiwon lafiyar jama’a a tarihi. A inda aka gina da kuma kiyaye masana’antun tsabtace ruwa, cututtukan da ake yadawa ta hanyar ruwa na raguwa.

2. Ka ci abincin gonaki, ba koguna. Amfani da takin zamani, rufe gonaki, da kuma sanya bishiyoyi da ganyen itatuwa a kan bakin koguna na iya rage yawan ruwa mai gina jiki sosai, da kuma rage kudin manoma akan takin zamani.

3. Permit, monitor, publish. Wasu ayyukan masana’antu na faruwa ne idan an sanya iyakoki a kan izinin, ana gudanar da bincike kuma sakamakon ya zama na jama’a. Tsarin tsiraici yana aiki saboda babu wanda yake so ya zama sunan a kan hoton.
4. Restore wetlands. Wetlands su ne masu tsaftace ruwa na duniyar nan, suna damfara da kuma cire nitrogen kyauta.
5. Yawanci. Ta hanyar biyan kudin fitar da ruwa, da kuma biyan manoma kudin amfani da ruwan sha mai tsafta, ana mayar da ruwan sha mai tsafta zuwa wani abu da kasuwa ke karbar kyautar sa.
6. Ka tara duk wani kwalba, ka kuma biya masu karbarsa. Mafi yawan bakin teku na dauke da sinadarin da ba a tattara shi ba. Samfurin da aka saba yi a wuraren zama na ba da izini, da kuma biyan albashi mai kyau ga masu tara gurɓataccen abu waɗanda suka riga sun dawo da yawa daga abin da aka sake amfani da shi, suna hana kwayoyin halittar plastic kafin su kai ruwa.
7. Ka kama shi kafin ya shiga teku. Bariyoyi, dakunan kwance da kuma makamai na hana ruwa gudu a cikin koguna da kananan koguna masu girman gaske na birane suna iya hana ruwan da ke zubar da shi daga kusa da inda yake shiga. Sun yi maganin alamar cutar, ba dalilin ba, amma a kan koguna masu girma da ke birnin na su na iya yin bambanci mai yawa yayin da ake bunkasa aikin tara ruwa.

8. Yana da kyau a sanya masu samarwa cikin alhakinsu. Idan masu samarwa sun biya kudin tara kayan kwalliyar da suke sayarwa, kuma shirin mayar da kudi ya biya mutane kudin da za su dawo da shi, to, kayan kwalliyar za su iya amfani da su ta hanyar sake amfani da su da kuma sake amfani da su ba tare da zuwa kogin ba.
9. Industriya mai tsafta, dakunan gwaje-gwaje masu zaman kansu. Masu sana’ar yin fata da kuma masu yin ado na iya raba wani gini mai kyau na kula da gurbata muhalli, kuma masu sayen tufafi da kayan kwalliyar za su iya bukatar ruwa mai tsafta a matsayin sharudda ga duk wata umarni.

Preview available

Hukumomi ne suka yi nasarar daukar nauyin da aka ambata a sama, amma ba su kadai ba. Kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu suna kama gurɓataccen abu a koguna kafin ya kai ga tekun, su yi gwajin ruwa inda hukumomi ba sa yin hakan, su kai masu lalata muhalli gaban kotu kuma su mayar da miliyoyin masu bada gudummawa zuwa bayanan. Waɗannan daga cikin littattafan gaskiya ne, ga kõwane Littãfi akwai lãbãrinsa. To, ku dũba abin da suke aikatãwa, kuma idan kun sãmi ĩko, ku bã su ta hanyarsu ta yanar gizo.

