Ocean ndi madzi oipa

Mtsinje wa Zambezi ndi m’modzi mwa mapiri akulu kwambiri padziko lapansi. Amachotsa maminerali m’mapiri, amabweretsa chakudya kwa midzi ndi nyama, ndipo amatsuka yekha pamene akuyenda. Kwa nthawi yambiri m’mbiri, zimenezi zinakwanira: anthu ankaika zinyalala m’mapiri ndipo chilengedwe chinali chikuzichotsa. Panthawi ya lero, ndi anthu oposa mamiliyoni asanu ndi awiri ndi kulima kwachitukuko padziko lonse lapansi, kuchepetsa madzi kumatha kukhala kovuta. Zomwe timatulutsa padziko zimafika kunyanja.

Momwe madzi amawonongedwa

Kuwononga kumafika mwanjira ziwiri. Point sources zimachokera ku chitoliro: chitoliro chotuluka, chitoliro cha fakitale, migodi. Zimapezeka mosatheka ndipo, ndi chilolezo ndi kuchiritsa, ndizosatheka kuzichotsa. Malo ochokera m’malo osiyanasiyana amachokera kumadera onse pamodzi: feteleza ndi manyowa omwe amawawa m’midzi, mafuta ndi fumbi la tires lomwe limawawa m’magalimoto, mankhwala oletsa tizilombo omwe amalowa m’masamba. Izi ndi zovuta kwambiri, chifukwa palibe chitoliro chimodzi chomwe chingatsegulidwe.

Zowopsa zazikulu ndi:

• Mafuta a chakudya. Nitrojeni ndi phosphorus kuchokera ku feteleza, mchere ndi madzi osefukira. M’madzi amadyetsa masamba a mchere, omwe amakula, amafa ndi kuwonongeka, pogwiritsa ntchito oxygen yomwe ikufunika kwa nyama.
• Pathogens. Bacteria, viruses ndi maparasites kuchokera ku madzi osefukira osatsukidwa komanso fumbi la nyama. Amayambitsa matenda a cholera, dysentery, typhoid ndi matenda osokoneza bongo.
• Mafuta. Mafuta amphamvu monga mercury ndi lead, ma solvent opanga zinthu zowononga tizilombo, mankhwala odzola tizilombo, mankhwala ndi zomwe zimatchedwa forever chemicals (PFAS), zomwe sizingakhudze nthawi zonse.
• Sediment ndi kutentha. Mtsinje wa madzi otentha kuchokera ku malo opangira mphamvu amachepetsa kwambiri oxygen.

Kodi ndi ndani amene akukhudzana?

Anthu onse amadya pansi pa mtsinje wa munthu. Potengera World Health Organization, 1.7 billion people anagwiritsa ntchito madzi otentha omwe anali ndi magazi m’ma 2022, ndipo 2.2 billion sanali ndi madzi otentha. Mphamvu yovuta kwambiri imakhala pa ana: madzi osatetezeka, kuchotsa madzi ndi kusamalira thupi ndizoyambitsa zoyambirira za matenda a diarrhea pakati pa ana.

M’mbuyo mwa izi ndi chisamaliro cha madzi. In 2022, 57 percent of the world’s people used a safely managed toilet. Kuposa 1.5 biliyoni analibe basi sanitization pa zonse, ndi 419 miliyoni anthu ambiri amadya m’malo otsegulira, m’mabowo a msewu, m’mphepete mwa mapiri kapena m’madzi. Mu 2020, 44 peresenti ya madzi osefukira anyumba adatulutsidwa popanda kuchiritsa kotetezeka (WHO, 2024). Pamene pali sitima yonyamula anthu, sitima yapamtunda ndi imodzi.

Ecosystems amalipiranso. Pamene mapiri ochuluka a chakudya amakumana ndi nyanja, oxygen ingakhudze kwambiri kuti nyama ndi zinyama za m’madzi zizitha kusefukira. Izi zomera Tsopano mndandanda m’mamiliyoni; imodzi mwa mafomu akuluakulu chaka chilichonse mu Gulu la Mexico, fed ndi Mississippi. Padziko lonse lapansi, oyera amadzi amawononganso oxygen, ndipo malo osungirako oxygen omwe ali ndi oxygen akuwonjezeka kuyambira pakati pa zaka za zana lachisanu (Breitburg et al., 2018).

A dead zone ndi chipongwe malo ndi mamiliyoni a okhulupirira kuti ndi palibe mlandu wina.

Mapiri omwe amayendetsa kwambiri

Mtsinje wina wa m’dziko lino umasonyeza vuto lonseli: madzi osefukira, zinyalala za fakitale ndi pulasitiki, zonsezi m’madzi amodzi, m’mizinda yomwe inakula mofulumira kuposa ma pipes awo, ma bins ndi malo odzaza madzi. Kuwapatsa dzina si nkhani ya kukayikira. Anthu omwe amakhala m’mphepete mwa mapiriwa ndi amene amayamba kuwonongedwa, ndipo ambiri mwa iwo akuchita ntchito yovuta kwambiri kuti awabwezeretse.

