Ocean ndi madzi oipa

Mtsinje wa Zambezi ndi m’modzi mwa mapiri akulu kwambiri padziko lapansi. Amachotsa maminerali m’mapiri, amabweretsa chakudya kwa midzi ndi nyama, ndipo amatsuka yekha pamene akuyenda. Kwa nthawi yambiri m’mbiri, zimenezi zinakwanira: anthu ankaika zinyalala m’mapiri ndipo chilengedwe chinali chikuzichotsa. Panthawi ya lero, ndi anthu oposa mamiliyoni asanu ndi awiri ndi kulima kwachitukuko padziko lonse lapansi, kuchepetsa madzi kumatha kukhala kovuta. Zomwe timatulutsa padziko zimafika kunyanja.

Momwe madzi amawonongedwa

Kuwononga kumafika mwanjira ziwiri. Point sources zimachokera ku chitoliro: chitoliro chotuluka, chitoliro cha fakitale, migodi. Zimapezeka mosatheka ndipo, ndi chilolezo ndi kuchiritsa, ndizosatheka kuzichotsa. Malo ochokera m’malo osiyanasiyana amachokera kumadera onse pamodzi: feteleza ndi manyowa omwe amawawa m’midzi, mafuta ndi fumbi la tires lomwe limawawa m’magalimoto, mankhwala oletsa tizilombo omwe amalowa m’masamba. Izi ndi zovuta kwambiri, chifukwa palibe chitoliro chimodzi chomwe chingatsegulidwe.

Zowopsa zazikulu ndi:

• Mafuta a chakudya. Nitrojeni ndi phosphorus kuchokera ku feteleza, mchere ndi madzi osefukira. M’madzi amadyetsa masamba a mchere, omwe amakula, amafa ndi kuwonongeka, pogwiritsa ntchito oxygen yomwe ikufunika kwa nyama.
• Pathogens. Bacteria, viruses ndi maparasites kuchokera ku madzi osefukira osatsukidwa komanso fumbi la nyama. Amayambitsa matenda a cholera, dysentery, typhoid ndi matenda osokoneza bongo.
• Mafuta. Mafuta amphamvu monga mercury ndi lead, ma solvent opanga zinthu zowononga tizilombo, mankhwala odzola tizilombo, mankhwala ndi zomwe zimatchedwa forever chemicals (PFAS), zomwe sizingakhudze nthawi zonse.
• Sediment ndi kutentha. Mtsinje wa madzi otentha kuchokera ku malo opangira mphamvu amachepetsa kwambiri oxygen.

Kodi ndi ndani amene akukhudzana?

Anthu onse amadya pansi pa mtsinje wa munthu. According to the World Health Organization, at least 1.7 billion people used a drinking-water source contaminated with faeces in 2022, and 2.2 billion still lacked safely managed drinking water. Mphamvu yovuta kwambiri imakhala pa ana: madzi osatetezeka, kuchotsa madzi ndi kusamalira thupi ndizoyambitsa zoyambirira za matenda a diarrhea pakati pa ana.

M’mbuyo mwa izi ndi chisamaliro cha madzi. In 2022, 57 percent of the world’s people used a safely managed toilet. Kuposa 1.5 biliyoni analibe basi sanitization pa zonse, ndi 419 miliyoni anthu ambiri amadya m’malo otsegulira, m’mabowo a msewu, m’mphepete mwa mapiri kapena m’madzi. Mu 2020, 44 peresenti ya madzi osefukira anyumba adatulutsidwa popanda kuchiritsa kotetezeka (WHO, 2024). Pamene pali sitima yonyamula anthu, sitima yapamtunda ndi imodzi.

Ecosystems amalipiranso. Pamene mapiri ochuluka a chakudya amakumana ndi nyanja, oxygen ingakhudze kwambiri kuti nyama ndi zinyama za m’madzi zizitha kusefukira. Izi zomera Tsopano mndandanda m’mamiliyoni; imodzi mwa mafomu akuluakulu chaka chilichonse mu Gulu la Mexico, fed ndi Mississippi. Padziko lonse lapansi, oyera amadzi amawononganso oxygen, ndipo malo osungirako oxygen omwe ali ndi oxygen akuwonjezeka kuyambira pakati pa zaka za zana lachisanu (Breitburg et al., 2018).