• The Ocean Cleanup (Netherlands). Wani kamfani ne da ba na samun riba ba wanda ke gina injina don cire plastik. In rivers, its solar-powered Interceptors, floating barriers and small conveyor barges catch rubbish in some of the most polluting rivers and gullies, from Kingston in Jamaica to the Motagua in Guatemala, Los Angeles and Bangkok, and its “30 Cities” programme aims at 30 of the most polluting coastal cities. A cikin teku, System 03, wani shinge mai gudu wanda ke jawo kayan kwalliya zuwa yankin da ake tsare su wanda ake fitarwa a kan jirgin ruwa kusan kowace rana huɗu, ya yi aiki a cikin Great Pacific Garbage Patch tun daga shekarar 2023 kuma ya kama kusan kilogram 500,000 a can. Dashboard dinta na jama’a yana lissafa kusan kilo miliyan 65 da aka cire daga koguna da tekuna a cikin adadin; kungiyar ta ce wannan adadin na atomatik ana bincika shi ne kawai ta hanyar kamfanin DNV mai zaman kansa daga lokaci zuwa lokaci (rivers, oceans, dashboard). An yi amfani da wannan kalmar a cikin littafin The Origin of Species. Kudade na zuwa ga Stichting The Ocean Cleanup, wata kungiya ce mai amfani da jama’a a Netherlands, ko kuma a Amurka zuwa ga American Friends of The Ocean Cleanup, wata kungiya ce ta kyautata zamantakewa 501(c)(3) (FAQ).
• (Allah) Ya ce: “Yã ku mutãne! Trash wheel](https://www.mrtrashwheel.com/)** (Baltimore, Amurka). Four googly-eyed trash wheels, launched between 2014 and 2021, sit at the mouths of streams flowing into Baltimore’s harbour. A boom funnels ruwa mai kwarara a kan kowane mota, da kuma wani mota na ruwa juya ta hanyar yanzu, taimakon da rana-powered pampu, drives a rake da conveyor cikin dumpster. Tare suna tara kusan 500 US tons (kamar 450 tan) na gurɓataccen abu a kowace shekara, kusan 90 cikin dari na shi ya shafa da ruwan sama, kuma masu bada gudummawa sukan ƙidaya abubuwan da ke cikin dumpster a kowace shekara don taimakawa sanar da dokokin hana gurɓatawa. An gudanar da su ta hanyar Waterfront Partnership of Baltimore, 501 (c) (3) ba tare da amfani ba; injinan an gina su kuma an kiyaye su ta Clearwater Mills, wata kamfani a Maryland (trash interception, how it works).

• Waterkeeper Alliance (New York, aiki a duk duniya). An haife shi daga wata ƙungiya ta makiyayan Hudson River waɗanda suka yi yakin da masu lalata masana’antu tun 1966, an kafa wannan hadin gwiwa a cikin 1999 kuma yanzu haka tana haɗa kungiyoyi na ruwa na gida 296 a kasashe da yankuna sama da 40. Sun yi bincike a kan kogunansu, magudanar ruwa da yankunan bakin teku kuma suna amfani da ilimin jama’a, shari’u da aikin dokar don tabbatar da masu lalata su ne suka biya (about).
• Ocean Conservancy (Washington, D.C.)). Ta hanyar Aikin Tsaro na Tekun Duniya, ta kawo sama da mutane miliyan 19 masu bada gudummawa zuwa ga rairayin bakin teku da hanyoyin ruwa, wadanda suka tara fiye da biliyan 400 na kwayoyin shara, kuma tana kiyaye dukkanin abubuwa ta hanyar shirin Clean Swell, don haka ayyukan tsaftacewar suna gaya mana kuma wane irin kayayyakin ne ke ƙaruwa a cikin ruwan.
• Surfrider Foundation (California, da sassa a duk fadin Amurka). Ta Blue Water Task Force tana gudanar da fiye da 60 na kwararrun masu bada gudummawa waɗanda ke gwajin ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin mafi girman wuraren shakatawa, bays da creeks 600, wanda yawanci aka hana gwajin aiki daga lokacin bazara, kuma ana amfani da sakamakon don yin tasiri ga gyara (Blue Water Task Force).
• Thames21 (London). Asusun bada tallafi ne da aka yi rajista (na 1103997) wanda ke kawo dubban masu ba da gudummawa a kowace shekara don tsaftace da sake gina kilomita 400 na koguna da rafuka a birnin London, aikin yau da kullum a bayan dawowar Thames da aka bayyana a sama.

