Oké osimiri na mmiri

Ọ bụ mmiri ka a na-akpụzi ụwa. Ọ na-ewepụ minerals site n’ọhịa, na-ebu nri ruo n’oké osimiri na azụ, ma na-eme ka ọ dị ọcha mgbe ọ na-agagharị. Maka ọtụtụ akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ahụ bụ ihe dị mkpa: ndị mmadụ na-ewepụ ihe ndị a ga-ahapụ n’oké osimiri ma ọ bụ na-eme ka ha dị ọcha. N’ụdị nke taa, na ihe karịrị mmadụ iri na ise na-ebi n’ụwa niile, ịkpachara anya kwụsịkwara ọrụ ya. Ihe anyị na-ahapụ n’ala na-aga n’oké osimiri.

Olee otú mmiri si adị njọ

Ọrụ na-abịa n’ụzọ abụọ. Ndị malite ihe na-apụta site na paịp: ọbụla, ụlọ ọrụ, ma ọ bụ ala. Ha dị mfe ịhụ ha ma, na-enweghị ikike na ọgwụgwọ, dị mfe iwepụ ha. Ndị nrụpụta dị iche iche na-abịa site ebe ọ bụla n’otu oge: ihe na-ekpuchi ala na ihe na-ekpuchi ala, mmanụ na ihe na-ekpuchi ụgbọala, ihe na-egbochi ọrịa na-agbagharị n’ime ubi. Ha dị njọ, n’ihi na ọ dịghị ụzọ mkpirisi nkeonwe a ga-egbochi.

Ndị na-emerụ ahụ bụ:

• Nri. Nitrogen na phosphorus site n’ihe na-agwọ ọrịa, ihe na-ewepụ ihe na mmiri ozuzo. N’ime mmiri ha na-eri algae, nke na-etolite, nwụọ ma malite ịda mbà, na-eji ihe ọṅụṅụ oxygen dị mkpa maka azụ.
• Pathogens. Bakteri, virus na parasites site n’ọnụ mmiri na-enweghị ọgwụgwọ na ihe ndị a na-ewepụ n’ebe anụmanụ nọ. Ha na-akpata ọrịa cholera, dysentery, typhoid na ọrịa diarrhoeal.
• Chemicals. Heavy metals dị ka mercury na lead, solunts nke ụlọ ọrụ, pesticides, pharmaceuticals na ndị a kpọrọ forever chemicals (PFAS), nke na-akwụsịghị akwụsị n’ụzọ ọ bụla.
• Sediment na okpomọkụ. Soil site n’ịda mmiri na-eme ka mmiri ozuzo na-akpụpụta reefs; mmiri ọkụ site na ebe ọrụ ike na-abawanye oxygen.

Ọbụla onye ahụ emetụtara

Onye ọ bụla na-aṅụ mmiri n’okpuru onye ọzọ. Dị ka World Health Organization si kwuo, ọbụna 1.7 billion people na-eji mmiri ozuzo nke e ji arụ ọrụ na-agwọ ọrịa n’afọ 2022, 2.2 billion na-agaghị enwe mmiri ị drinkụ a na-ahụ maka ya. Ọ bụ ụmụaka ka a na-eburu n’uche nke ukwuu: mmiri dị mma, ịsa ahụ na ịrụ ọrụ ọma bụ ihe na-eme ka ndị mmadụ nwụọ n’ihi ọrịa diarrhoea n’etiti ụmụaka.

N’azụ ọnụọgụgụ ndị ahụ bụ nlekọta ahụike. N’ime 2022, 57 pasent nke ndị mmadụ na-eji toilet managedmanaged. Nke ka ukwuu nke 1.5 billion na-enweghị nlekọta ahụike dị mkpa, 419 million na-ahapụkwa ihe ndị ahụ n’okporo ụzọ, n’ime ụlọ ndị dị n’akụkụ ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri ma ọ bụ n’ụgbọ mmiri. Na 2020, pasent 44 nke mmiri ozuzo ụlọ ahụ ewepụla n’enweghị ọgwụgwọ dị mma (WHO, 2024). Ebe ọ bụghị sewer, osimiri na-abụ otu.

Ekosistemụ na-akwụkwa ụgwọ. Ebe mmiri na-atọ ụtọ na-aga n’ụsọ oké osimiri, ọbara nwere ike ịda ala nke ukwuu ka azụ na anụmanụ ndị ọzọ na-afụ ụfụ. Ndị a dead zones ugbua na-eru ọtụtụ puku; otu n’ime ihe ndị kasị ukwuu n’oge ọkọchị niile na Gulf nke Mexico, na-eri site na Mississippi. N’ụwa nile, oke osimiri dị adị na-ahapụkwa oxygen, ma ebe ndị dị ala nke oxygen na-emetụta ya na-abawanye site n’etiti narị afọ nke iri abụọ (Breitburg et al., 2018).

A dead zone bụ ebe a na-eme mmehie nke nwere ọtụtụ puku ndị e jidere ma ọ bụghịkwa ihe nkịtị.

Ụgbọ mmiri ndị na-eburu ọtụtụ

Oké osimiri ole na ole na-egosi nsogbu niile n’otu oge: mmiri ozuzo, ihe ndị a na-ewepụghị n’ọhịa na plastik, ha nile dị n’ime mmiri ahụ, n’obodo ndị na-eto ngwa ngwa karịa ụzọ ha, ebe ha na-adọba ụgbọala na ụlọ ọrụ ọgwụgwọ. Ọ bụghị aha ha bụ banyere mmehie. Ndị mmadụ na-ebi n’akụkụ a rivers bụ ndị mbụ na-ata ahụhụ site ha, na ọtụtụ n’ime ha na-arụ ọrụ kasị ike iji nweta ha azụ.

Nlekọta mmiri na ndụ kwa ụbọchị

Pasig na-aga site n’ime Metro Manila, ebe ndị mmadụ karịrị nde 13 bi. Ọtụtụ n’ime ihe ndị dị na obodo ahụ na-abịa site na obere mmiri ozuzo na canals nke nwere ụlọ ndị enweghị njikọta sewer ma ọ bụ ịnakọta ihe ndị a na-ewepụghị. Mgbe mmiri ozuzo na-abịa, ihe niile dị n’elu ala na-agbawa n’ime awa ole na ole. Ónyénwē ahụ na-ekpegharị n’okpuru Òyì na Kuala Lumpur, Ụdị na Mee na Mumbai, na puku ndị obodo ukwu dị n’ime mmiri ndị dị n’ebe ugwu.

Ụlọ ọrụ: tanneri na dyeries

N’ime Dhaka, ndị tanneri nke Hazaribagh wepụtara ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ 21,600 cubic metres nke mmiri na-apụ n’ala, na-eburu chrome, sulphur na ammonium, n’ime ụzọ mmiri ndị na-aga n’ihu Buriganga (Human Rights Watch, 2012). Ndị ọrụ, ọtụtụ n’ime ha bụ ụmụaka, na ndị enyi ha na-esite n’ihe egwu ahụike mbụ; akpụkpọ anụ ga-aga maka akpụkpọ ụkwụ na akpa a zụrụ n’ụwa niile.

Na Java, Citarum bụ isi ihe na-ebu mmiri na-aṅụ na ịkụ ala maka West Java. A 2025 ọmụmụ na-ekwu na mmiri ahụ nyere banyere 35.5 tons nke mmadụ wastes kwa ụbọchị na 2017, na banyere 90 pasent nke 3,236 textile ụlọ ọrụ n’akụkụ ya enweghị ọgwụgwọ mmiri ozuzo zuru oke, ya mere dye na chemicals gaa n’ihu n’ime mmiri (Marselina et al., 2025). N’afọ 2018, Indonesia wepụtara Citarum Harum, mmemme mba ụwa iji weghachite ala ahụ nke na-ejikọta gọọmenti mba ụwa na mpaghara, ndị agha, ụlọ ọrụ na obodo.

The Ganges bụ ebe nsọ maka nde mmadụ narị narị na ọ na-enye mmiri n’ebe dị ukwuu nke India na Bangladesh. N’oge ya, ụlọ ọrụ dị ka ndị na-emepụta ihe na ndị na-aṅụ mmanya na-eweta ihe ha na-emebi emebi n’ime mmiri ozuzo nke obodo ndị na-eto ngwa ngwa. Programụ Namami Gange nke India, nke e mepụtara na 2014, bụ ịrụpụta na ịnakọta ụlọ ọrụ ọgwụgwọ mmiri ozuzo n’akụkụ osimiri ahụ na ndị na-abịanụ ya (National Mission for Clean Ganga).

P_laịstị

Ọ bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị n’ime ihe ndị na-emerụ ahụ, ma ọ bụ nke anyị nwere ike ịtụle ugbu a site n’oké osimiri ruo n’oké osimiri. Ụfọdụ n’ime ha bụ:

• Lebreton et al. (2017) Émētụ̀làrị̀ 1.15 ruo 2.41 nde tọn kwa afọ site n’oké osimiri niile, na oke osimiri 20 na-ebu ụzọ abụọ n’ime atọ, nke e mepụtara site na Yangtze, Ganges na Xi.
• Nke ọzọ (2017)](https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.7b02368) gara n’ihu, na-ekwu na naanị 10 mmiri na-eburu 88 ruo 95 pasent nke ihe niile. A na-ekwupụta “oké osimiri iri” a n’ụzọ dị ukwuu, mana ndị edemede ha onwe ha sịrị na ọ bụ ihe na-adịghị ike, ma ọrụ ọhụrụ anaghị akwado ya.
• Meijer et al. (2021) na-eso ihe ndị a ga-ahapụ n’ebe ọ dị ka mmiri na-aga n’oké osimiri, na-eburu n’uche mmiri ozuzo, iji ala na ogologo. Ha chọpụtara na ihe karịrị mmiri 1,000 na-eburu 80% nke mmiri plastik n’oké osimiri, 0.8 ruo 2.7 nde tọn kwa afọ n’otu oge niile, nakwa na mmiri ndị dị obere na-aga site n’obodo ndị dị ukwuu bụ ndị kasị njọ.

Nhazi

Ha bụ ndị na-adọta mmiri iri na otu nwere ihe karịrị nrụpụta plastik dị elu n’ime ụdị ọhụrụ. Ihe ndị a bụ ihe atụ nke ọnọdụ n’ime afọ 2015, na-agbagharị ruo otu puku tọn.

Nke a bụ ndepụta nke ihe gara aga. Models abụọ ahụ na-eji data maka n’obodo 2015, tupu ọtụtụ usoroiheomume ịsachagharị oge ochie gafere, ma ọ bụghị otu ha ka ejirila ya ọzọ maka mmiri ndị dị ugbua. The figures for the Yangtze, the Xi and the Huangpu, for example, describe China’s rivers ten years ago, when its national clean-up had only just begun, and the Pasig figure predates Manila’s newest programme. Ihe mere mgbe ahụ, n’oké osimiri site n’oké osimiri, bụ ihe a kọwara na ọnụ mmiri ndị nọghachiri n’ụwa n’okpuru.