A dead zone ndi chipongwe malo ndi mamiliyoni a okhulupirira kuti ndi palibe mlandu wina.

Mapiri omwe amayendetsa kwambiri

Mtsinje wina wa m’dziko lino umasonyeza vuto lonseli: madzi osefukira, zinyalala za fakitale ndi pulasitiki, zonsezi m’madzi amodzi, m’mizinda yomwe inakula mofulumira kuposa ma pipes awo, ma bins ndi malo odzaza madzi. Kuwapatsa dzina si nkhani ya kukayikira. Anthu omwe amakhala m’mphepete mwa mapiriwa ndi amene amayamba kuwonongedwa, ndipo ambiri mwa iwo akuchita ntchito yovuta kwambiri kuti awabwezeretse.

Madzi osefukira ndi moyo wa tsiku ndi tsiku

The Pasig Metro Manila ndi mzinda waukulu kwambiri ku Philippines, womwe uli ndi anthu oposa 13 miliyoni. Mzindawu ndi m’modzi mwamizinda yovuta kwambiri ku Europe chifukwa cha kusowa kwa madzi okwanira, magalimoto ambiri osayenda bwino komanso anthu omwe amapita kukagula zinthu zofunika. Pamene madzi a m’mphepete mwa nyanja amalowa m’madzi, magazi onse omwe ali pa nthaka amatuluka. The chimodzimodzi pattern amapita patsogolo pa Klang ku Kuala Lumpur, the Ulhas ndi Mitundu m’mapiri a Mumbai, ndi mamiliyoni a mizinda yazing’ono m’mapiri a tropic.

Fakitale: tanneries ndi zodzikongoletsera

Mu Dhaka, tanneries wa Hazaribagh anatulutsa zowerengera 21,600 mamita cubic ya untreated madzi osefukira tsiku lililonse, loted ndi chrome, sulfure ndi amonium, m’ma channels kuti kutuluka kwa Burundi (Human Rights Watch, 2012). Ogwira ntchito, ambiri mwa iwo ana, ndi achibale anayamba kukumana ndi mavuto aakulu; khungu linagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga nsapato ndi zikwama zomwe zinagulitsidwa padziko lonse.

Pa Java, Chijeremani ndi chiyambi chachikulu cha madzi oyera ndi kudyetsa kwa West Java. Kuphunzira kwa 2025 kumafotokoza kuti mtsinjewu unalandira pafupifupi 35.5 matoni a zowonongeka za anthu tsiku lililonse mu 2017, ndipo kuti pafupifupi 90 peresenti ya mafakitale a 3,236 a zikopa kudzera mwake sanali ndi chithandizo chokwanira cha madzi osefukira, choncho mabala ndi mankhwala osokoneza bongo anapita mozungulira m’madzi (Marselina et al., 2025). Mu 2018 Indonesia idakhazikitsa * Citarum Harum *, pulogalamu yadziko lonse yobwezeretsa basins yomwe imabweretsa boma ladziko lonse ndi lodziyimira pawokha, mabungwe olimbana ndi nkhondo, mabizinesi ndi mabungwe.

The Ganges ndi chofunika kwambiri kwa anthu ambirimbiri ndipo chimapatsa madzi ku mbali zambiri za India ndi Bangladesh. Pamenepo, makampani monga ma tanning ndi distilleries amawonjezera zinyalala zawo ku madzi osefukira a mizinda yomwe ikukulira. Program ya Namami Gange ku India, yomwe idayamba mu 2014, ikumanga ndi kuyeza malo ogwiritsira ntchito madzi osakwanira m’mphepete mwa mtsinjewu ndi mapiri ake (National Mission for Clean Ganga).