What you can do, and how to take part

Wasu gwamnatoci, kamfanonin ruwa da gonaki ne ke gina koguna masu tsafta, amma kuma miliyoyin mutane na yin wasu dabi’u masu sauki da kuma yin aiki tukuru. Ga abin da zai taimake ka, daga ɗakin wanka har zuwa gidan majalisar. Idan kana da kwarin gwiwa ka yi karin, shafin Local Solar System Foundation’s Get Involved yana nuna jerin aiki na gida da zaka iya yi a inda kake zaune, da kuma hanyar sauke ko fara wani ɓangare na gida. Projects above suna karbar masu bada gudummawa da kuma masu bayar da gudummawa. Duk abin da kake yi, ka gaya mana game da shi ta hanyar tashar tallafi, inda majalisar kafa ta ke duba kowace gudummawa.

At home

• Ka bar mai nauyi a cikin kabari. Sai ku sanya man shanu, da man zaituni da abin shafa sun yi sanyi, sa’an nan kuma ku natsu su a cikin akwatinsu. Sun haifar da fiye da 20,000 na tsaftace ruwa a kowace shekara akan cibiyar sadarwar Thames Water kawai, kashi 28 cikin dari na dukkanin tsaftacewar (Thames Water, 2025). A cikin 2017, wani “fatberg” na mai da kuma kwalban a ƙarƙashin Whitechapel a birnin London ya girma zuwa mita 250 na tsawonsa da tan 130 (BBC, 2017).
• Ka yi wanka kawai da ruwa, da kuma takarda. Wasu kwayoyin da ke cikin ruwan sha na haifar da kashi 94 na matsalolin tsaftace muhalli a Birtaniya, kuma kananan hanyoyin da aka hana su suna nufin cewa ana amfani da ruwan sama mai yawa a koguna (Wata UK; Bin the Wipe). Wasu kayan wanke hannu, da kuma kayayyakin tsaftacewa suna shiga cikin kwandon.

• Ka karɓi maganin da ba ka so. Kada ka wanke su ko ka jefa su: ka kai su wani shago na magani ko wata shirin karɓarsu (NHS; US EPA). Wani bincike na koguna 258 a kasashen 104 ya gano cewa akwai magani guda a wani mataki da aka yi la’akari da shi ba mai aminci ba ne ga dabbobin daji, ko kuma yana da shakka game da juriya ga antibiyotik, a fiye da rabin wuraren da aka gwada (Wilkinson et al., 2022).
• Ka kiyaye ruwa a tituna don ruwan sama. A cikin birane da yawa, ruwan tituna yana gudu kai tsaye zuwa mafi kusa kogin ba tare da wani magani ba (Gwamnatin Birtaniya). Kada ka zuba launi, man fashewa ko ruwa mai sabulu daga wanke mota a cikin ɗaya; ka kai launi da man zuwa cibiyar sake amfani da shi.
• Ka ci wa gona, ba kogi ba. Ka yi amfani da ƙarancin kwalba da kuma maganin kashe cuta, ka kiyaye shi daga bakin ruwa da kuma koguna, kada ka yaɗa shi kafin ruwan sama (US EPA). Idan kun mallaki ƙasa kusa da ruwa, wani ɓangaren tsire-tsire na gida a kan bankin zai tsaftace ruwan sama kafin ya isa.

A cikin wannan gari kake zama.

• Ka shiga cikin wani aikin tsabtace, ko kuma ka shirya daya. Ranar Tsarin Duniya ta auku ne a ranar 20 ga watan Satumba na kowace shekara, kuma masu shiryata sun ce mutane a kasashe da yankuna 212 sun yi halartar (Taron Kasashen Duniya; Ranar Tsarin Duniya). Ocean Conservancy’s International Coastal Cleanup da kuma Marine Conservation Society’s Great British Beach Clean suna faruwa a kowace watan Satumba, kuma kungiyoyin kogi kamar Thames21 suna gudanar da abubuwan a duk shekara. Ka yi rijista da abin da kake samu, misali a cikin shirin Clean Swell na kyauta, don haka tsaftacewar ta zama bayanai (Ocean Conservancy).

• Ka kasance mai tsaro yayin da kake yi. Ka saka tufafi ko ka yi amfani da wani mai tara gurɓataccen abu, ka fara a lokacin da ruwan sama ya yi kasa ko kuma sa’o’i biyu bayan ruwan sama ya yi tsayi, kuma kada ka taba shanun allurai, kwandunan ko wani abu da yake nuna hadari: ka bar shi inda yake kuma ka yi rahoton shi. Kamar yadda Jami’ar Tsaron Ruwa ta sanya shi, idan kun yi shakka, kada ku tashi (MCS organizer guide, 2026).