Nhazi	Óké osimiri	Country	Ekwenyere na ọlaọcha n’ụsọ oké osimiri (n’ọnụọgụgụ ton kwa afọ)	Ebe obibi
1	Pasíìg	Philippines	62,600	Meijer na ndị ọzọ. 2021
2	Tullahan	Philippines	13,500	Meijer na ndị ọzọ. 2021
3	Ụdị	India	13,400	Meijer na ndị ọzọ. 2021
4	Òyì	Malaysia	12,800	Meijer na ndị ọzọ. 2021
5	Maycauayan	Philippines	12,400	Meijer na ndị ọzọ. 2021
6	Pampanga	Philippines	9,300	Meijer na ndị ọzọ. 2021
7	Libman	Philippines	7,100	Meijer na ndị ọzọ. 2021
8	Ganges	India na Bangladesh	6,200	Meijer na ndị ọzọ. 2021
9	Rio Grande de Mindanao	Philippines	5,300	Meijer na ndị ọzọ. 2021
10	Agno	Philippines	4,600	Meijer na ndị ọzọ. 2021

Model ochie na-ahọrọ nnukwu mmiri ozuzo n’ebe ahụ, na mpaghara ebe maka otu:

Nhazi	Óké osimiri	Country	N’etiti	Oge	Ebe obibi
1	Yangtze	China	333,000	310,000 ruo 480,000	Lebreton na ndị ọzọ. 2017
2	Ganges	India na Bangladesh	115,000	105,000 ruo 172,000	Lebreton na ndị ọzọ. 2017
3	Xi	China	73,900	64,600 ruo 114,000	Lebreton na ndị ọzọ. 2017
4	Huangpu	China	40,800	33,500 ruo 67,300	Lebreton na ndị ọzọ. 2017
5	Kpụghaa	Nigeria na Cameroon	40,300	33,800 ruo 65,000	Lebreton na ndị ọzọ. 2017
6	Ónyénwē	Indonesia	38,900	32,300 ruo 63,700	Lebreton na ndị ọzọ. 2017
7	Amazon	Brazil, Peru, Colombia na Ecuador	38,900	32,200 ruo 63,800	Lebreton na ndị ọzọ. 2017
8	Pasíìg	Philippines	38,800	32,100 ruo 63,700	Lebreton na ndị ọzọ. 2017
9	I_rawadi	Myanmar	35,300	29,700 ruo 56,900	Lebreton na ndị ọzọ. 2017
10	Solo	Indonesia	32,500	26,500 ruo 54,100	Lebreton na ndị ọzọ. 2017

Olee otú a ga-esi mara na nọmba ndị a bụ eziokwu? Ọ bụghị nke ukwuu, ma ọ dị mkpa ka a gwa ya. Ha abụọ bụ ụdị: enweghị onye na-ewere plastik ahụ dị ka ihe dị mkpa iji hapụ mmiri ọzara. N’ihi na ọ bụ ihe dị ka otu n’ime atọ nke ndị mmadụ na-emegharị onwe ha, a na-ahụkarị ya dịka onye na-emegharị onwe ya; ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụghị onye na-emegharị onwe ya. Ụdị abụọ ahụ na-ekwupụtakwa n’ụzọ dị iche iche banyere mmiri. Oké osimiri Ganges na-abawanye site n’ihe dị ka 115,000 tọn kwa afọ n’ụdị ochie ruo ihe dịka 6,200 n’ọnụ ya kachasị mkpa n’ụdị ọhụrụ, ebe ọ bụ na ụdị ọhụrụ ahụ na-enye plastik nke a na-ahapụ n’ime ala ohere dị obere iji nweta oke osimiri: ọtụtụ n’ime ha na-ebugharị n’akụkụ mmiri, n’azụ dams na sedimenti n’ụzọ. Oké osimiri ndị ọzọ na-akpọkarị aha ha n’ajụjụ ọnụ, dịka Chao Phraya na Bangkok, Kelani na Colombo na Mithi na Mumbai, na-egosikwa n’etiti ndị emitter 50 kachasị ukwuu na ndepụta nke model ọhụrụ. Ihe ndị a na-ekwu n’ihe ọmụmụ abụọ ahụ bụ ihe dị iche: ọtụtụ mmiri plastik na-abịa site n’ebe ọha na eze anaghị etinye ha, ebe ndị mmadụ bi nso n’oké osimiri, na ebe mmiri ozuzo na-ekpuchi ala.

Oké osimiri ndị ahụ na-abịaghachi n’ụwa

Ụgbọ mmiri ndị ahụ n’ime táàbụ̀ dị elu abụghị ihe mere ha ji hapụ. Oké osimiri ndị a na-ahapụghị emeghachiri n’ọtụtụ mba, n’ime mba ndị nwere ike ịzụ ahịa ma ọ bụ ndị dị obere, n’okpuru gọọmenti dị iche iche. Ha niile a na-ewepụghị site n’otu ihe emere ma ọ bụ iwu. Ihe niile dị n’okpuru na-aza ajụjụ anọ: ihe mere, ihe e mere, ihe e mepụtara, na ihe ka a gaghị eme. Ha egosipụtara n’ụzọ dị ka nke a na-amalite mmegharị ha.

The Thames, London

Gịnị ka e meghị. Ọrụ sewere na ọgwụgwọ London enweghị ike ịnọgide na-etolite obodo ahụ. N’ime afọ 1950, ọ dị obere oxygen ka e jidere n’akụkụ nke mmiri ozuzo Thames na na 1957 ha bịara bụrụ ndị nwụrụ anwụ site na biologically. Oké osimiri ahụ na-agafekwa n’ụsọ oké osimiri, yabụ ọ dị mkpa ka a hụ na mmiri mmiri na-agagharị n’oké osimiri.

Gịnị ka a ga-eme. N’afọ 1960, e mechara wepụ ihe ndị na-esi n’oké osimiri ahụ (BBC, 2001). N’afọ 2014, Thames Water mechara nkwalite ọrụ ọgwụgwọ ise, na Beckton, Crossness, Riverside, Long Reach na Mogden. N’afọ 2016, 7 km Lee Tunnel malitere ịnakọta ihe karịrị 5 nde tọn nke mmiri ozuzo n’otu afọ nke ejirila na-apụ site na oke ibu. 25 km Thames Tideway Tunnel, a £4.6 billion project paid for through Thames Water’s customers’ bills, now links to it, so that the system can store 1.6 million cubic meters of storm sewage; it has been fully connected and working since February 2025, and is expected to cut spills into the tidal river from more than fifty in a typical year to about five (Thames Water; Tideway).

Gịnị ka a na-enyocha. Salmon mbụ bịaghachiri n’afọ 1974, ma site na afọ 2001 mmiri ahụ nyere ụdị azụ 115 aka (BBC, 2001). The Zoological Society of London’s 2026 health check found dissolved oxygen rising over the long term from 2007 to 2024 and phosphorus falling since the 1990s; seahorses, eels, seals na ọbụna small sharks ugbu a nọ n’ụgbọ mmiri (ZSL, 2026).

Agaghị agwọta ya ka ọ dị ugbua. Nnyocha ahụike ahụ na-ahụ na nitrate na-arị elu n’ihi mmiri ozuzo e ji ọgwụgwọ mee, ma ọ bụ n’ihi na ihe ndị dị n’ime azụ amalitela ịda n’oge mbụ nke afọ 1990s nke chọrọ nyocha ọzọ. N’elu mmiri nke tunnel, Thames Water na-ebuli ihe ndị a na-agwọ ọrịa maka awa 298,081 n’afọ 2024, site na 196,414 n’afọ 2023, dịka ọmụmaatụ nke data nyocha ụlọ ọrụ ahụ (The Guardian, 2025). N’ime England, ihe ndị a na-akụ n’ụdị 35% n’afọ 2025, nke ụlọ ọrụ gburugburu ebe obibi kwuru na ọ bụ n’ihi afọ dị ọcha (Environment Agency, 2026).

Cuyahoga, Cleveland, na U.S. Clean Water Act

Gịnị ka e ji arụ ọrụ. Na 22 June 1969, a na-akụ ọkụ site n’okporo ụzọ ụgbọ oloko na-agagharị agagharị gaa na mmanụ dị ọcha na Cuyahoga. Ọ bụghị oge mbụ: mpaghara ala mmiri na-enyocha ọkụ 13 n’oké osimiri tupu 1969 (NEORSD). N’ime afọ 1970, ihe karịrị nde 9 nke mmiri ozuzo na mmiri ozuzo n’otu afọ gafere site na ebe a na-adọba ụgbọala gaa n’oké osimiri na Lake Erie (NEORSD).

Gịnị ka e mere. Ndị na-ahọrọ Cleveland rịọrọ nde dollar 100 iji mechie ụzọ mmiri obodo ahụ, ma onye isi obodo wee nye ndị ọbịa ozi ọma n’oké osimiri ma gosi Congress (NPR, 2019). N’afọ 1972, Congress gasịrị iwu mmiri dị ọcha, nke mere ka ọ bụrụ ihe na-adịghị mma ịhapụ nsị site na pipe gaa n’ime mmiri US na enweghị ikike ma kwụọ ụgwọ maka ụlọ ọrụ ọgwụgwọ mmiri ọhụrụ (US EPA). N’afọ 1987, a kpọrọ mmiri ahụ Great Lakes Area of Concern na nsogbu isii nke gọọmenti ga-ewepụ. Site na 2011, ọrụ Clean Lake nke mpaghara mmiri ozuzo, nke dị ijeri dollar 3, usoro afọ 25 ekwenyela na ndị nchịkwa, na-ebugharị tunnels na nchekwa iji belata overflows site na ihe dịka ijeri gallons 4.5 kwa afọ ruo nde 494 na 2036 (NEORSD).

Gịnị ka a na-enyocha. Oge ahụ ejirila n’akwụsị ihe karịrị otu ụzọ n’ụzọ atọ site na 2000. Site na ọnwa Nọvemba 2025, 76 nke Project Clean Lake’s 78 projects gasịrị ma ọ bụ n’ihu, wepu 2 billion gallons nke overflow kwa afọ. Fish wereghachiri: ihe karịrị 60 ụdị e nwere n’oké osimiri site na 2014 (NEORSD). EPA wepụrụ ihe ise n’ime nsogbu ndị ọha na eze ise: ọdịdị dị ala (2017), oke oriri azụ (2019), algae (2021), tumourfish (2023) na ebe obibi mmiri (2024) (US EPA).

Agaghị agwọta ya ka ọ dị ugbua. Ajụjụ anọ nọ: ọnụọgụgụ azụ na anụmanụ ndị ọzọ, ndụ n’ụgbọ mmiri, ịkpụgharị ụzọ ụgbọala na ịda mba nke azụ. N’azụ Dam Gorge, e wuru ya na 1911, ihe dị ka mita cubic 865,000 nke sedimenti a na-egbochi ya na-agwọta site na afọ 2025 tupu dam ahụ a ga-esi wepu (US EPA).

The Yarra, Melbourne

Gịnị ka e ji arụ ọrụ ahụ? Mgbe Melbourne na-apụ n’ụlọ ọgwụ Werribee site na 1897, Yarra akọwapụtara dị ka otu n’ime mmiri ozuzo kachasị njọ n’ụwa (Melbourne Water). Mgbe obodo ahụ na-eto, ụlọ ọrụ ugbo, ụzọ na mmiri ozuzo na-agbakwunyekwa n’ọtụtụ ihe.

Gịnị ka e mere. Ọrụ mmiri ozuzo bụ nke mbụ, na osimiri ahụ agbanweela n’ụzọ dị ukwuu kemgbe afọ 1970s na 1980s (isi mmalite dị otu a). N’afọ 2017, Victoria gafere Yarra River Protection (Wilip-gin Birrarung murron) Act, iwu nke na-emeso mmiri dị ka otu ndụ na ihe okike zuru oke, ma mepụta Birrarung Council iji nye ndụmọdụ ya (Victorian legislation).

Gịnị ka a na-enyocha. Yarra elu na-enye ihe dịka 70 pasent nke mmiri ozuzo Melbourne (Melbourne Water). Site na December 2013, ụlọ ọrụ nchekwa gburugburu ebe obibi nke steeti ahụ enyochala bacteria n’ebe ndị ama ama anọ ma bipụta ihe atụ banyere ịga mmiri maka ha (EPA Victoria).

Agaghị agwọta ya ka ọ dị ugbua. Ọdịnaya mmiri na-aga n’ihu na-abawanye, n’ihi ịzụ ahịa, mmepe obodo na mmiri ozuzo (Melbourne Water). Ụwa abụọ n’ime ebe ndị ahụ, Kew na Launching Place, bụ mgbe niile a na-atụ anya ha ka ha dị ala maka ịna-agba mmiri (EPA Victoria).