Mapepala

Mapulasitiki ndi owoneka bwino kwambiri mwa zinthu zowononga, ndipo ndi zomwe titha kuyerekezera mtsinje ndi mtsinje. Zithunzi ziwiri zofunikira zamakono zidagwiritsa ntchito mamodeli a kompyuta, oyesedwa motsutsana ndi kuyerekezera kwa malo, kuti athe kupanga kafukufuku wa momwe madzi akuyendera m’nyanja:

• Lebreton et al. (2017) Kuwerengedwa 1.15 mpaka 2.41 miliyoni matoni chaka chilichonse kuchokera mtsinje uliwonse, ndi pamwamba 20 mtsinje kunyamula awiri achitatu, otsogolera ndi Yangtze, Ganges ndi Xi.
• Schmidt et al. (2017) anapita patsogolo, kusonyeza kuti kungoti 10 mtsinje kunyamula 88 mpaka 95 peresenti ya kulemera kwa padziko lonse. This “ten rivers” claim spread widely, but the authors themselves warned of high uncertainty, and newer work does not support it.
• Meijer et al. (2021) anatsatira zinyalala kuchokera komwe zimatulutsidwa ku mtsinje wozungulira ndi kunyanja, poganizira nyengo yozizira, kugwiritsa ntchito dziko lapansi komanso kulumikizana. Anapeza kuti 1,000 mtsinje kunyamula 80 peresenti ya mtsinje plastiki ku nyanja, 0.8 mpaka 2.7 miliyoni matoni chaka chilichonse mu zoposa, ndi kuti mapiri ochepa kuyendetsa mwa mizinda yayikulu ndi pakati pa zoipa.

Kusankha

These are the ten river mouths with the highest estimated plastic emissions in the newer model. The figures are model midpoints for conditions around 2015, rounded to the nearest hundred tonnes.

Kusintha	Mtsinje	Country	Kuwerengedwa kwa pulasitiki kunyanja (matoni chaka chilichonse)	Choyamba
1	Pasig	Philippines	62,600	Meijer et al. 2021
2	Tullahan	Philippines	13,500	Meijer et al. 2021
3	Ulhas	India	13,400	Meijer et al. 2021
4	Klang	Malawi	12,800	Meijer et al. 2021
5	City in Philippines	Philippines	12,400	Meijer et al. 2021
6	Pampanga	Philippines	9,300	Meijer et al. 2021
7	Libyan Arab Jamahiriya	Philippines	7,100	Meijer et al. 2021
8	Ganges	India ndi Bangladesh	6,200	Meijer et al. 2021
9	brazil. kgm	Philippines	5,300	Meijer et al. 2021
10	Agno	Philippines	4,600	Meijer et al. 2021

Model yachifumu imapanga mapiri akuluakulu m’malo mwake, ndi mndandanda wazosankha za aliyense:

Kusintha	Mtsinje	Country	Mpaka pakatikati (matoni chaka chilichonse)	Kusintha	Choyamba
1	Yangtze River	China	333,000	310,000 mpaka 480,000	Lebreton et al. 2017
2	Ganges	India ndi Bangladesh	115,000	105,000 mpaka 172,000	Lebreton et al. 2017
3	Xi	China	73,900	64,600 mpaka 114,000	Lebreton et al. 2017
4	Huangpu	China	40,800	33,500 mpaka 67,300	Lebreton et al. 2017
5	Kusintha	Nigeria ndi Cameroon	40,300	33,800 mpaka 65,000	Lebreton et al. 2017
6	Kuwala	Indonesia	38,900	32,300 mpaka 63,700	Lebreton et al. 2017
7	Amazon	Brazil, Peru, Colombia ndi Ecuador	38,900	32,200 mpaka 63,800	Lebreton et al. 2017
8	Pasig	Philippines	38,800	32,100 mpaka 63,700	Lebreton et al. 2017
9	Chisilamu	Myanmar	35,300	29,700 mpaka 56,900	Lebreton et al. 2017
10	Solo	Indonesia	32,500	26,500 mpaka 54,100	Lebreton et al. 2017