• Ina gwajin koginka. Shirin kimiyya na jama’a yana ba ka kayan aiki mai sauki, horo da kuma wuri don raba sakamakon. FreshWater Watch, wanda aka gudanar da shi ta Earthwatch, ya tara fiye da 70,000 na jerin gwaje-gwajen daga sama da masu bada gudummawa 22,000 a duk duniya. The Rivers Trust’s Big River Watch ta nemi mutane a Birtaniya da Ingila su kallo wani kogi na minti 15, sau biyu a shekara, tare da wata manhajar kyauta. Riverfly Partnership na horar da masu bada gudummawa don su kula da dabbobin ruwa masu ƙarancin girma waɗanda suke da saurin kamuwa da gurɓata. EarthEcho Water Challenge na taimakawa matasa su gwada ruwansu na gida, Water Rangers suna ba da kayan gwaji da kuma dandalin bayanai mai bude a Kanada, Waterwatch yana goyon bayan kungiyoyi a Australia, kuma Surfrider’s Blue Water Task Force yana gwajin rairayin bakin teku a Amurka.

• Ka yi rahoton gurbata muhalli idan ka gan shi. Kifi mai mutuwa, ruwa mai tsafta, wani haske mai nauyi, kwalba ko launuka masu ban mamaki: ka tuna wurin da lokacin, ka dauki hoto idan yana da aminci, ka kuma kira hukumomi a lokaci guda. A Ingila, layin da ke da alaka da lamarin na Hukumar Kula da Muhalli shine 0800 80 70 60, rana da dare (Gwamnatin Birtaniya); a Scotland, SEPA na karbar rahoton ta yanar gizo ko kuma akan 0800 807060 (SEPA); a Ireland, layin neman taimakon kasashe shi ne 1800 365 123 kuma mafi yawan majalisar suna karɓar rahoto ta hanyar See it? Say it! app (EPA Ireland); a cikin Amurka, EPA tana da takardar shawara ta yanar gizo, kuma matsalolin gaggawa suna zuwa ga Cibiyar Amsawar Kasa a kan 1-800-424-8802 (US EPA); a Victoria, Australia, EPA Victoria tana amsawa akan 1300 372 842 (EPA Victoria). A duk inda kake, majalisar ka ta yankinka ko hukumar tsaron muhalli na kasa ita ce wurin da za a fara.
• Ka karɓi wani ruwa. Wasu wurare suna gudanar da shirye-shirye inda wata makaranta, wata kungiya ko kuma wata ƙungiya ta maƙwabta ke kula da wani yanki na kogi ko bakin teku, kuma sukan duba shi a kullum; Georgia Adopt-A-Stream a Amurka ɗaya daga cikin misalai ne masu tsawo. In ba’a da wani a kusa da kai, ka yi shawara kan daya kamar aikin cikin gida.

Da muryarka

• Tambayar don bayanai. Yawancinsu sun kasance na jama’a. A Ingila da Scotland, ma’anar ruwa ta Rivers Trust tana nuna duk ruwan sama mai yawa da kuma yadda yake zubowa (The Rivers Trust); a Turai, Hukumar Kula da Muhalli ta Turai ta wallafa sakamakon fiye da wuraren wanka 22,000, kashi 85 cikin dari daga cikinsu sun yi kyau a shekarar 2025 (EEA); a Amurka, EPA How’s My Waterway tana nuna yanayin koguna da rairayin bakin teku na yankin. Idan ba a da wani bayani, tambayi majalisarku ko kuma kamfanin ruwa me ya sa ba, da kuma abin da shirin yake.
• Support deposit return and producer responsibility. Asusun ajiyar na mayar da bututun da kwalban kafin su kai ga kogi, kuma shirin samarwa yana sanya masu kera kayan kwalliya su biya kudin sabulu don karbarsu. Mu mu bayyanar da mummunar gurbatacciyar ruwa muna nuna yadda suke aiki.