Minamata Bay, Japan

Gịnị ka e meghị. N’ime afọ ole na ole, ụlọ ọrụ kemịkal nke ụlọ ọrụ Chisso wepụtara methylmercury, ihe ndị ọzọ sitere n’ịmepụta acetaldehyde, na Minamata Bay. Ndị mmadụ na anụmanụ ndị na-eri ha na-aṅụ ya. A chọpụtara ọrịa a n’ụzọ ọha na eze na 1956. Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ kwụsịchara usoro ahụ na Mee 1968, ma gọọmenti kwupụtara ihe kpatara ya na September (Ministry of the Environment of Japan).

Gịnị ka a ga-eme? N’afọ 1974, e ji nets na-ekpuchi osimiri ahụ iji chebe azụ ndị a na-apụ n’ime ya. Site na 1977 ruo 1990, ihe dị ka mita cubic 1.5 nde nke sedimenti nwere ihe karịrị akụkụ 25 kwa puku nke mercury a dọrọ ma setịpụ ya n’ime hekta 58 nke ala e weghachiri. Ọrụ ahụ dị ihe dịka ijeri yen 48, nke Chisso kwụsịrị ihe karịrị ijeri 30 na gọọmenti mba na prefectural banyere ijeri 9 kwa (ọnụ ụzọ abụọ).

Gịnị ka a na-enyocha. Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Mercury n’ime ụdị azụ iri isii nọ n’okpuru oke dị ugbu a maka afọ atọ n’otu oge, ma na 1997 gọọmenti kwupụtara ebe nchekwa na nets e jidere (ọnụ ụzọ ahụ).

Agaghị agwọta ya. Oké osimiri ahụ rụghachiri n’ime afọ ole na ole; ndị mmadụ anaghị eme ya. Site na Disemba 2024, mmadụ 3,000 ekwenyela na ọrịa Minamata, gụnyere ndị nke abụọ n’ihi ọrịa ahụ na Niigata, na 304 n’ime ha ka nọ ndụ (National Institute for Minamata Disease). N’ihe dị ka mmadụ 11,000 ọzọ nwere ike ịna-enweta nchebe n’okpuru iwu ọchịchị nke e mepụtara na 1995, karịa ndị mmadụ 48,000 na-ahọrọ n’okpuru iwu nchekwa nke e mepụtara na 2009 (Ministry of the Environment of Japan), na ụlọikpe na-ekpebi ikpe: na 2023, ụlọikpe Osaka kwadoro ndị ọka iwu 128 niile n’otu ihe ahụ, ebe na 2024, ụlọikpe Kumamoto wepụrụ 144 n’ihi na oge a gasịrị (Asahi Shimbun, 2024).

Ụgbọ mmiri Singapore

Gịnị ka e meghị. N’afọ 1970, mmiri ozuzo nke Singapore na Kallang Basin dị n’ime ihe ndị a na-ahapụghị, ihe ndị a na-ewepụ n’ala na ụgbọ mmiri ndị a na-ahapụghị. Ọtụtụ ndị na-amụ ihe n’ụlọ akwụkwọ, ụlọ ọrụ, ụlọ ọrụ na-arụ ọrụ na-enyocha ihe ndị a na-eme n’ụlọ.

Gịnị ka e mere. Na 27 Febụwarị 1977, Prime Minister Lee Kuan Yew wepụtara ihe nlereanya nke afọ iri iji kpochapụ mmiri ahụ. N’ime mmiri ozuzo na Kallang Basin, ndị ezinụlọ ọtụtụ puku ndị squatter bịara n’ụlọ ha, na 610 pig farms, ihe dị ka 500 duck farms, karịa 2,800 backyard trades na ihe dị ka 5,000 street hawkers. Ụgbọ mmiri 800 nke na-ebu ụgbọ mmiri ndị ahụ na-adọba ụgbọala n’oké osimiri a gafere Pasir Panjang site na 1983. National Library Board na-echekwa ụgwọ dị ka 300 nde dollar Singapore, ọ bụghị ịtụle nkwụghachi ụgwọ (National Library Board).

Gịnị ka a na-enyocha. Mgbe oge mmeri ahụ gasịrị n’afọ 1987, azụ na ụdọ na-etolite n’oké osimiri ọzọ (National Library Board). Marina Barrage, nke e mechara na 2008, gbanwere mmiri ozuzo ka ọ bụrụ mmiri dị ọcha na 2010, na-ekpuchi hekta 10,000 (PUB).

A gaghị agwọta ya ka ọbụla. Agaghị enwe ike ịchọta ndekọ oge ogologo nke nkwalite mmiri ozuzo ahụ. A 2015 ọmụmụ na-ekwu na ọhụrụ reservoir, a ochie estuary, ka na-ata ahụhụ site elu salinity (Galelli et al., 2015).

The Mersey, North West England

What went wrong. Two centuries of industry and the sewage of millions of people made the Mersey one of the most polluted rivers in Europe, and in 1985 it was called the most polluted estuary in the United Kingdom (Mersey Basin Campaign). N’ime afọ 1970, ogologo oge nke elu estuary enweghị oxygen ọ bụla n’oge okpomọkụ, na ọnọdụ niile nke tide (Jones, 2006).

Gịnị ka a ga-eme. Mersey Basin Campaign gara n’ihu maka afọ 25, site na 1985 ruo 2010, na-ejikọta gọọmenti, ụlọ ọrụ mmiri, ụlọ ọrụ na ndị otu obodo (Mersey Basin Campaign). Ọrụ ọgwụgwọ ọhụrụ na-eto eto nakwa nchịkwa nke ịkpụzi ihe ndị ọzọ gafere: site na 2006, ihe karịrị £1 billion ejirila (Jones, 2006).

Gịnị ka a na-enyocha. Ọnụọgụgụ nke ihe ndị na-emerụ ahụ n’ụdị organic (BOD) na-abanye n’oké osimiri amalitela ịda site na karịa ton 300 na 1972 ruo ihe karịrị ton 50 na 2000 (Jones, 2000). Ọnụ ọgụgụ oxygen dị ala nke e dere n’elu mmiri ahụ ruru 48 pasent nke satịlaịza na 2001, 58 pasent na 2002 na 65 pasent na 2003. N’afọ 2001, a na-achụ azụ salmon n’oké osimiri maka oge mbụ n’ime ihe dị ka afọ iri abụọ, ma ọ bụ 26 n’ime ha bịara n’ụbọchị oyi nke afọ 2002 (Jones, 2006).

Ọ dịghị emechi emechi. N’oge okpomọkụ, oxygen na-agbatị nke Manchester Ship Canal na salmon ga-agagharị bụ kasị ala, n’akụkụ 20 pasent, nke na-egbochi azụ na ụzọ ha upstream (nke dị iche iche). Ndị nchọpụta na-amụ ihe mgbake nke estuary na-egosikwa na ọ bụ nsogbu na-aga n’ihu banyere ndị na-emebi emebi ochie na-aga n’ihu na nri (Hawkins et al., 2020).

Boston Harbor

Gịnị ka e meghị. Ruo n’oge afọ 1990, mmiri ozuzo Boston ruru ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ ya na-echekwa ihe dị mkpa, ma a na-adọta mmiri ozuzo n’ime ya kwa ụbọchị. N’afọ 1987, ihe karịrị mmiri ozuzo 84 na-ekpuchi mmiri ozuzo na-ahapụkwa mmiri ozuzo na mmiri ozuzo n’ime ọhịa na osimiri ya (MWRA).

Gịnị ka a ga-eme? N’afọ 1985, ụlọikpe Federal nyere iwu ka ndị ọchịchị mmiri ọhụrụ nke mpaghara ahụ mee usoro ịgwọta mmiri ozuzo dị mma. Sludge dumping into the harbour stopped in 1991, a new treatment plant on Deer Island opened in stages from 1995, and in 2000 a 9.5-mile tunnel moved the treated outflow far out into the deep water of Massachusetts Bay (MWRA). Ọrụ Boston Harbor dị ihe dịka $3.8 billion (MWRA). A pụrụ iche atụmatụ nke banyere 906 nde dollar mechiri 34 nke 84 overflows na e mere iji wepu ihe oriri na-apụta n’ime a typical afọ site na 88 pasent (MWRA).

Gịnị ka a na-enyocha. Ọrụ mmiri na-enyocha ihe karịrị 70 n’ime ebe obibi na osimiri ya ma bipụta data, na steeti na-enyocha osimiri ọ bụla n’oge okpomọkụ (MWRA). N’afọ 2004, ọ bụ n’ihi na ọ dị mma ka a kpọọ ya “Otu n’ime ndị kacha mma” nke afọ ahụ.MWRA), na n’afọ 2025, ọ bụla metropolitan beach si Nahant ka Nantasket scored elu 80 pasent maka nchekwa mmiri, a mbụ (Chekwaa Ụgbọala/Chekwaa Oké Osimiri, 2025).

Enweghị ike ịrụ ọrụ ugbu a. N’ime afọ dị ka nke ahụ, Charles River na-emezu ihe nlereanya bacteriological maka ịgba mmiri naanị pasent 48 nke oge, ma ụfọdụ overflows ka na-ahapụ ndị ahịa ha (MWRA, 2023). A draft updated overflow plan is open for public comment until 30 October 2026 (City of Somerville).

The Rhine

Gịnị ka a ga-eme. N’ime afọ ole na ole, ọ bụ Rhine ka e ji kpụpụta ihe ndị dị n’ime mpaghara ndị ọrụ ugbo nke ụwa. Na 1 November 1986, ọkụ na ụlọ ọrụ Sandoz dị nso na Basel gbawara ruo ton 30 nke pesticides n’oké osimiri ma gbuo azụ n’ime kilomita ole na ole.

Gịnị ka a ga-eme? Ndị mba dị n’akụkụ mmiri ahụ zara ya site na mmemme ọrụ Rhine na 1987: belata ihe ndị na-apụta n’ime afọ iri abụọ nke chemicals bara uru 40, ma mee ka mmiri ahụ dị ọcha iji nye azụ salmon aka ịnabata (International Commission for the Protection of the Rhine). A rụpụtara ụlọ ọrụ ọgwụgwọ na-eto eto, ma ọ bụ mepee ụzọ maka ịgagharị azụ n’ụsọ nnukwu dams, na Iffezheim na 2000 na Gambsheim na 2006 (ICPR).

Gịnị ka a na-enyocha. A na-amụba ihe ndị dị n’ụgbọ mmiri n’etiti afọ 1987 na 2000 (ICPR). The nitrogen the Rhine carries to the sea fell from more than 443,000 tonnes in 1985 to about 272,000 tonnes in 2016 (ICPR). N’afọ 1990, a malitere ịkụ azụ salmon site n’ụsọ osimiri North Sea gaa n’oké osimiri Sieg ma na-etolite ebe ahụ n’ụzọ dị iche iche kemgbe afọ 1994; n’oge na-erughị afọ 2000, ụdị azụ 63 gara n’ihu, na azụ si Rhine, n’ebe e nwere eel, bụ ihe dị mma iji rie ya ọzọ (ICPR, Salmon 2020). Ndị otu a na-enyekwa ndepụta nke ụdị 71, na azụ niile e nwere n’oge gara aga nke osimiri ahụ, ọ bụghị European sturgeon (ICPR).

Agaghị agwọta ya ugbua. Salmon bụ obere: azụ na-aga n’ihu na Koblenz 11 na-ebuli ndị okenye na 2025 (ICPR counts). N’ihe banyere abụọ n’ime atọ nke nitrogen ugbu a na-abịa site na ịzụ ahịa na ndị ọzọ diffused isi, heavy metals si diffused isi bụ ka ukwuu dị elu, na ọgwụgwọ ụlọ ọrụ anaghị ewepụ ọtụtụ traces nke ọgwụ na ndị ọzọ micropollutants; mba na-atụ anya iji kwụsị ha site na ọbụna 30 pasent site na 2040 (ICPR).