Kodi ndi ziti zomwe zilipo? Sichoncho, ndipo ndikofunikira kuti tinene izi. Ambiri ndi mafano: palibe amene walemera plastiki kuchoka m’mapiri a mtsinje. M’mabuku ena a m’Baibulo, lamulo la chilungamo limafotokoza kuti anthu onse ali ndi ufulu wosankha zochita zawo, koma pa nkhani ya kutsatira malamulowa, pali zifukwa zambiri zomwe zimachititsa kuti anthu azichita zinthu mogwirizana ndi malamulowo. Madera awiriwa amasiyana kwambiri pa nkhani ya nyanja. Mtsinje wa Ganges umagwa kuchokera pa 115,000 tons per year mu mtundu wakale mpaka pafupifupi 6,200 ton pa m’mphepete mwake wamkulu m’mtundu watsopano, chifukwa cha mtundu watsopanowu umapatsa pulasitiki yotsika kwambiri kudera lakum’mawa mwayi wochulukirapo wofika kunyanja: zambiri zimapezeka pa mapiri, m’mbuyo kwa zida zamadzi ndi m’ma sediments m’njira. Mitsinje ina yomwe imadziwika kwambiri m’madera ena, monga Chao Phraya ku Bangkok, Kelani ku Colombo ndi Mithi ku Mumbai, imakhalanso pakati pa ma 50 otulutsa kwambiri m’mndandanda watsopano wa model. Zomwe maphunziro awiriwa amagwirizana ndi chitsanzo: ambiri a plastiki ochokera m’madzi amakhala ku malo omwe sikuti amasonkhanitsidwa, komwe anthu amakhala pafupi ndi mapiri, ndipo kumene madzi otentha amatsuka dziko.

Chifukwa chake chimachitika pano, ndipo chifukwa chake si vuto ladziko lonse

M’madera a ku Africa, mapiri amagawidwa m’midzi itatu. The Chiliwung, yomwe imayenda kudzera Jakarta, imatulutsa makilomita a 591 ozungulira, pafupifupi theka la peresenti ya Rhine mtsinje wa kumadzulo kwa Europe, ndi mtsinje wake amatulutsa zowonongeka zochepa zapulasitiki. Koma Ciliwung anawerengedwa kuti amatumiza pafupifupi 300 tons ya pulasitiki chaka chilichonse kunyanja, ndipo Rhine pafupifupi 3 tons. Kusiyanaku ndi chifukwa cha nyanja ndi njira zoyendera: m’dera la Ciliwung, matumba amadzi amapangidwa pafupifupi makilomita 1 kuchokera ku mtsinje ndi makilomita 29 kuchokera ku nyanja, ndipo madzi otentha amawachotsa. Sichisiyana ndi anthu ena. Mizinda yawo inakula mofulumira kuposa njira zawo zowononga.

Zifukwa zimagawidwa, kwambiri:

• Kukula kwa m’mizinda. Mizinda ya ku South ndi Southeast Asia, Africa ndi Latin America yawonjezera anthu mamiliyoni ambiri m’zaka zingapo, nthawi zambiri m’madera opanda chilolezo pamphepete mwa mtsinje ndi malo osefukira, komwe palibe zimbudzi, palibe kusonkhanitsa komanso palibe madzi osefukira.
• Kukakamizidwa kwa ntchito zowonongeka. Kusonkhanitsa ndi kusamalira zinyalala kumawononga ndalama zomwe mizinda yokhala ndi ndalama zotsika za ngongole imakumana nazo, ndipo anthu omwe amasonkhanitsa, nthawi zambiri opanga zinyalala osadziwika, samalipiridwa kwa pulasitiki yomwe siyimakhala ndi kufunika kogulitsanso.
• Mapulogalamu opangidwa kwina. Ma sachet amodzi, ma wrappers ambiri ndi zokongoletsa zotsika mtengo zimapangidwa ndikugulitsidwa ndi makampani omwe maofesi awo amakhala pafupi kwambiri, m’madera omwe alibe njira yozigwiritsa ntchitonso.
• Kugulitsa kwadziko lonse lapansi pazinthu zowonongeka. Kwa zaka zambiri, mayiko olemera adatumiza zinthu zowonongeka za plastiki kudziko lina kuti “zibwezeretsedwe”. China took in about 45 percent of the world’s traded plastic waste from 1992 until it banned most imports in 2018; high-income countries exported about 70 percent of their plastic waste in 2016 to lower-income countries in East Asia and the Pacific, and about 111 million tonnes will need a new destination by 2030 (Brooks et al., 2018). Zina mwa zinthuzi zimatha kulowa m’madzi a mtsinjewo.