• Bayan zuba jari a cikin ruwa da magani. A shekarar 2022, kashi 42 na ruwan sha na gida a duniya ba a yi masa magani ba (UN-Water, 2024). Duk wani dawo da a kan wannan shafi an biya shi da kudi na jama’a, ko kuma kudin ruwa ko kuma duka biyun; ka gaya wa wakilinka cewa kana goyon bayansa.
• Suna goyon bayan manoma da ke kare ruwa, kuma su tambayi shagunan inda abincinsu yake fitowa. Tambayar da brands ka saya don ya wallafa yadda yawa na roba su sayar a wurare ba tare da tattara shara, da abin da suke yi don dawo da shi.

A lõkacin da kake tafiya cikin ƙasa.

• Kada ka bar komai a baya. Ka kai rufinka gida daga bakin teku, koguna da magudanar ruwa, musamman inda ba a samu tarawa ta hanyar da ta dace ba.
• Refill instead of buy. Take a refillable bottle and turn down single-use packaging and sachets; where tap water is not safe to drink, follow local health advice.
• Ka duba kafin ka yi nutsuwa, ta amfani da alamun ingancin ruwa na yankin ko kuma darajar, kuma ka tsallake cikin ruwa bayan ruwan sama mai yawa a wurare da ake samun zubar da ruwa.
• Ka yi aiki na kwarai da hankali. Idan kana so ka taimaka a wani kogi mai gurbata muhalli a waje, to ka karanta ka je wurin, ka koyi, ka kuma taimake a kasa kafin ka fara.

Share Your Ideas

Koguna a kan saman na jerin ba za a iya daidaita da wani ƙirƙira. Za a warware su ta hanyar dubban ra’ayoyi masu kyau, da aka gwada a inda mutane suke zaune: hanya mafi kyau ta bin, shagunan sake cika, kungiyar makarantar da ke auna koginta, wani makami mai arha don wani kankara, farashin da ya fi daidai ga kayan plastik da aka tara. Ku zo mana da abin da ke gare ku.

Ka tafi, ka koya, kuma ka taimake

Abin da ya fi amfani ga wasu mutane su yi shi ne su tafi. Masana injiniya, ma’aikatan kiwon lafiya, malamai, masu zane-zane, dalibai da kuma masu sana’o’i na kwanan baya za su iya ba da ilimi wanda ake bukatarsa sosai, da kuma kawo fahimta da babu wani littafin da zai iya bayarwa. Idan ka iya tafiya zuwa ga ɗayan waɗannan koguna, to, ka yi shi a matsayin abota ba a matsayin riƙewa.

• Ka fara da sauraro. Ka tuntubi kungiyoyin al’umma, jami’o’i, majalisar kogin da ofisoshin birnin kafin ka isa, kuma ka tambaye su abin da suke bukata. Waɗanda suke zaune a gẽfen waɗannan kõguna sun kasance suna aiki a kansu, shẽkaru da yawa.
• A yi aiki tare da gwamnatocin kasa da al’umma. Canji mai tsawo yana bukatar: jami’an gwamnati na yanki wadanda za su iya canza hanyoyin tarawa da izinin, da kuma mazauna da ke yanke shawara kan abin da zai shiga cikin ruwa a kowace rana. Ka yi musu wa’adi, kada ka musanya su.

• Ka koyar, kuma a koya maka. Ka raba abin da kake sani game da kulawa, tsabtace muhalli, tsarin gurbatacciyar ruwa ko lafiya, kuma ka koyi yadda abubuwa suke aiki a can. Ka bar kwarewa da bayanai masu budewa, ba dangantaka.
• Ku kasance cikin aminci. Ruwa mai gurbatawa yana dauke da cututtuka da sinadarai. Ku bi shawarwarin tafiyar da gwamnatinku ta bayar, ku yi alluran rigakafin da asibitin tafiya ya ba ku shawarar, kada ku sha ko kuma ku nutse a cikin waɗannan koguna, kuma ku bi dokoki da al’adu na yankin.
• Ka yi gaskiya. Gidauniyar Local Solar Systemba ta shirya, ko tallafawa ko biyan kudin tafiya ba. Duk wanda ya taimaka yana yin hakan a matsayin mai bada gudummawa kuma ba zai tattara kudi ba a cikin sunanmu.

Idan ka dawo, ka gaya mana abin da ka koya ta hanyar fom ɗin sama, kuma ka yi tunani game da fara sashe na gida don aikin ya ci gaba a inda kake zaune.