Danube na Oké Osimiri Ọhụrụ

Gịnị ka a ga-eme. Fertiliser, nsị na mmiri ozuzo site n’otu n’ime Europe’s largest river basins dọtara ihe ndị dị mkpa n’ebe ọdịda anyanwụ nke Black Sea. Site na mmalite afọ 1970, mmiri dị nso n’okpuru osimiri gasịrị oxygen kwa afọ, ma na 1983 mpaghara oxygen dị ala mejupụtara ihe dịka kilomita 20,000 square (Capet et al., 2013).

Ihe a rụrụ. N’afọ 1994, mba ndị dị n’ebe ahụ depụtara nkwekọrịta maka ịnagide mmiri Danube na Sofia, ma kemgbe afọ 1998 ha na-arụ ọrụ ọnụ site n’aka International Commission for the Protection of the Danube River, nke nwere nlekọta na atụmatụ ebe a na-anabata mmiri (ICPDR).

Gịnị ka a na-enyocha. Ndị otu ahụ kwuru na nitrogen emission n’ime basin kwụsịla site na pasent 30 na phosphorus site na pasent 50 ruo afọ 15 (ICPDR). Oge nke oke osimiri ọbara na-abawanye, mana nchọpụta zuru ezu chọpụtara na mgbake na njedebe nke afọ 1990 dị obere karịa ka a chere na mbụ, ma bịaarakarị na afọ 2000 (Capet et al., 2013).

Enweghị ike ịrụ ọrụ ugbu a. Na atụmatụ 2021 nke basin, naanị pasent 24 nke ogologo mmiri nwere ọnọdụ ekolojika dị mma na pasent 36 nke ọnọdụ kemịkal dị mma, ihe mgbochi 624 ka na-egbochi ịgagharị azụ, European sturgeon nwụrụ anwụ n’ime basin, na nri ndị ọzọ bụ karịa ndị 1960s (ICPDR, 2021).

Pasig, Manila

Gịnị ka e meghị. Pasig na-eburu ihe ndị a ga-ahapụ n’ebe dị elu nke mmadụ karịrị nde 13, ma a kpọrọ ya nwụrụ anwụ n’ụzọ biologically n’afọ 1990 (GMA News, 2018). Ọ na-eburu ndepụta model ọhụrụ nke mmiri na-ebu plastik gaa n’oké osimiri, ọ bụ ezie na ndị edemede ya kwuru na ụdị ahụ na-atụle Pasig karịa ihe e ji mee ihe na 2019 (Meijer et al., 2021).

Ihe a rụrụ. Site na 1999 ruo 2019, Pasig River Rehabilitation Commission wepụrụ ndị mba ọzọ na-abanye n’ime mmiri. N’afọ 2018, mgbe ọ na-emeri Asia RiverPrize mbụ, ezinụlọ 18,719 bi n’akụkụ mmiri ahụ ahọpụtara ma 17 nke ndị na-abịanụ 47 nke mmiri ahụ ejirila ha rụọ ọrụ, site na pilot na Estero de Paco na 2010 (GMA News). A kwụsịchara ọrụ ya na 2019 (Philstar, 2019). Site na Jenụwarị 2024, mmemme ọhụrụ, Pasig Bigyang Buhay Muli, na-ebugharị ebe n’akụkụ mmiri, nke oge iri anọ ya mepere na Ọktọba 2025 (ABS-CBN, 2025).

Gịnị ka a na-enyocha. Akwụkwọ ozi nke otu ndị ọrụ ahụ gosipụtara na ọnwụ nke organic (BOD) n’ime mmiri dị ihe dịka 30.79 milligrams kwa liter site na 2009 ruo 2014, megide ụkpụrụ nke 7, ma malite site na 23.09 na 2012 gaa 39.03 na 2014; oxygen bụ naanị 2.85 milligrams kwa liter (PRRC, 2014). A 2018 state audit na-ahụ na 96 pasent nke ego maka ịkọwapụta mmiri ozuzo ejirila, na n’etiti 1 na 28 pasent nke ọrụ achọrọ (Rappler, 2018).

Agaghị agwọta ya. Ọtụtụ. Anyị achọghị ịhụ ihe nlele nke ọma nke mmiri site na afọ 2014, yabụ anyị enweghị ike ịsị ma ọ bụ mmiri ahụ na-akwalite taa. Ndị na-agba mmiri na-egosi na ọ nwere ike ime n’ụzọ site n’okporo ụzọ; oké osimiri niile ka agaghị adịchaghị.

Cheonggyecheon, Seoul

Gịnị ka e meghị. Oké osimiri dị n’etiti Seoul a na-ekpuchi ya na ájá ma ọ bụ ihe ndị ọzọ dị elu.

What was done. N’etiti 2003 na 2005 obodo ahụ rụchara ụgbọala ma mepee 5.8 kilomita nke mmiri, n’ihe ruru ihe dị ka 380 million US dollars (Landscape Architecture Foundation, 2011).

Ihe a kpụgara. N’etiti afọ 2003 na 2008, ọnụọgụgụ ụdị azụ dị iche iche ruru site na 4 ruo 25, ndị atụrụ si 6 ruo 36, ihe ọkụkụ si 15 ruo 192 na osisi si 62 ruo 308. Ọnụ mmiri dị n’akụkụ oké osimiri ahụ bụ 3.3 ruo 5.9 °C ka ọ dị na ụzọ dị iche iche (Landscape Architecture Foundation), na na 2025 ndị nyocha wepụtara ụdị azụ 33, nke kachasị site na mmelite (The Korea Herald, 2025).

Agaghị agwọta ya ugbua. Oké osimiri ahụ bụ nke mmadụ mepụtara: ihe karịrị 48,000 ton mmiri kwa ụbọchị na-agbapụta n’ime ya, ọtụtụ n’ime ha bụ mmiri si n’oké osimiri Han nakwa mmiri ala, na ụgwọ ọrụ ya dị ka 2.9 billion won kwa afọ (The Guardian, 2025). N’afọ 2011, coliform bacteria n’ime mmiri ahụ mepụtara ugboro ole na ole nke ụkpụrụ maka ịgagharị (The Korea Herald, 2011).

The Ganga, India

Gịnị ka e meghị. Ganga bụ mmiri dị nsọ maka nde mmadụ narị iri na otu ma na-enye mmiri n’ebe ndịda India na Bangladesh. N’oge ya, ụlọ ọrụ dị ka ndị na-emepụta ihe na ndị na-aṅụ mmanya na-eweta ihe ha na-emebi emebi n’ime mmiri ozuzo nke obodo ndị na-eto ngwa ngwa.

Gịnị ka e mere. Programụ Namami Gange nke India, nke a malitere n’afọ 2014, na-arụ ọrụ ịrụzigharị na ịnakọta mmiri ozuzo n’akụkụ osimiri ahụ na ndị na-abịanụ ya (National Mission for Clean Ganga). Ọ bụ ego ruru ijeri 20,000 ruo ọnwa March afọ 2021 na ijeri 22,500 maka ngwụcha nke abụọ ruo afọ 2026. By March 2026, 21,340 crore rupees had been spent and 355 of 524 approved projects completed (Press Information Bureau, 2026), and by March 2025 treatment plants able to handle 3,446 million litres of sewage a day had been built or rehabilitated (Press Information Bureau, 2025).

Gịnị ka a na-enyocha. Bakteri faecal adịla ala n’ebe gọọmenti na-ahụ maka ya: ọnụọgụ dị n’etiti ndị mmadụ na Assi Ghat na Varanasi dara site na 2,500 kwa 100 milliliters na 2014 gaa 790 na 2025, na Gandhi Ghat na Patna si 5,400 gaa 2,200, megide oke mmiri ozuzo nke 2,500 (Press Information Bureau, 2026).

Enweghị ike iwepụ ya. N’afọ 2025, ụkpụrụ ịsa ahụ maka faecal bacteria a na-ahụta naanị n’ime ụfọdụ mpaghara nke Uttar Pradesh, Bihar na West Bengal, ma ọ bụkwa na ọnwụ nke organic pollution dị elu karịa Farrukhabad ruo Kanpur na Mirzapur ruo Ghazipur (ọnụ ụzọ abụọ). N’oge Maha Kumbh Festival na 2025, ozi mbụ nke Central Pollution Control Board hụrụ mmiri n’ime ebe ndị a na-enyochaghị maka ịsa ahụ na ọtụtụ oge; ozi emelitere mgbe ahụ nyere median n’ime oke (The Hindu, 2025).

China’s rivers na Yangtze

Gịnị ka e meghị. N’afọ 2015, naanị 64.5 pasent nke China’s national monitoring points na rivers na lake nwere mmiri nke Grade I ruo III, ndị grade nke a pụrụ ịgwọ maka inweta, na 8.8 pasent bụ ihe ọjọọ karịa Grade V, dị mma maka ihe ọ bụla (Ministry of Environmental Protection, 2016). N’ọnwa March 2013, ihe karịrị 16,000 ndị nwụrụ anwụ a na-akpụgharị site n’oké osimiri Huangpu na ndị na-agba ya akaebe nke Shanghai, ebe mmiri mmiri obodo ahụ si, mgbe ụlọ ọrụ ndị na-agba ya akaebe wepụrụ anụmanụ ndị nwụrụ anwụ n’oké osimiri (The Guardian, 2013).

Ihe a rụrụ. N’ọnwa Eprel 2015, State Council wepụtara Action Plan maka ịgwọ na ịchịkwa mmiri ozuzo, a makwaara dị ka “Water Ten”, na ihe nlereanya maka afọ 2020: karịa pasent 70 nke mmiri na ọdọ mmiri atọ kachasị mkpa na Grade III ma ọ bụ ka mma, ụlọ ọrụ ndị na-emebi emebi, ụlọ ọrụ anụmanụ na-agagharị site na mmiri dị nro na ihe dịka pasent 95 nke mmiri ozuzo obodo (State Council, 2015). Site na 2016, ọzara na ọdọ mmiri niile nyere “Chief nke Ọwara”, onye isi ala ahaziri ya maka mmiri ya ma nyochaa ihe ndị mere (General Office of the CPC Central Committee and State Council, 2016; Water Pollution Prevention and Control Law, Article 5). N’afọ 2018, pasent 97.8 nke nnukwu ụlọ ọrụ ndị ọzọ nwere usoro mmiri ozuzo na-elekọta onwe ha n’ịntanetị, ma site na 2019 obodo ahụ wepụrụ 2,513 nke 2,899 “nkịtị na ọkachasị” mmiri mmiri obodo ha mara (Ministrylọ Ọrụ Ekolojia na Environmentlọ Ọrụ, 2018 na 2019 bulletins). Akwụkwọ iwu nke nchekwa mmiri Yangtze, nke dị n’ọrụ kemgbe March 2021, na-egbochi ụlọ ọrụ kemịkal ọhụrụ n’ime otu kilomita nke osimiri na ndị na-abịanụ ya (Akwụkwọ iwu nke nchekwa mmiri Yangtze), na ịzụ ahịa azụ n’ụgbọ mmiri Yangtze e jidere ya maka afọ iri site na 2021, na nkwado maka ndị ọchụnta ego ndị nọgidere na-arụ ọrụ (Xinhua, 2026).

Gịnị ka a na-enyocha. N’afọ 2025, 91.4 pasent nke ihe ngosi ndị mba ọzọ dị na Grade I ruo III na 0.6 pasent bụ ihe ọjọọ karịa Grade V; n’ime Yangtze basin, 98.9 pasent nke 1,016 ihe ngosi dị na Grade I ruo III (Ministry of Ecology and Environment, 2026). Ọnụ ọgụgụ nke Yangtze finless porpoises ruru site na ihe dịka 1,249 n’ime nyocha 2022 ruo 1,426, na ụdị azụ 351 e bipụtara na basin na 2021 ruo 2025, 43 karịa tupu iwu ịgba chaa chaa (Xinhua, 2026).