Mzinda wina, mtsinje wina

Mtsinje sitimatha kuchoka pa zigawo, ndipo nyanja sitimatha. Botolo lomwe limatuluka ku Manila Bay likhoza kuyenda m’madzi oyendayenda kudzera ku Pacific; microplastics yapezeka kuchokera ku Arctic ice mpaka kumalo okongola kwambiri. Mtsinje uliwonse umalandira zomwe mtsinje wina umatulutsa, ndipo dziko lililonse limagula ndi kugulitsa zinthu zomwe zinyalala zawo zimatha kulowa m’madzi. Pali mtsinje umodzi wokha, ndipo tikugawana nawo onse, choncho palibe chomwe chimatchedwa mtsinje wa wina.

Mtsinje wa Manila ndi mtsinje wochokera kunyanja ya Pacific. Zomwe timachitira izo, timachitira nyanja imene aliyense wa ife amadalira.

Europe is not plastic-free

Ndi zopweteka kuona kusefukira kwa madzi m’madzi ngati vuto la malo ozungulira. Sichoncho. Mtsinje wa Europe umatha kunyamula mapulasitiki ochepa chifukwa cha zaka zambiri za ndalama zosonkhanitsa, kuziika ndi kusamalira, koma mapulasitiki akadali m’mapiri ake ndi nyanja, ndipo ena mwa zinyalala zomwe adatumiza anabwerera kunyanja kwina.

• Mtsinje wa Mediterranean ndi msewu wa plastiki. Ili ndi pafupifupi 1 peresenti ya madzi a m’madzi a padziko lapansi koma pafupifupi 7 peresenti ya microplastics yake, ndipo opitilira 200 miliyoni odyera chaka chilichonse amatulutsa matumba am’nyanja mpaka pafupifupi 40 peresenti panthawi ya chilimwe (WWF, 2018). Maplastiki oyenda apezeka pamalo onse omwe adawonetsedwa m’madzi, ndi kuchuluka komwe kumafanana ndi masamba akuluakulu a zinyalala za m’nyanja, zomwe zimawonjezera mpaka pafupifupi 1,000 mpaka 3,000 tons of float (Cózar et al., 2015).
• Greece and its islands. Kufufuza kwa 80 ma beaches a Greek kunapeza kuti pulasitiki idapanga 43 mpaka 51 peresenti ya zinyalala, ndipo zinthu zomwe zimapezeka kwambiri ndi zinyalala za sigara, zitsulo zofiira, zitseko, mabotolo, zokongoletsa chakudya ndi zikwama; Greece imabwezeretsanso pafupifupi imodzi mwa magawo anayi a plastiki omwe amagwiritsa ntchito (WWF, 2018). Pa zilumba zitatu za Corfu, pafupifupi za 142 zinthu zatsopano pa 100 mita washed mpaka tsiku lililonse 15, makamaka anachita m’nyanja (Prevenios et al., 2018). Pazilumba za Mediterranean, zinyalala zomwe zimafika pamadzi zimawonjezeka mpaka 4.7 nthawi M’nyengo ya maulendo (Grelaud ndi Ziveri, 2020).
• In the water and in the fish. In the Thermaic Gulf off Thessaloniki, researchers counted about 750,000 microplastic particles per square kilometre of sea surface and found microplastics in all seven fish species they tested (Kermenidou et al., 2023). Mabotolo a pulasitiki omwe adatulutsidwa kuchokera pansi pa Aegean ndi Ionian nyanja zakhala zosasintha kwa zaka pafupifupi zaka 15 pambuyo pake anayamba kugwa pansi (Ioakeimidis et al., 2016).
• Zina mwa zilumba zazikulu kwambiri ku Europe. The Rhine anachita pa mlingo wa pafupifupi 890,000 microplastics zigawo pa kilomita yaying’ono ya nthaka, ndi mtunda wa makilomita 3.9 miliyoni pafupi ndi mizinda ya Rhine-Ruhr (Mani et al., 2015). Pa Danube ya Austria, pulasitiki yoyenda m’nyanja inapitilirabe ziweto zazing’ono zoyenda m’madzi, ndipo mtsinjewo unawerengedwa kuti umanyamula pafupifupi 4.2 matoni a pulasitiki tsiku lililonse Mtsinje wa Black Sea (Lechner et al., 2014).