Sources and further reading

• World Health Organization, Drinking-water fact sheet (2023)
• Aikin da aka yi a kan gyaran ruwan sha, sabuntawa 2024
• Diaz da Rosenberg (2008), Yalwatar da yankuna matattu da sakamako ga tsarin halittu na teku, Science 321
• Dakata (2018), Tashin oxygen a cikin tekun duniya da ruwa na bakin teku, Science 359
• U.S. EPA, Matsalar abinci
• Yawan ruwa da ruwan sha
• World Health Organization, Sanitation fact sheet (2024)
• Dakata (2021), More than 1000 rivers account for 80% of global riverine plastic emissions into the ocean, Science Advances 7; river data explorer and point file from The Ocean Cleanup
• Dakata (2017), Asalin kwayoyin halittar ruwa zuwa ga tekun duniya, Nature Communications 8
• Schmidt, Krauth da Wagner (2017), Fitar da kwayoyin roba ta hanyar koguna zuwa cikin teku, Environmental Science and Technology 51
• Dakata (2018), Bashin shigo da Sin da tasirinsa kan kasuwancin kwayoyin halittar duniya, Science Advances 4
• Human Rights Watch (2012), Toxic Tanneries: The health repercussions of Bangladesh’s Hazaribagh leather
• Marselina, Rahmi da Nurhayati (2025), Quality na ruwa na sama Citarum, Heliyon 11
• Hukumar Kula da Ganga Mai Tsarki ta Kasa, Program na Namami Gange
• WWF (2018), Fiye da matsin lamba na plastik: ceto tekun Mediterranean daga gurɓatattun abubuwa
• Dakata (2015), Abun da ake tarawa a cikin tekun Mediterranean, PLOS ONE 10
• Dakata (2018), Dinamin kwayoyin da ke bakin teku a kan tekun Mediterranean: bambance-bambancen hanyoyin da hanyoyin, Marine Pollution Bulletin 129
• Grelaud da Ziveri (2020), Yanargidar kwayoyin ruwa a bakin teku na tekun Mediterranean kamar yadda tasirin yawon bude ido da rage shi, Rahoto na kimiyya 10
• Dakata (2023), Quantification da kuma siffar microplastics a cikin Thermaic Gulf, a cikin North Aegean Sea, Science na Total Environment 892
• Dakata (2016), Masu iya shafar kwayoyin PET a cikin muhalli na teku, Rahoto na kimiyya 6
• Dakata (2015), Microplastics profile along the Rhine River, Scientific Reports 5
• Dakata (2014), Danube mai launin shuɗi: wani potpourri na kwayoyin roba ya fi yawan ƙwayoyin kifi a cikin babban kogin Turai na biyu, Environmental Pollution 188
• Ƙungiyar Turai, Tallafin (EU) 2019/904 kan rage tasirin wasu kayayyakin plastik a kan muhalli
• Ma’aikatar kare muhalli ta Sin, 2015 rahoto kan halin muhalli a kasar Sin (2016, da Sinanci)
• Ministry of Ecology and Environment of China, 2018 bulletin, 2019 bulletin da 2025 bulletin kan halin da ake ciki na iccology da yanayi a kasar Sin (a cikin harshen Sinci)
• Majalisar Tarayya ta Sin (2015), Taron Aiki na hana da kula da gurbatacciyar ruwa (da harshen Sin)
• Ofishin Janar na Kwamitin Tsakiya na CPC da Ofishin Janar na Majalisar Tarayya (2016), Opinions on fully implementing the river chief system (a cikin Sinanci)
• Dokar hana da kula da gurbata muhalli ta Jamhuriyar jama’ar Sin (an canza a shekarar 2017)
• Dokar kare Kogin Yangtze ta Jamhuriyar jama’ar Sin (2020, a cikin iko 2021)
• Hukumar Bunkasa Kasa da Tattalin Arziki da Ma’aikatar Ikonologiya da Muhalli (2020), Ra’ayi kan kara karfafa ikon hana gurbata muhalli (da harshen Sin)
• Xinhua (2026), Yanzu yawan mutanen da ke zaune a Yangtze ya karu
• The Guardian (2013), Rivers of blood: the dead pigs rotting in China’s water supply