Enweghị ike ịrụ ọrụ nke ọma. Na 2025, pasent 28.4 nke ọdọ mmiri na ebe nchekwa dị mkpa ka ejirila ihe ndị ọzọ mee ihe, nakwa na ọbụna oke alakụba kachasị ukwuu na Taihu nwere otu n’ime ise nke ọdọ mmiri ahụ; phosphorus bụ ihe na-emebi ihe n’ụgbọ Yangtze (Ministry of Ecology and Environment, 2026). A na-enyocha mmiri mmiri anaghị enyocha plastik: iwu nke oge a na-achịkwa ụfọdụ plastik ndị dị otu ugboro malitere na 2020 (NDRC na Ministry of Ecology and Environment, 2020), mana anyị enweghị ike ịchọta ihe nlereanya ọhụrụ nke plastik Yangtze na-eburu n’oké osimiri. The monitoring network also grew from 967 points in 2015 to 3,641 from 2021, so early and late figures are not strictly comparable.

The Seine, Paris

Gịnị ka e ji arụ ọrụ. E mechiri ịna-agba mmiri n’ime Seine na 1923. Oké osimiri ndị dị n’ebe ugwu na-emetụtakwa oke mmiri ozuzo, ebe ọ bụ na ha na-eme ka mmiri ozuzo na-abanye n’ime ala; ya mere, ọtụtụ ihe ndị a na-ahụkarị na-eme ka mmiri ozuzo na-abịarute n’akụkụ osimiri. Site na 1970s, ihe dịka ụdị azụ atọ ka a hụrụ n’oké osimiri dị nso na Paris (France 3 / AFP, 2025).

Gịnị ka e mere. Site na 2015, atụmatụ ịsa ahụ nwere ihe karịrị euro 1.4 billion n’ime ebe nchekwa, mmezi sewer, ụlọ ọgwụgwọ na ntọala nke ihe dịka njikọta ụlọ ọrụ 23,000; ebe nchekwa otu na Austerlitz naanị ya nwere mita cubic 50,000 ma rụọ ọrụ site na Mee 2024 (City of Paris). Olympic triathlon na maratọn swim e mepụtara n’oké osimiri na 2024, ọ bụ ezie na mmiri ozuzo mere ka oge dị ogologo (France 24, 2024).

Gịnị ka a na-enyocha. Na 5 Julaị 2025, ebe ndị mmadụ na-awụ mmiri atọ mepere, na Bras Marie, Grenelle na Bercy (France 24, 2025). N’afọ 2026 ha na-eweta ihe dịka ndị ọbịa 120,000, pasent 20 karịa ka ọ dị na 2025 (City of Paris, 2026). N’etiti ụdị azụ 35 na 40 nọ n’ime Seine gburugburu Paris, dịka ụlọ ọrụ nchekwa mpaghara ahụ si kwuo, gụnyere bullhead, nke eweghachiri (France 3 / AFP).

Agaghị agwọta ya. Ọtụtụ na-eme ka mmiri ozuzo ochie banye n’ime, ya mere ebe ndị ahụ na-apụ mgbe ọkara, mma mmiri na oge na-enye ohere, na oge 2026 gasịrị n’oge gara aga n’ihi ọnọdụ ihu igwe (Obi obodo Paris). Ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị mmadụ na-amụ ihe n’oge a bụ otu n’ime ihe ndị kasị ewu ewu (France 3 / AFP).

Ihe ndị ahụ na-ebuligharị n’otu

Gụọ n’otu aka, akụkọ ndị ahụ na-atọ ụtọ. Ọtụtụ mgbe, ọnwụnwa na-eme ka ndị mmadụ mara: mmiri ozuzo, osimiri a na-agwọ ọrịa, ọkụ kemịkal, mmiri nke nwere anụ nwụrụ anwụ. Mgbe ahụ, e mepụtara iwu na-enye oge ngwụcha, aha ndị ọrụ, ego maka ihe ọkụkụ na ụlọ ọgwụ, yana ịhụ na onye ọ bụla nwere ike ịlele. Ọ dịghị nke ọ bụla n’ime ya dị ngwa. The Thames mere karịa nkeji iri, Mersey campaign gara afọ 25, Rhine ka na-atụ anya salmon ya ka ọ bụrụ ọtụtụ, na ndị mmadụ na-agwọ ọrịa na Minamata ka na-achọ ịhụnanya.

Ọ bụghị usoroiheomume niile na-arụ ọrụ, na nlele ahụ kwuru ya dị ka ọ dị mfe dịka ha na-edebe mmeri. Ma ebe ọ bụla mmiri ozuzo a na-echekwa ma na-agwọ, nakwa ebe ụlọ ọrụ ahụ ga-esi wepụ ihe ha wepụtara, osimiri ahụ ga-aza. Ndị obodo dị n’akụkụ Pasig, Citarum na Ganga na-egosi ya ọzọ taa, otu osimiri na otu ebe obibi n’otu oge.

Gịnị mere ọ na-eme ebe a, nakwa n’ihi gịnịkwa ka ọ bụghị nsogbu nke mpaghara

Akwụkwọ Meijer na-ewere mmiri abụọ dị ka ihe atụ. The Nhazi, nke na-aga n’ihu site na Jakarta, na-agafe kilomita 591 square, karịa pasent iri nke Rhine na Europe, ma ọ bụ n’ebe ndịda Europe, na ebe ya na-emepụta ihe mkpofu plastik dị ala. Ma Ciliwung e mepụtara na-eziga banyere 300 ton nke plastic afọ na osimiri, na Rhine banyere 3 ton. Ọ bụ ihe dị iche bụ geography na infrastructure: n’ime Ciliwung basin, ọkara nke ihe ndị a ga-ewepụ bụ 1 kilomita site n’oké osimiri na 29 kilomita site n’oké osimiri, na mmiri ozuzo tropical na-apụ ya. Ihe ọ bụla banyere ndị mmadụ abụghị ihe dị iche. Ụgbọala ha na-eto ngwa ngwa karịa sistemụ mmiri ozuzo ha.

Ihe kpatara ya bụ,kwa:

• Nnukwu obodo. Ụfọdụ obodo na South na South-East Asia, Africa na Latin America gbakwunyere ọtụtụ nde mmadụ n’ime afọ ole na ole gara aga, mgbe ụfọdụ n’ụlọ ndị a na-enweghị isi na riverbanks na flood plains, ebe enweghị bins, enweghị ịzụta na enweghị mmiri ozuzo.
• Ndị ọrụ na-ahapụ ihe ndị a ga-eji. Ichekwa na ịgwọ ihe ndị a ga-eji bụ ego nke obodo nwere obere ụgwọ nkwụghachi ụgwọ na-agba mbọ ịchọta, ma ndị na-echekwa ya, mgbe ụfọdụ ndị na-ewepụ ihe ndị a ga-eji, anaghị akwụ ụgwọ maka plastik ahụ enweghị ike ịzụta ya ọzọ.
• Products designed elsewhere. Single-serving sachets, multi-layer wrappers na cheap packaging bụ ndị a haziri ma zụta site na ụlọ ọrụ nke ebe isii dịkarịa ala n’ebe dị anya, n’ime ebe ndị enweghị ụzọ iji ha rụọ ọrụ.
• Ndị na-azụ ahịa n’ụwa niile na-eweta ihe ndị a ga-eji. N’ime afọ ole na ole, mba ndị nwere ike ịzụta ihe ndị a ga-eji na-ebugharị ha gaa mba ọzọ maka “ịrụzigharị”. China na-ewere ihe dịka 45% nke ụwa na-ere ahịa plastik n’ime 1992 ruo mgbe ọ na-akwụsị ọtụtụ ndị na-ebugharị ya na 2018; mba ndị nwere nnukwu ego na-ebupụ ihe karịrị pasent 70 nke plastic waste ha na 2016 gaa na mba ndị dị ala na East Asia na Pacific, na ihe dịka 111 million tons ga-achọ ebe ọhụrụ site na 2030 (Brooks et al., 2018). Otú ọ dị, ụfọdụ n’ime ihe ndị ahụ na-agwụ n’oké osimiri.

Otu mbara igwe, otu oké osimiri

Oké osimiri anaghị akwụsị n’ọnụ ụzọ, ma ọ bụghịkwa mmiri ahụ. A na-ejikarị mmiri mmiri dị n’ụsọ oké osimiri ahụ mee ihe ndị a; ọ bụ ya mere e ji mepụta mmiri mmiri dị iche iche. Oké osimiri ọ bụla na-enweta ihe ndị ọzọ na-ewepụ, na mba ọ bụla na-azụ ahịa ma na-ere ngwaahịa nke ihe ndị a na-akpụzi na-aga n’ụgbọ mmiri. E nwere oke osimiri otu, na anyị niile na-ejikọta ya, yabụ enweghị ihe dị ka mmiri nke onye ọzọ.

A river in Manila bụ a river nke Pacific. Ihe anyị na-eme ya, anyị na-eme ya n’oké osimiri nke onye ọ bụla n’ime anyị dabere na ya.

Europe abụghị nke na-enweghị plastic

Ọ dị mma ịhụ na ọnwụ mmiri bụ nsogbu nke ebe ndị dị anya. Ọ bụghị. Oké osimiri Europe na-eburu plastik dị ala n’ihi afọ ole na ole nke itinye ego na ịzụta, ebe a na-adọba ụgbọala na ọgwụgwọ, mana plastik ka na-adịgide adịgide n’ime mmiri ya na osimiri, na ụfọdụ ihe ndị a na-ebugharị na-agaghachi n’oké osimiri n’ebe ọzọ.

• Mediterranean bụ ihe n’ime plastik. Ọ na-echekwa ihe dịka pasent 1 nke mmiri ozuzo ụwa mana ihe dị ka pasent 7 nke microplastics ya, na karịa ndị ọbịa nde 200 kwa afọ na-agbapụta mmiri ozuzo site na pasent 40 n’oge okpomọkụ (WWF, 2018). A na-ahụta plastik dị n’ụgbọ mmiri n’akụkụ ebe ọ bụla a chọpụtara n’oké osimiri, na-adịkarị n’otu ọnụọgụ dị ka nnukwu ihe ndị ahụ na-apụ n’ọhịa, na-eweta ihe dịka 1,000 ruo 3,000 ton nke mmiri (Cózar et al., 2015).
• Grisi na isi obodo ya. Achọpụtara na 80 nke osimiri Greek na-eme ka plastik mee ihe ruru pasent 43 ruo 51 nke ọla, na ihe ndị kachasị ewu ewu bụ butts sigar, caps bottle, straws, bottles, food wrappers na bags; Greece na-ewepụ naanị otu n’ime atọ nke plastic a na-eji (WWF, 2018). N’ime ugwu atọ nke Corfu, ihe dị ka 142 ihe ọhụrụ kwa mita 100 na-agbawa n’ụbọchị 15, ọkachasị site na osimiri (Prevenios et al., 2018). N’ime agwaetiti Mediterenian, ọlaedo na-abịa n’ụsọ mmiri na-arị elu ruo 4.7 ugboro n’oge njem nlegharị anya (Grelaud na Ziveri, 2020).