Ulaya watsopano umaletsa zinthu zambiri zogwiritsa ntchito plastiki ndi kufunikira kwa opanga kuti azilipira pochotsa ena pansi pa Single-Use Plastics Directive. Izi ndi zabwino njira. Koma panyanja iliyonse yoyera ya m’dziko la Greece, pali chitsanzo chosonyeza kuti pulasitiki imatha kukana kutentha kwambiri kuposa zinthu zina zonse.

Zimene zimagwira ntchito

Nkhani yabwino ndichakuti kusefukira kwa madzi ndi imodzi mwa mavuto amene anthu ayamba kukumana nawo, m’madera ena, nthawi zambiri. Mtsinje wa Thames ku London unalengezedwa kuti ndi wotha m’zaka za m’ma 1950; masiku ano, ma seahorses ndi ma seals amapezekamo. Mtsinje wa Rhine, womwe kale unatchedwa mtsinje wa madzi osefukira ku Europe, umalandiranso salmoni. Zipangizozi ndi zodziwika bwino:

1. Kusamalira madzi osefukira. Kusonkhanitsa ndi kusamalira madzi osefukira ndi njira yokhayo yomwe imagwira ntchito kwambiri pazaumoyo wa anthu m’mbiri. Pofuna kupewa matendawa, anthu amagwiritsa ntchito madzi otentha ndi ozizira.
2. Kudyetsa mbewu, osati mapiri. Kugwiritsa ntchito feteleza moyenera, kuteteza mbewu ndi kuteteza miyala ndi mchenga pamphepete mwa mapiri kungachepetse kwambiri kusefukira kwa zinthu zopatsa thanzi ndipo kumapulumutsa ndalama za abambo a chimanga pa feteleza.
3. Permit, kutsatira, kufalitsa. Industrial zotulutsa amagwa pamene zilolezo anaika malire, kutsatira ndi kosalekeza ndi zotsatira za anthu. Kuwala ntchito chifukwa palibe amene akufuna kukhala dzina pa mapu.
4. Kubwezeretsa malo otentha. Malo otentha ndi ma filters a madzi a dziko lapansi, amatenga fumbi komanso amachotsa nitrojeni mwaulere.
5. Kulipira kusefukira kwa madzi. Kulipira ndalama zochotsa madzi, komanso kulipira abambo a ziweto kuti azigwiritsa ntchito madzi oyera, kumasintha madzi oyera kukhala chinthu chomwe chimapatsa phindu pamsika.
6. Kusonkhanitsa katundu uliwonse, ndi kulipira osonkhanitsa. Maplastiki ambiri a m’madzi amayamba ngati zowonongeka zomwe palibe amene amasonkhanitsa. Kusonkhanitsa mobwerezabwereza m’madera opanda chilolezo, komanso ndalama zoyenera kwa anthu omwe amachotsa zinyalala zomwe zatulutsidwa kale, zimaletsa pulasitiki kuti isafike ku madzi.
7. Kupeza izo pamaso nyanja. Mapiri, nsalu ndi trash zitseko pa mtsinje wamzinda wazing’ono ndi ma canals angathe kuletsa kusefukira katundu pafupi kumeneko inenso imalowa. Amachita izi chifukwa cha matenda, osati chifukwa chake, koma pa midzi yazing’ono yomwe ikukula kwambiri, amatha kusintha zinthu powonjezera kusonkhanitsa madzi.
8. Make the makers responsible. Ngati opanga amalipira kuti asonkhanitse zinthu zosagwiritsa ntchito zomwe amagulitsa, ndipo ndalama zobwezeredwa zimalipira anthu kuti azibweretsanso, zinthu zosagwiritsa ntchito zimapangidwa kuti zigwiritsidwe ntchitonso ndi kubwezeretsedwanso m’malo mopita ku mtsinje.
9. Industry Clean, zogawana mbewu. Clustering ya tanneries ndi dye ntchito angapereke imodzi bwino-kuyenda efluent kusamalira mbewu, ndipo ogula a khungu ndi zinthu zamakono angafune madzi oyera monga chikhalidwe cha aliyense order.

Mtsinje umakhala wozungulira. Thames ndi Rhine zikusonyeza kuti zaka zambiri za ntchito yokhazikika ya ndalama, komanso mabungwe ku Pasig, Citarum ndi Ganges akusonyezanso lero, mtsinje umodzi ndi tawuni imodzi panthawiyo.