• Zoological Society of London (2026), The State of the Thames
• Tideway, The London Tideway Tunnel da About Tideway
• Hukumar Kare Rana ta Duniya, Masu juyawa: hadarin Sandoz, Salmon 2000 da Salmon 2020 da salmon matasa masu rajista a wuraren kimantawa
• NPR (2019), 50 years later, burning Cuyahoga River called poster child for Clean Water Act
• U.S. EPA, Historia da Dokar Ruwa Mai Tsarki da Cuyahoga River Area of Concern
• National Library Board Singapore, Mouth of the Singapore River and Singapore River (historical overview)
• PUB Singapore (2008), Rashin da aka yi (archived)
• Robinson da Hopton (2011), Cheonggyecheon Stream Restoration Project, jerin shirye-shiryen nuna lambun, Gidauniyar zane-zane na lambun
• France 24 (2024), An fara wasan kwallon kafa na mata a Paris Games bayan gwaje-gwajen sun tabbatar da ingancin ruwan Seine
• France 24 / AFP (2025), Seine ta sake budewa ga masu nutsuwa a Paris bayan haramcin da ya yi shekaru dari
• Masana’antar albarkatun ruwa ta Massachusetts, Historiar tsarin ruwan sha da Harbor na Boston, koguna da rairayin bakin teku
• Rio, Oceans, Impact dashboard and FAQ
• Kuma, lalle ne, haƙĩƙa, Allah Mai gãfara ne, Mai jin ƙai. Trash wheel: trash interception](https://www.mrtrashwheel.com/trash-interception) da Yadda yake aiki
• Waterkeeper Alliance, Game da Mu
• Aikin Kula da Tekun Duniya
• Blue Water Task Force
• Thames21, Game da mu
• BBC News (2001), A tale of two rivers
• Thames Tideway Tunnel
• The Guardian (2025), Thames Water data reveals raw sewage discharges in rivers rose 50% in 2024
• Hukumar Kula da Muhalli (2026), Kadan da kaɗan da zafin ruwan sama ya fi tsanani a 2025, bayanan bincike na sabon nuna
• Northeast Ohio Regional Sewer District, Historia: waiwayen, ko ruwan Cuyahoga ya yi wuta sau nawa kafin 1969?, Kayan kula da zafin ruwa na hadin gwiwa, Project Clean Lake da Historia: yadda wani kogi mai mutuwar ya ceto rayukanmu
• U.S. EPA, Cuyahoga Gorge Dam Great Lakes Legacy Act clean-up
• Ma’aikatar Kula da Muhalli ta Japan, Tasirin Cutar Minamata da Kula da Mercury a Japan
• National Institute for Minamata Disease, Tambayar da amsoshi
• The Asahi Shimbun (2024), Kotu ta dakatar da bukatar gyara a kan lamarin Minamata
• National Library Board Singapore, Clean-up of the Singapore River
• PUB, Hukumar Ruwa ta Kasa ta Singapore, Marina Barrage
• Galelli, Castelletti da Goedbloed (2015), High-performance integrated control of water quality and quantity in urban water reservoirs, Water Resources Research 51
• Jones (2006), Quality of water and fisheries in the Mersey estuary, England: a historical perspective, Marine Pollution Bulletin 53
• Jones (2000), The Mersey estuary: back from the dead? Ana warware matsala mai shekaru 150](http://www.merseybasin.org.uk/archive/assets/56/original/56_Jones_2000_Mersey_Estuary_back_from_the_dead.pdf)
• Mersey Basin Campaign, The legacy and The Mersey in six minutes (archive)
• da sauransu (2020), Recovery of an urbanised estuary: clean-up, de-industrialization and restoration of redundant dock-basins in the Mersey, Marine Pollution Bulletin 156
• Masana’antar albarkatun ruwa ta Massachusetts, Mashayin kula da tsibirin Deer, Yawan ruwan sha na cikin gida da Janarwar jama’a ta hadin gwiwa, Charles River (2023)
• Save the Harbor/Save the Bay (2025), Boston beaches rank as some of the cleanest urban beaches in the country