• N’ime mmiri na n’ime azụ. N’ime Thermaic Gulf nke Thessaloniki, ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị chọpụtara ihe dịka 750,000 microplastics particulates kwa square kilomita nke ala osimiri ma chọpụtara microplastics n’ime ụdị anụ ahụ asaa ha nyochachara (Kermenidou et al., 2023). A na-akpụzi ihe ndị a site n’ọnụ mmiri nke Aegean na Ionian, ha na-adịkwa ka ọ dị ugbu a. 15 afọ tupu ha amalite ịda mbà (Ioakeimidis na ndị ọzọ, 2016).
• Ndị osimiri ndị dị ukwuu nke Europe. Ọnụ mmiri Rhine na-ebu ihe dịka 890,000 microplastics particles kwa kilomita square nke eluigwe, na ọnụ ọgụgụ kachasị elu nke nde 3.9 n’akụkụ obodo Rhine-Ruhr (Mani et al., 2015). N’ime Danube nke Austria, plastik na-agbagharị na-agafe n’ọnụ ọgụgụ larvae azụ na-agbagharị, ma ọ bụ mmiri ahụ e chere na ọ ga-ebu ihe dịka 4.2 ton nke plastik kwa ụbọchị ka ọ gaa n’ụsọ oké osimiri (Lechner et al., 2014).

Ndị otu Europe ugbu a na-egbochi ọtụtụ ihe eji eme ihe plastik nke nwere ike iji ya ugboro abụọ ma rịọ ndị na-emepụta ka ha kwụọ ụgwọ maka ịsacha ndị ọzọ n’okpuru Single-Use Plastics Directive. Ha bụ nzọụkwụ dị mma. Ma, ọbụna ebe obibi mmiri niile dị n’ụsọ osimiri Greek na-egosi na plastik, mgbe a rụchara ya, ga-adị ogologo karịa iwu ọ bụla.

Ihe na-arụ ọrụ

Ihe ọma bụ na nsogbu mmiri bụ otu n’ime nsogbu ndị mmadụ rụpụtara, n’ebe ụfọdụ, ugboro ole na ole, dị ka osimiri ndị dị elu na-egosi. A maara ihenhọrọ ndị ahụ:

1. Kpọọ mmiri ozuzo. Ikwe ka mmiri ozuzo na-apụta bụ ihe dị mkpa n’ihe gbasara ahụike ndị mmadụ n’oge gara aga. Ebe a na-ebubata ihe ndị dị mkpa, a na-echekwa ha.

2. Kpọọ mkpụrụ osisi, ọ bụghị mmiri. Ijikwa ihe na-egbochi nsị nke ọma, ịkpacha mkpụrụ osisi, nakwa ịkụ osisi na ụrọ n’akụkụ ọdụ mmiri nwere ike iwepụ ihe na-eme ka nri dị n’ime ala ma nyefee ego ndị botara ya n’ihe na-egbochi nsị.

3. Permit, monitor, publish. Industrial discharges fall when permits set limits, monitoring is continuous and results are public. Ọrụ n’ime ihe dị n’ihu bụ na ọ dịghị onye chọrọ ka ọ bụrụ aha na map ahụ.
4. Weghachi wetland. Wetland bụ ihenhọrọ mmiri nke mbara ala, na-ewepụ sedimenti nakwa nitrogen n’efu.
5. Ndị na-ebuli ego. Ikwe ka ndị mmadụ akwụ ụgwọ maka mmiri a na-ahapụ, ma nyefee ndị ọrụ ugbo ụgwọ maka iji mmiri dị ọcha, na-eme ka mmiri dị ọcha bụrụ ihe ahịa na-enye onyinye.
6. Kpọkọtara bin ọbụla, ma akwụ ndị na-achụpụ ya ụgwọ. Ọtụtụ mmiri plastiki na-amalite dịka ihe a na-ewepụghị. N’ihi na ọ bụ n’oge a ka ndị mmadụ na-amụ ihe, ha na-enwe ike ịghọta ihe ndị ọzọ dị iche iche, ma hụ ihe ndị ọzọ dị iche iche n’ụzọ dị mfe.
7. Kaa ya n’ihu osimiri. Nchedo, nets na ihe ndị dị n’ime mmiri na-agbagharị n’okporo ụzọ nwere ike ịdọta ihe ndị dị n’ụgbọ mmiri n’ebe ọ nọ. Ha na-emeso ihe àmà, ọ bụghị ihe kpatara ya, mana n’ime osimiri obodo ndị dị obere nke na-achịkwa ọkwa ahụ ha nwere ike ime ka mgbanwe dị mma mgbe ịzụta na-abawanye.

8. Mee ka ndị na-eme ya nwee nkwenye. Mgbe ndị na-emepụta ihe na-akwụ ụgwọ maka ịnakọta ihe eji eme ihe ha na-ere, nakwa mgbe usoro ego-n’ihu na-akwụ ndị mmadụ ụgwọ iji dọta ya, ihe eji eme ihe na-abịa n’ụdị iji jiri ya ọzọ ma ọ bụ iji ya na-ejigharị ya n’ụzọ ọzọ kama iji ya na mmiri.
9. Industria dị ọcha, ụlọ ọrụ na-ejikọta. Ndị na-arụ ọrụ n’ụlọ ọrụ na-eme ihe na-acha anụnụ anụnụ nwere ike ịkekọrịta otu ụlọ ọrụ ọgwụgwọ mmiri na-agba ọsọ nke ọma, na ndị na-azụ ahịa na-eji akpụkpọ anụ na tebụl nwere ike ịchọrọ mmiri dị ọcha dịka ọnọdụ nke iwu niile.

Ọrụ ị ga-akwado

Ndị gọọmenti mere ihe dị mkpa n’ihe ndị a kọrọ n’elu, mana ha abụghị otu ha. Ndị na-eme ihe n’enweghị ego na-ewepụ ihe ndị a na-ahapụghị n’oké osimiri tupu ha erute n’ụsọ mmiri, na-enyocha mmiri ebe ndị ọrụ anaghị eme ya, na-eburu ndị na-emebi ihe n’ụlọikpe ma gbanwee nde mmadụ ole na ole na-arụ ọrụ n’efu ka ha bụrụ data. Ha bụ ụfọdụ n’ime ndị kasị e guzobere, otu ọ bụla na-ebipụta nsonaazụ. Biko hụ ihe ha na-eme, ma ọ bụrụ na ị nwere ike, nye ha site n’aka weebụsaịtị ha.

• Nkechi nke Oke Osimiri (Netherlands). A non-profit foundation nke na-ebubata igwe iji wepu plastik. N’ime mmiri, ọ bụ ike-solar Nhazi, ndị na-agba mmiri na ụgbọ ala dị obere na-ewepụ ihe ọ bụla na-emerụ ahụ n’ime ụfọdụ n’ime osimiri na ogige ndị na-emerụ ahụ, site na Kingston na Jamaica ruo Motagua na Guatemala, Los Angeles na Bangkok, nakwa mmemme ya “30 Cities” na-atụ anya imebi ihe n’ime obodo 30 nke ndị na-emerụ ahụ. N’ụsọ osimiri, System 03, ihe mgbochi na-agbagharị nke na-ewepụ plastik n’ime mpaghara nchekwa nke a na-ahapụ ya na ụgbọ mmiri kwa ụbọchị anọ, ejirila ya rụọ ọrụ na Great Pacific Garbage Patch kemgbe 2023 ma gbasaa ihe dị ka kilogram 500,000. Dashboard ya na-enyocha ihe dịka 65 nde kilograms ewepụla site n’oké osimiri na oke osimiri; ụlọ ọrụ ahụ kwuru na ọnụọgụ ndị a na-ahụ maka onwe ha bụ naanị mgbe ụfọdụ site na ụlọ ọrụ DNV (rivers, oceans, dashboard). Ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị ya na-emepụtakwa ọnụọgụgụ mmiri ozuzo e ji arụ ọrụ n’ihu a. Ndị na-enye ego ga-aga Stichting The Ocean Cleanup, ụlọ ọrụ guzobere maka ndị mmadụ n’otu n’otu na Netherlands, ma ọ bụ na US gaa American Friends of The Ocean Cleanup, a 501(c)(3) charity (FAQ).
• Mịnịsta Trash Wheel](https://www.mrtrashwheel.com/)** (Baltimore, United States). Ụgbọ mmiri ndị a na-eji ụgbọ mmiri kpụ ọkụ n’ọnụ, nke e mepụtara n’etiti afọ 2014 na 2021, nọ n’akụkụ mmiri na-abanye n’ụgbọ mmiri Baltimore. A na-eji bọm kpụpụta ihe ndị dị n’ụgbọ mmiri gaa n’ụgbọala ọ bụla, ma a na-eji ụgbọ mmiri mmiri tụgharịa ya site n’oké osimiri, nke a na-enyere aka site n’ịrụ ọrụ ọkụ eletrik, na-agbazite igwe kwụ otu ebe na-ebugharị ya gaa n’ọnụ ụzọ. Ha na-echekwa ihe dị ka 500 US tons (ihe dịka 450 ton) nke ájá n’afọ, ihe dị ka 90 pasent nke ya na-apụ n’ihi mmiri ozuzo, na ndị ọrụ ibe ha na-enyocha ihe ndị dị n’ime dumpster kwa afọ iji nyere iwu anti-litter aka. Ha na-arụ ọrụ site n’aka Waterfront Partnership nke Baltimore, 501(c)(3) non-profit; igwe ndị a e wuru ma na-echekwa site na Clearwater Mills, ụlọ ọrụ Maryland (trash interception, how it works).

• Waterkeeper Alliance (New York, na-arụ ọrụ n’ụwa nile). Born from a group of Hudson River fishermen who fought industrial polluters from 1966, the alliance was founded in 1999 and now links 296 local Waterkeeper groups in more than 40 countries and territories. Ha na-enyocha mmiri ha, osimiri na ugwu ha ma jiri sayensị ndị mmadụ, ikpe na ọrụ iwu iji mee ka ndị na-emebi ihe n’ihi ya (about).
• Ocean Conservancy (Washington, D.C.). Ọrụ ya nke International Coastal Cleanup na-eweta ihe karịrị ndị ọrụ ọha na eze nde 19 n’ụsọ osimiri na mmiri, ndị ejirila ihe karịrị pound nde 400 nke ụfụfụ, ma ọ na-edekọ ihe niile site na ngwa Clean Swell, ya mere ọrụ ahụ na-agwa anyịkwa ihe ngwaahịa ndị ga-agwụ n’ime mmiri.
• Surfrider Foundation (California, na chapters n’ime United States). Nke ya Ụlọọrụ na-arụ ọrụ karịa 60 ndị ọbịa ụlọ nyocha nke na-enyocha bacteria na ihe karịrị 600 beaches, bays na creeks, mgbe ụfọdụ ebe nchọpụta nkeonwe na-akwụsị n’oge oge, ma jiri nsonaazụ iji bulie maka mmezi (Ụlọọrụ).
• Thames21 (London). A registered charity (number 1103997) nke na-eweta nde ndị ọrụ ọha na eze kwa afọ iji kpoo ma weghachite London’s 400 miles of rivers and streams, ọrụ ụbọchị niile n’azụ Thames recovery e kwuru n’elu.

Ihe ị ga-eme, nakwa otu ị ga-esi bịa

Ndị gọọmenti, ụlọ ọrụ mmiri na ndị ọrụ ugbo na-ebugharị osimiri dị ọcha, mana ọ bụkwa site n’ime ọtụtụ nde ndị mmadụ na-eme ihe ha chọrọ ma ọ bụ oge ole na ole nke ịrụ ọrụ. Nke a bụ ihe na-enyere aka, site n’ụlọ nri ruo obodo. Mgbe ị na-eme ihe ọzọ, Local Solar System Foundation’s Get Involved page na-edepụta ọrụ mpaghara ị nwere ike iwere ebe ị bi, na ụzọ iji chọta ma ọ bụ malite ngalaba mpaghara. prọjetị ndị dị elu na-eweta ndị ọrụ ọbụla dịkakwa nkwụghachi. Gịnị ọbụla ị na-eme, gwa anyị banyere ya site n’aka nchịkọta ndepụta, ebe ndị isi nke faịlụ ahụ na-elekọta ndepụta ndepụta niile.