Share maganizo anu

Mtsinje wa m’mphepete mwa mndandanda si udzakhala wokhazikika ndi chitukuko chimodzi. Zidzakonzedwa ndi mamiliyoni a ziganizo zabwino, zoyesedwa komwe anthu amakhala: njira yabwino ya bin, sitolo yowonjezera, gulu la sukulu lomwe limawerengera mtsinje wake, chida chotsika mtengo cha kanal, mtengo woyenera wa pulasitiki yosonkhanitsidwa. Titumizireni inu, monga ambiri mmene muli.

Pitani kumeneko, kuphunzira, ndi kuthandiza

Chofunika kwambiri chomwe ena angachite ndi kuchoka. Opanga, oyang’anira odwala, akatswiri ophunzitsa, opanga, ophunzira ndi ogwira ntchito zakunja angapereke luso lomwe lilibe m’mabuku ena ndipo lidzabweretsa kumvetsetsa komwe palibe nkhani yomwe ingakupatse. Ngati mungathe kuyenda ku mtsinje wina wa m’madziwa, chita zimenezi ngati mnzanu, si monga munthu amene akupulumutsani:

• Tsetsani kumvetsera. Chonde pitani kwa mabungwe a m’dera lanu, kumasukulu ophunzira, m’makomiti a madzi ndi m’maofesi a m’mudzi wanu mukafika ndipo funsani zimene akufunikira. Anthu omwe amakhala m’mphepete mwa mapiriwa akugwira ntchito pa iwo kwa zaka zambiri.
• Kugwira ntchito ndi mabungwe a boma ndi anthu limodzi. Kusintha kokhazikika kumafuna: oyang’anira m’derali omwe angasinthire njira zosonkhanitsa ndi zilolezo, komanso anthu omwe amasankha zomwe zimalowa m’madzi tsiku lililonse. Tikupemphani kuti muwagwirizanitse, komabe musawasinthire.
• Tengani, ndipo mudzaphunzira. Pezani zomwe mumadziwa za kutsatira, kusambira, zoletsa kapena thanzi, ndikuphunzira momwe zinthu zimagwirira ntchito. Kusiya m’mbuyo luso ndi otsegulira deta, si kutengera.
• Muzisungani. Madzi oipa amabweretsa matenda ndi zinthu zowononga. Pangani zoletsa kuyenda, mutenge katemera womwe makliniki oyenda amalimbikitsa, musapite kumadzi kapena kumwa madzi a m’mapiriwa, ndipo muzitsatira malamulo ndi khalidwe la anthu.
• Ikani mfundo zanu molungama. Local Solar System siyipanga, sapereka ndalama kapena kulipira ulendowu. Woti amathandiza amachita zimenezi monga wogwira ntchito yopanda chilungamo ndipo sapeza ndalama m’dzina lathu.

Ngati mwapeza nkhani yothandiza, tiuzeni zimene munaphunzira pogwiritsa ntchito fomu imene ili pamwambapa. Kuyambiranso gawo lamalo kuti ntchito ipitirire kumene inu mumagwiranso ntchito.

Momwe mungathandize

• Musaitenge. Mafuta, mankhwala, mafuta ndi zinthu zina zoipa sizingagwiritsidwe ntchito m’chipinda chotsuka kapena mu chitseko cha madzi. Yambitsani mankhwala okalamba ku sitolo ya mankhwala.
• Musagwiritse ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo kapena tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, ndipo musachite zimenezi pa nthawi ya mvula. A lawn amafuna kwambiri kuposa thumba limatiuza.
• Gwiritsani ntchito madzi oyera. Madzi a m’madera ena amapita mozungulira mtsinje wokha, osatsukidwa. Mafuta, paintaneti ndi sopo wotsuka magalimoto sayenera kulowa pansi pawo.
• Kukula chitetezo. Ngati muli ndi malo pafupi ndi madzi, m’mphepete mwake pali mizu ya masamba omwe amachotsa madzi osefukira.
• Ankhani mafunso pamalo. Pezani ripoti yabwino ya madzi ndi deta yopitilira madzi a m’deralo. Funsani oyang’anira anu kuti nthawi zambiri madzi osatsukidwa amatulutsidwa, ndipo ndi chiyani chisankho choletsa izi.
• Sungani akulima omwe amateteza madzi, ndipo funsani masitolo komwe chakudya chawo chimachokera.
• Kutenga plastiki pang’ono kunyumba. Refuse single-use zokongoletsa pamene inu mukhoza, ndi kufunsa ma brand kuti mugula kufalitsa kuchuluka kwa plastiki iwo akugulitsa m’mayiko osasonkhanitsa, ndi zimene amachita kuti achite izo.
• Kukumbukira kuti ndi nyanja imodzi. Kulankhula za kusefukira kwa mtsinje ngati vuto logawana. Mtsinje woyamba pamndandandawu umanyamula zinthu zopangidwa ndi makampani osiyanasiyana padziko lonse lapansi.
• Tsetsani mfundo, kapena zambiri, mwa njira yolemba pamwambapa, ndi kugwirizana ndi ntchito pa kuyankhulana.