• City of Somerville, Joint combined sewer overflow planning
• Hukumar Duniya ta kare Rhine, ci gaba da zaman lafiya, nasarar ingancin ruwa, matsaloli, kifi da Micropollutants
• Capet, Beckers da Grégoire (2013), Shugaban, mechanisms da dogon lokaci canji na lokacin hypoxia a kan Black Sea northwestern shelf, Biogeosciences 10
• Hukumar Duniya ta kare Kogin Danube, Danube River Protection Convention, Nutrient pollution da Danube River Basin Management Plan, sabuntawa 2021
• Melbourne Water, Yarra River
• Majalisar Tarayya ta Victoria (2017), Yarra River Protection (Wilip-gin Birrarung murron) Act 2017
• EPA Victoria, Yadda muke kula da ingancin ruwa da Rahoton ingancin ruwan
• GMA News (2018), Asusun tallafawa ayyukan ruwa na Pasig River ya samu kyautar farko ta Asia RiverPrize
• Philstar (2019), Duterte abolishes Pasig River Rehabilitation Commission
• BBC Hausa (2025), Akwai wani sabon abu da aka yi a kan wannan batu; site open to public beginning Monday
• Hukumar Kula da Lafiya ta Jihar Kano, Annual report 2014 (archived)
• Rappler (2018), Audit report on the Pasig River Rehabilitation Commission (a cikin akwatin ajiya)
• Gidauniyar Tsarin Kasa, Sauya Hali na Kogin Cheonggyecheon, nazari mai zurfi
• The Korea Herald (2025), Dukkan shekaru biyu bayan sake farfado da Seoul, Cheonggyecheon na gudana tare da kifi sau 8 fiye da yadda yake a baya, da kuma (2011), Hadamar Cheonggyecheon ta Seoul ta shanye da kwayoyin cuta
• The Guardian (2025), ‘Kowa ya yi tunanin zai haifar da matsalar tsaro’: hanyar mota da Seoul ta juya zuwa wani ruwa
• Hukumar Kula da Labaran Jaridu, Gwamnatin Indiya, Namami Gange (2026) da Namami Gange (2025)
• The Hindu (2025), Yanzu CPCB ta ce kotu ta shuɗi ruwa Maha Kumbh ya dace da wanka
• City of Paris, Se baigner dans la Seine en 2024 et au-delà and Baignades à Paris 2026 (in French)
• France 3 Paris Île-de-France / AFP (2025), Depollution: nau’ikan kifi da aka rasa sun dawo da wurin zama a cikin Seine (da Faransanci)
• EPA ta Amurka (1998), Ta yaya aikin kula da ruwa mai gurbataci yake: abubuwan farko (archived), da kuma (2004), Mai farawa ga tsarin kula da ruwa mai gurbataci na al’umma
• Thames Water (2025), 100-tonne Whitechapel fatberg discovered
• BBC News (2017), ‘Monster’ fatberg found blocking east London sewer
• Water UK, Yaki da fatbergs, da Bin the Wipe
• NHS, Yadda maganin rigakafi zai taimaka; US EPA, Dakatar da magunguna a gida
• Wilkinson et al. (2022), Farmaceutical pollution of the world’s rivers, PNAS 119
• Gwamnatin Birtaniya, Ƙara wa shafukan yanar gizo da Yi rahoton matsala ta muhalli
• EPA ta Amurka, Me za ka iya yi a cikin gonaka da Rahoto kan lalata muhalli
• United Nations, World Cleanup Day; World Cleanup Day
• Jami’ar Tsaron Ruwa, Gyara bakin teku na Birtaniya da Tashar shiryar da masu kula da bakin teku (2026)
• Ocean Conservancy, Clean Swell app; Thames21, Events
• Earthwatch, FreshWater Watch; Rivers Trust, Big River Watch da Sewage in rivers; Riverfly Partnership; EarthEcho Water Challenge; Water Rangers; Waterwatch Australia; Georgia Adopt-A-Stream
• SEPA, Ranar da aka yi rahoton wani al’amari na muhalli; EPA Ireland, Ka yi korafi kan muhalli; EPA Victoria, Ka tuntube mu
• Hukumar Kula da Muhalli ta Turai, Tsarin ruwan wanka; EPA ta Amurka, Yaya Hanyar Ruwa Take