Naụlọ

• Bin the fat. Let cooking fat, oil na grease cool, then scrape it into the bin. Ha na-eme ka ihe karịrị 20,000 sewer blockages kwa afọ n’ime netwọk Thames Water nke onwe ya, 28 pasent nke blockages niile (Thames Water, 2025). N’afọ 2017, otu “fatberg” nke abụba na wipes n’okpuru Whitechapel na London ruru mita 250 ogologo na 130 tons (BBC, 2017).
• Flush naanị pee, poo na akwụkwọ. Wet wipes akpata 94 pasent nke sewer blockages na United Kingdom, na sewers blocked pụtara na storm overflows n’ime mmiri na-ejikarị (Water UK; Bin the Wipe). Wipes, cotton buds na sanitization products ga-aga n’ime bin.

• Kpọọ ọgwụ ndị ịchọrọ azụ. Enweghị ike iwepụ ha ma ọ bụ hapụ ha: kpụ ha n’ụlọ ọgwụ ma ọ bụ usoro ihe omume ịkwụghachi (NHS; US EPA). Achọpụtara na n’ime mmiri 258 dị n’ala 104, ọbụna otu ọgwụ a na-ahụta ka ọ bụ ihe na-adịghị mma maka anụmanụ ndị ọzọ, ma ọ bụ nke nwere ike imebi antibiotic resistance, n’ebe karịrị otu n’ime iri nke ebe ndị e nyochara (Wilkinson et al., 2022).
• Kpọọ ụzọ mmiri ozuzo. N’ime obodo ndị dị iche iche, ụzọ mmiri ozuzo na-aga n’ihu ruo n’oké osimiri nke dị nso na-enweghị ọgwụgwọ ọ bụla (gọọmenti UK). Ọ dịghị mgbe ọ bụla ị ga-adọta paint, engine oil ma ọ bụ mmiri soapy site na ịsa ụgbọala n’otu; gaa na-eburu paint na oil gaa na ebe a na-ejigharị ya.
• Kpọọ ogige, ọ bụghị mmiri. Jiri ihe na-egbochi ọrịa na ihe na-agwọ ọrịa dị ala, naanị ọnụọgụgụ a ga-atụ aro, chebe ya n’ebe dị anya site n’oké osimiri na ọdụm, ma gharakwa ịgwakọta ya tupu oké ifufe (US EPA). Ọ bụrụ na ị nwere ala n’ebe mmiri nọ, ọbụna osisi ndị dị n’ala ahụ ga-ewepụ mmiri ozuzo tupu ya abịa.

Ebe ị bi

• Tinye n’ụdị mmegharị, mọọbụ rụzigharịa otu. World Cleanup Day na-abịa n’ụbọchị 20 nke ọnwa September kwa afọ, ndị na-eme ya kwuru na mmadụ 212 si mba na mpaghara niile nọ n’ọrụ (Ụlọọrụ United Nations; Ụbọchị Nchedo Ụwa). Ocean Conservancy’s International Coastal Cleanup na Marine Conservation Society’s Great British Beach Clean na-eme n’ụbọchị Septemba, na ndị otu mmiri dị ka Thames21 na-eweta ihe omume afọ niile. Rekọta ihe ị na-ewepụ, dịka ọmụmaatụ n’ime ngwaike Swell Clean dị n’efu, ka ọbụna data ahụ (Ocean Conservancy) bụrụkwa nke dị ọcha.

• Biko na-echebe onwe gị mgbe ị na-eme ya. Jiri uwe ma ọ bụ jiri onye na-ahọrọ ihe ndị dị n’ime mmiri, bido n’oge oké mmiri ozuzo ma ọ bụ awa abụọ mgbe oke mmiri ozuzo gachara, ma hapụghịkwa ịkpọchi syringe, drums mọọbụ ihe ọ bụla ọzọ nke nwere ike igbu mmadụ: hapụ ya ebe ọ nọ ma gosi ya. Ka ndị Marine Conservation Society si etinye ya, ọ bụrụ na ị nwere obi abụọ, ghara ịtụ elu (MCS organizer guide, 2026).

• Kwapụta mmiri gị. Programụ ndị mmadụ-saịtị na-enye gị kit dị mfe, nkuzi na ebe ị ga-ekerịta nsonaazụ. FreshWater Watch, nke a na-ahụ maka ya site n’Earthwatch, ejirila ihe karịrị 70,000 setịpụrụ nke nlele site n’ihe karịrị ndị ọrụ 22,000 dị iche iche n’ụwa niile. The Rivers Trust’s Big River Watch na-ajụ ndị mmadụ n’ime UK na Ireland ka ha hụ mmiri maka nkeji 15, ugboro abụọ kwa afọ, site na ngwa ọha na eze. Riverfly Partnership na-enyocha ndị ọrụ ọha na eze iji hụ n’anya ụmụ mmiri dị obere nke na-enwe mmetụta na-adịghị mma. The EarthEcho Water Challenge na-enyere ndị ọbịa aka ịtụle mmiri ha, Water Rangers na-enye kit na-eme nnwale na ebe nchekwa data mepere emepe na Canada, Waterwatch na-akwado ndị otu n’Australia, na Surfrider’s Blue Water Task Force na-enyocha osimiri n’Amerịka.

• Kpọpụta ihe na-emerụ ahụ mgbe ị hụrụ ya. Ụdị azụ nwụrụ anwụ, mmiri ozuzo, ọla edo, bọmbụ mọọbụ agba dị iche: kọwaa ebe na oge, kpụpụta foto ma ọ bụrụ na ọ bụ n’ụzọ dị mma, wee kpọọ ndị ọchịchị ozugbo. N’Ingiltrị, ọdụ ụgbọala nke Environment Agency bụ 0800 80 70 60, ụbọchị na abalị (gọọmenti UK); n’Islọ Ahịa, SEPA na-eweta ozi on-line ma ọ bụ na 0800 807060 (SEPA); n’Irland, ọdụ ụgbọala nke mba ahụ bụ 1800 365 123 na ọtụtụ ndị isi obodo na-anabata ozi site na See it? Kwụsị); n’ime United States, EPA nwere on-line tip form, na emergencys gaa National Response Center na 1-800-424-8802 (US EPA); na Victoria, Australia, EPA Victoria na-aza na 1300 372 842 (EPA Victoria). Ebe ọ bụla ọzọ, ụlọọrụ gọọmenti obodo gị ma ọ bụ ụlọ ọrụ gburugburu ebe obibi mba ahụ bụ ebe ị ga-amalite.
• Adopt a stream. Ọtụtụ ebe na-arụ ọrụ nke ụlọ akwụkwọ, klọb ma ọ bụ otu ndị enyi na-ele anya mgbe ọbụla n’ụsọ mmiri ma ọ bụ osimiri, ma hụ ya n’ụzọ ziri ezi; Georgia Adopt-A-Stream na United States bụ otu ihe atụ dị ogologo oge. Ọ bụrụ na ọ nweghị ihe n’ebe gị nọ, gosi otu dịka ọrụ mpaghara ebe.

Na ụda gị

• Kwuru maka data. Otú ọ dị, ọtụtụ n’ime ya bụ nke ndị mmadụ. N’Ingiltrị na Scotland, map mmiri ozuzo nke The Rivers Trust gosiri oke mmiri ozuzo niile na otu ọ ga-esi pụta (The Rivers Trust); n’ụwa, European Environment Agency bipụtara nsonaazụ maka ebe ịsa ahụ karịrị 22,000, 85 pasent ha bụ ndị dị mma n’afọ 2025 (EEA); n’Amerịka, EPA How’s My Waterway gosiri ọnọdụ nke osimiri na ọdọ mmiri. Ebe ọbụla e nweghị data, jụọ kọmitii gị ma ọ bụ ọrụ mmiri gị ihe mere o ji adị, nakwa ihe ntọala ahụ bụ.
• Support deposit return and producer responsibility. Deposits bring bottles and cans back before they reach a river, na ndị na-emepụta ihe na-eme ka ndị na-emepụta ihe na-akwụ ụgwọ maka ịzụta ya. Nkọwapụta ụfụfụ plastik anyị na-egosi otú ha si arụ ọrụ.

• Nwere ike ịga n’ihu na-emepe ihe ndị ọzọ. Na 2022, pasent 42 nke mmiri ozuzo ụlọ ọrụ ụwa anaghị arụ ọrụ n’ụzọ dị mma (Ụlọọrụ UN-Water, 2024). N’ihi ya, ọ bụrụ na ịchọrọ ịnabata ihe ndị a, biko kpọtụrụ onye ọrụ anyị ma ọ bụ ziga ozi gị n’ime otu ụbọchị.
• Kpọọ ndị na-azụ anụ na-echebe mmiri, ma jụọ ụlọ ahịa ebe nri ha si. Gwa ndị na-ere ahịa ị zụrụ ka ha kọwaa ihe ọ bụla ha na-ere n’ebe enweghị ike ịnakọta ihe a ga-ewepụ, ma ọ bụ ihe ha na-eme iji weghachite ya.

Mgbe ị na-agagharị

• Gbanwee ihe ọbụla n’azụ. Kpụpụta ụfụfụ gị n’ụlọ site na osimiri, mmiri na ọdụm, ọkachasị ebe ọ bụghị n’ebe a na-achụsasị ya mgbe niile.
• Refill ka ịzụta. Kwụsị ihe ọṅụṅụ na-adọba ụgbọala ma kwụsị iji ihe ndị a na-eji otu ugboro; ebe mmiri n’okporo ụzọ adịghị mma maka ijere, soro ndụmọdụ ahụike obodo gị.
• Kwuru tupu ịla mmiri, jiri akara mmanya-ọdịnaya ma ọ bụ ntọala ebe ahụ, nakwa hapụ mmiri mgbe e mechara ụjọ n’ebe ndị nwere mmiri ozuzo.
• Bido ọrụ n’ụzọ dị mma. Ọ bụrụ na ịchọrọ inyere aka n’oké osimiri a na-atọsasị n’ebe ọzọ, gụọ ga ebe ahụ, mụta, nakwa nyere aka n’okpuru mbụ.

Kpọnye echiche gị

Óké osimiri na-ebi n’elu nke ndepụta ahụ agaghị ahazi ya site n’ịmepụta otu. Ha ga-ewepụ ya site n’ịgbapụta ọtụtụ puku echiche dị mma, a chọpụtara ebe ndị mmadụ bi: ụzọ ịkpụgharị ihe na-atọ ụtọ, ụlọ ahịa na-adọba ụgbọala, ụlọ akwụkwọ na-eme nyocha nke mmiri ozuzo, ụzọ dị ọnụ ala iji gbochie mmiri, ọnụahịa dị mma maka plastik e ji arụ ọrụ. Ziga anyị gị, dị ka ọtụtụ dị ka ị nwere.

Gaa ebe ahụ, chọpụta, na nyere aka

Ihe kasị bara uru ụfọdụ ndị nwere ike ime bụ ịga. Ndị injinia, ndị nlekọta ahụike, ndị nne na nna, ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị, ndị ọrụ ụlọ ọrụ, ụmụ akwụkwọ na ndị ọrụ na-arụ ọrụ na-aga n’ihu nwere ike ịnye ihe ọmụma dị mkpa nke enweghị ike ịnye ya. Ọ bụrụ na ị nwere ike ịga n’otu n’ime mmiri ndị a, mee ya dị ka onye enyi, ọ bụghị dịka onye na-echebe.

• Bido site n’ịnụ. Kpọtụrụ ndị otu obodo, mahadum, ụlọọrụ obodo na ụlọ ọrụ obodo tupu ịbịa, ma jụọ ha ihe ha chọrọ. Ndị bi n’akụkụ mmiri ndị a na-arụ ọrụ ha ruo ọtụtụ afọ.
• Na-arụ ọrụ na gọọmenti na ndị obodo n’otu oge. Ngbanwe dị ogologo chọrọ: ndị isi obodo nwere ike ịgbanwe ụzọ iji wepụ ihe na ikike, na ndị bi ebe ahụ nke na-ahọrọ ihe ga-aga mmiri kwa ụbọchị. N’enyefe ka ịkpọnye ha, ọbụla gbanwee ha.