Zogulitsa ndi kuphunzira zambiri

• World Health Organization, Mapepala a nkhani za madzi ogwiritsira ntchito (2023)
• UN-Water, Kupititsa patsogolo kuchotsa madzi osefukira, 2024 kusinthidwa
• Diaz ndi Rosenberg (2008), Kufalitsa zigawo zofa ndi zotsatira za ma ecosystems am’madzi, * Science * 321
• Breitburg et al. (2018), Kuchepa kwa oxygen m’madzi a padziko lonse lapansi ndi nyanja, * Science * 359
• U.S. EPA, Kuwononga kwa chakudya
• UN-Water, Kudalirika kwa madzi ndi madzi osefukira
• World Health Organization, Sanitation fact sheet (2024)
• Meijer et al. (2021), Mapiri oposa 1000 amapanga 80% yazotulutsa zamadzimadzi padziko lonse lapansi m’nyanja, * Kusintha kwa Sayansi * 7; wofufuza deta ya mtsinje ndi fayilo ya gawo kuchokera ku The Ocean Cleanup
• Lebreton et al. (2017), Mafuta amadzimadzi amadzimadzi kunyanja za padziko lonse, Nature Communications 8
• Schmidt, Krauth ndi Wagner (2017), Kutumiza kunja kwa zinyalala zapulasitiki ndi mapiri kunyanja, Environmental Science and Technology 51
• Brooks et al. (2018), Kuletsa kutumiza kwa China ndi zotsatira zake pamalonda apadziko lonse a pulasitiki, * Kusintha Kwachidziwitso * 4
• Human Rights Watch (2012), Toxic Tanneries: The health repercussions of Bangladesh’s Hazaribagh leather
• Marselina, Rahmi ndi Nurhayati (2025), Kudalirika kwa madzi a Citarum ya pamwamba, Heliyon 11
• Msonkhano wa National Mission for Clean Ganga, Namami Gange programme
• WWF (2018), Kuchokera pa msewu wa plastiki: kupulumutsa Mediterranean kuchokera pakuwononga kwa plastiki
• Cózar et al. (2015), Kukula kwa pulasitiki m’nyanja ya Mediterranean, PLOS ONE 10
• Prevenios et al. (2018), Dynamics yamadzi otentha panyanja ya Mediterranean: kuzindikira zigawo ndi njira, Marine Pollution Bulletin 129
• Grelaud ndi Ziveri (2020), Kupanga zinyalala zam’madzi m’mapiri a Mediterranean monga zotsatira za utalii ndi kuchepetsa kwake, Zidziwitso zasayansi 10
• Kermenidou et al. (2023), Kuwerengera ndi kufotokozera kwa microplastics mu Gulu la Thermaic, m’nyanja ya Aegean yakumadzulo, * Chikhalidwe cha Total Environment * 892
• Ioakeimidis et al. (2016), Kuwonongeka kwa zikwama za PET m’madzi, *Zidziwitso zasayansi * 6
• Mani et al. (2015), Microplastics profile along the Rhine River, Zidziwitso zasayansi 5
• Lechner et al. (2014), Danube ndi yobiriwira kwambiri: potpourri ya pulasitiki imapitilira larvals yamadzimadzi m’nyanja yachiwiri yotchuka kwambiri ku Europe, Environmental Pollution 188
• European Union, Directive (EU) 2019/904 on the reduction of the impact of certain plastic products on the environment