• Kwuru, ma kọwaa onwe gị. Kpọtụrụ ihe ị maara banyere nlekọta, nchekwa, usoro ihe eji emebi ihe ma ọ bụ ahụike, nakwa otu ihe si arụ ọrụ n’ebe ahụ. Wepụ n’azụ ihenhọrọ na data mepere emepe, ọ bụghị nrụgide.
• Biko hụ na ị nọ n’okpuru. Ọnụ mmiri ahụ na-eburu ọrịa na kemịkal. Gụọ ndụmọdụ njem gọọmenti gị, nweta ọgwụ mgbochi ndị ụlọ ọgwụ njem na-atụ aro, ghara ịna-agba mmiri ma ọ bụ ịṅụ ihe si n’ime mmiri a, ma hụ n’anya iwu obodo na ụkpụrụ.
• Kpọọ ya n’eziokwu. Local Solar SystemFaịlụnaịtị anaghị arụ ọrụ, na-enye nkwado ma ọ bụ na-akwụ ụgwọ maka njem. Onye ọ bụla na-enyere aka na-eme ya dị ka onye ọrụ ọha na eze ma ọ dịghịzi eme ihe ọ bụla iji nweta ego n’aha anyị.

Mgbe ị na-abịaghachi, gwa anyị ihe ị mụtara site n’ime usoroiheomume dị elu, ma kọwaa ịmalite isiokwu mpaghara ebe ahụ ka ọrụ ahụ ga-aga n’ihu ebe ị bi.

Ebe obibi nakwa ịgụ ọzọ

• World Health Organization, Drinking-water fact sheet (2023)
• UN-Water, Nkewapụta n’ihe gbasara mmiri ozuzo, 2024 mmelite
• Diaz na Rosenberg (2008), Ihe n’ime ebe ndị nwụrụ anwụ nakwa ihe mere maka usoroiheomume mmiri, Science 321
• Breitburg et al. (2018), Ikewapụ oxygen n’ime oke osimiri ụwa na mmiri oké osimiri, Science 359
• U.S. EPA, Nri na-emetụta ahụike
• UN-Water, Ndịmma mmiri na mmiri ozuzo
• World Health Organization, Sanitation fact sheet (2024)
• Nhazi (2021), Ọtụtụ karịa 1000 mmiri na-egosipụta maka 80% nke ọnwụ nke ụwa niile n’ime osimiri, Science Advances 7; ebe nchọgharị data osimiri na faịlụ akara site na Oké Osimiri Nchedo
• Lebreton na ndị ọzọ (2017), Ihe pụta n’oké osimiri, Ndị Ọrụ 8
• Schmidt, Krauth na Wagner (2017), Ihe arụpụtaghị nke plastic debris site n’oké osimiri gaa n’ụsọ mmiri, Environmental Science and Technology 51
• Brooks na ndị ọzọ (2018), Ndị Chinese na-egbochi ịzụta na mmetụta ya na ahịa ụwa nke plastic waste, Science Advances 4
• Human Rights Watch (2012), Toxic Tanneries: The health repercussions of Bangladesh’s Hazaribagh leather
• Marselina, Rahmi na Nurhayati (2025), Ndị mma mmiri nke Upper Citarum, Heliyon 11
• Nchedo nke ndị mmadụ na-eme ka ọ dị mma. Program Namami Gange
• WWF (2018), N’ime ihe nkpuchi plastik: na-echekwa Mediterranean site na mmetọ plastik
• Ọrụ (2015), Plastic accumulation in the Mediterranean Sea, PLOS ONE 10
• Nhazi (2018), Ndị na-emegharị ihe n’ụsọ osimiri na Mediterranean: ịkọwapụta isi mmalite na ụzọ, Marine Pollution Bulletin 129
• Grelaud na Ziveri (2020), Ndị ntorobịa nke mmiri ozuzo n’ime ọdọ mmiri Mediterranean dị ka mmetụta nke njem nlegharị anya na mmezi ya, Nkekọrịta Saịntifiki 10
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• European Union, Directive (EU) 2019/904 on the reduction of the impact of certain plastic products on the environment
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• Ụkpụrụ Nchedo Ọdụ Oké Osimiri Yangtze nke People’s Republic of China (2020, n’ọrụ 2021)
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• The Guardian (2013), Rivers of blood: the dead pigs rotting in China’s water supply
• Zoological Society nke London (2026), The State of the Thames
• Tideway, The London Tideway Tunnel na About Tideway
• International Commission maka nchebe nke Rhine, The turning point: the Sandoz accident, Salmon 2000 na Salmon 2020 na registered adult salmon at counting stations
• NPR (2019), afọ 50 mgbe ahụ, ịkụ Cuyahoga River a kpọrọ nwa akwụkwọ poster maka Clean Water Act
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• PUB Singapore (2008), Ọbịbịa nke baraje (echekwara)
• Robinson na Hopton (2011), Projētị nrụzigharị okporo ụzọ Cheonggyecheon, Nhazi mmeri ala, Ụlọọrụ architectura ala
• France 24 (2024), Nwanyị triatlon na-amalite na Paris Games mgbe nyocha ahụ gosiri na mmiri Seine dị mma
• France 24 / AFP (2025), Seine na-emepegharị n’ihu ndị na-agba mmiri Paris mgbe ọ gasịrị
• Massachusetts Water Resources Authority, Ihe nkiri sistem sewer na Boston Harbor, rivers na beaches
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• Waterfront Partnership nke Baltimore, Mr. Ụlọọrụ ebemkpofuozi: ebemkpofuozi n’etiti na Otú ọ dị
• Waterkeeper Alliance, N’ihi anyị
• Ocean Conservancy, Nkechi anya Oké Osimiri Ụwa
• Surfrider Foundation, Blue Water Task Force
• Thames21, N’ihi anyị
• BBC News (2001), A tale of two rivers
• Thames Water, Thames Tideway Tunnel
• The Guardian (2025), Nke data mmiri Thames na-egosi na ihe ndị a na-ewepụ n’ime mmiri na-arịwanye elu 50% na 2024
• Environment Agency (2026), Nke ka njọ na nke dị mkpirikpi na-ebili mmiri na 2025, ozi ọhụrụ gbasara nyocha
• Northeast Ohio Regional Sewer District, Ihe: awa, Cuyahoga River gbawara ugboro ole tupu 1969?, Nkekọrịta nlekọta okporo ụzọ mmiri, Project Clean Lake na Ihe: kedu ka osimiri na-anwụ si zọpụta ndụ anyị
• U.S. EPA, Cuyahoga Gorge Dam Great Lakes Legacy Act clean-up
• Ministry of the Environment of Japan, Lessons from Minamata Disease and Mercury Management in Japan
• National Institute for Minamata Disease, Ajụjụ na azịza
• The Asahi Shimbun (2024), Ọchịchị na-ewepụ ihe ndị a kpọrọ nkụ n’ihe gbasara Minamata
• National Library Board Singapore, Nkechi nke Oké Osimiri Singapore
• PUB, Singapore’s National Water Agency, Marina Barrage
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• Jones (2000), The Mersey estuary: azụ site na ndị nwụrụ anwụ? N’agwọta nsogbu afọ 150
• Mersey Basin Campaign, The legacy na The Mersey n’ime minit isii (archief)
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• Massachusetts Water Resources Authority, Deer Island Treatment Plant, Combined sewer overflows na Joint public notice, Charles River (2023)
• Kwụsị Ụgbọala/Kwụsị Oké Osimiri (2025), Boston beaches rank as some of the cleanest urban beaches in the country
• Ụlọọrụ Nhazi n’otu n’otu nke ịda mmiri
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• Capet, Beckers na Grégoire (2013), Drivers, mechanisms na ogologo oge mgbanwe nke seasonal hypoxia na Black Sea northwestern shelf, Biogeosciences 10
• International Commission for the Protection of the Danube River, Danube River Protection Convention, Nutrient pollution na Danube River Basin Management Plan, gbanwee 2021
• Melbourne Water, Yarra River
• Parliament nke Victoria (2017), Yarra River Protection (Wilip-gin Birrarung murron) Act 2017
• EPA Victoria, Olee otú anyị si eleba anya n’ọdịnaya mmiri na Ọdịnaya mmiri na-atụ anya ụtụ
• GMA News (2018), Programụ nlekọta mmiri Pasig na-eme ememe n’ọdịnihu Asia RiverPrize
• Philstar (2019), Duterte na-ewepụ Pasig River Rehabilitation Commission
• ABS-CBN News (2025), Phase IV nke Pasig River esplanade unveiled; ebe a na-emeghe maka ndị mmadụ site na Monday
• Pasig River Rehabilitation Commission, Nke amụma afọ 2014 (archived)
• Rappler (2018), Audit report on the Pasig River Rehabilitation Commission (archived)
• Landscape Architecture Foundation, Cheonggyecheon Stream Restoration, ihe ọmụmụ ihe n’ụzọ dị mfe
• The Korea Herald (2025), Ụbọchị iri abụọ mgbe e mechara malitegharịa, Seoul’s Cheonggyecheon na-agba mmiri na azụ 8 ugboro karịa, na (2011), Cheonggyecheon stream in Seoul polluted with bacteria
• The Guardian (2025), ‘Everyone thought it would cause gridlock’: the highway that Seoul turned into a stream
• Press Information Bureau, Government of India, Namami Gange (2026) na Namami Gange (2025)
• The Hindu (2025), N’oge a, CPCB na-ekwu na mmiri Maha Kumbh dị mma maka ịna-agba mmiri
• Ụgbọala nke Paris, Se baigner dans la Seine en 2024 et au-delà na Baignades à Paris 2026 (n’asụsụ French)
• France 3 Paris Île-de-France / AFP (2025), Dépollution : des espèces de poisson disparues retrouvent leur habitat dans la Seine (n’asụsụ French)
• US EPA (1998), Olee ka usoro ihe eji eme mmiri ozuzo si arụ ọrụ: ihe isii (echekwara), nakwa (2004), Ndị nrụpụta maka usoro ihe eji eme mmiri ozuzo nke obodo
• Thames Water (2025), 100-tonne Whitechapel fatberg egosipụtara
• BBC News (2017), ‘Monster’ fatberg na-ahụta ịkwụsị East London sewer
• Water UK, Fighting fatbergs, na Bin the Wipe
• NHS, Olee otú ụlọ ọgwụ ga-esi nyere aka; US EPA, Iji ọgwụ ndị dị n’ụlọ dozie nsogbu
• Wilkinson na ndị ọzọ (2022), Pharmaceutical pollution nke mmiri ozuzo ụwa, PNAS 119
• Ndị na-egbochi polution maka ụlọ ọrụ na Kpọtụrụ nsogbu gburugburu ebe obibi
• US EPA, Gịnị ka ị ga-eme n’ụlọ gị na Kpọsa mmebi gburugburu ebe obibi
• United Nations, World Cleanup Day; World Cleanup Day
• Ụlọọrụ nlekọta mmiri, Nke ọma na-echebe ebe obibi ndị Britain na Ndụmọdụ onyeisi ọrụ Beachwatch (2026)
• Ocean Conservancy, Clean Swell app; Thames21, Ihe omume
• Earthwatch, FreshWater Watch; The Rivers Trust, Big River Watch na Sewage in rivers; Riverfly Partnership; EarthEcho Water Challenge; Water Rangers; Waterwatch Australia; Georgia Adopt-A-Stream
• SEPA, Kpọtụrụ ihe mere n’ime obodo; EPA Ireland, Mee mkpesa n’ime obodo; EPA Victoria, Kpọtụrụ anyị
• European Environment Agency, Ndịda mmiri na-agba mmiri; US EPA, Olee ụzọ m ga-esi na-aga mmiri