Madzi osefukira ndi moyo wa tsiku ndi tsiku

The Pasig Metro Manila ndi mzinda waukulu kwambiri ku Philippines, womwe uli ndi anthu oposa 13 miliyoni. Mzindawu ndi m’modzi mwamizinda yovuta kwambiri ku Europe chifukwa cha kusowa kwa madzi okwanira, magalimoto ambiri osayenda bwino komanso anthu omwe amapita kukagula zinthu zofunika. Pamene madzi a m’mphepete mwa nyanja amalowa m’madzi, magazi onse omwe ali pa nthaka amatuluka. The chimodzimodzi pattern amapita patsogolo pa Klang ku Kuala Lumpur, the Ulhas ndi Mitundu m’mapiri a Mumbai, ndi mamiliyoni a mizinda yazing’ono m’mapiri a tropic.

Fakitale: tanneries ndi zodzikongoletsera

Mu Dhaka, tanneries wa Hazaribagh anatulutsa zowerengera 21,600 mamita cubic ya untreated madzi osefukira tsiku lililonse, loted ndi chrome, sulfure ndi amonium, m’ma channels kuti kutuluka kwa Burundi (Human Rights Watch, 2012). Ogwira ntchito, ambiri mwa iwo ana, ndi achibale anayamba kukumana ndi mavuto aakulu; khungu linagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga nsapato ndi zikwama zomwe zinagulitsidwa padziko lonse.

Pa Java, Chijeremani ndi chiyambi chachikulu cha madzi oyera ndi kudyetsa kwa West Java. Kuphunzira kwa 2025 kumafotokoza kuti mtsinjewu unalandira pafupifupi 35.5 matoni a zowonongeka za anthu tsiku lililonse mu 2017, ndipo kuti pafupifupi 90 peresenti ya mafakitale a 3,236 a zikopa kudzera mwake sanali ndi chithandizo chokwanira cha madzi osefukira, choncho mabala ndi mankhwala osokoneza bongo anapita mozungulira m’madzi (Marselina et al., 2025). Mu 2018 Indonesia idakhazikitsa * Citarum Harum *, pulogalamu yadziko lonse yobwezeretsa basins yomwe imabweretsa boma ladziko lonse ndi lodziyimira pawokha, mabungwe olimbana ndi nkhondo, mabizinesi ndi mabungwe.

The Ganges ndi chofunika kwambiri kwa anthu ambirimbiri ndipo chimapatsa madzi ku mbali zambiri za India ndi Bangladesh. Pamenepo, makampani monga ma tanning ndi distilleries amawonjezera zinyalala zawo ku madzi osefukira a mizinda yomwe ikukulira. Program ya Namami Gange ku India, yomwe idayamba mu 2014, ikumanga ndi kuyeza malo ogwiritsira ntchito madzi osakwanira m’mphepete mwa mtsinjewu ndi mapiri ake (National Mission for Clean Ganga).

Mapepala

Mapulasitiki ndi owoneka bwino kwambiri mwa zinthu zowononga, ndipo ndi zomwe titha kuyerekezera mtsinje ndi mtsinje. Zithunzi ziwiri zofunikira zamakono zidagwiritsa ntchito mamodeli a kompyuta, oyesedwa motsutsana ndi kuyerekezera kwa malo, kuti athe kupanga kafukufuku wa momwe madzi akuyendera m’nyanja:

• Lebreton et al. (2017) Kuwerengedwa 1.15 mpaka 2.41 miliyoni matoni chaka chilichonse kuchokera mtsinje uliwonse, ndi pamwamba 20 mtsinje kunyamula awiri achitatu, otsogolera ndi Yangtze, Ganges ndi Xi.
• Schmidt et al. (2017) anapita patsogolo, kusonyeza kuti kungoti 10 mtsinje kunyamula 88 mpaka 95 peresenti ya kulemera kwa padziko lonse. This “ten rivers” claim spread widely, but the authors themselves warned of high uncertainty, and newer work does not support it.
• Meijer et al. (2021) anatsatira zinyalala kuchokera komwe zimatulutsidwa ku mtsinje wozungulira ndi kunyanja, poganizira nyengo yozizira, kugwiritsa ntchito dziko lapansi komanso kulumikizana. Anapeza kuti 1,000 mtsinje kunyamula 80 peresenti ya mtsinje plastiki ku nyanja, 0.8 mpaka 2.7 miliyoni matoni chaka chilichonse mu zoposa, ndi kuti mapiri ochepa kuyendetsa mwa mizinda yayikulu ndi pakati pa zoipa.

Kusankha

These are the ten river mouths with the highest estimated plastic emissions in the newer model. The figures are model midpoints for conditions around 2015, rounded to the nearest hundred tonnes.

Matabwawa amafotokoza zapitazo. Mamodeli awiriwo agwiritsa ntchito deta ya m’ma 2015, pambuyo pa zochita zambiri zosachiritsa zomwe zidachitika, ndipo palibe amene adasinthidwanso kwa mapiri a lero. Zithunzi za Yangtze, Xi ndi Huangpu, mwachitsanzo, zimafotokoza mapiri a China zaka makumi asanu zapitazo, pamene kuchotsa fumbi la dzikolo kunayamba kokha, ndipo chithunzi cha Pasig chimapita patsogolo pa pulogalamu yatsopano ya Manila. Zimene zinachitika pambuyo pake, mtsinje ndi mtsinje, zimafotokozedwa pansipa mu mtsinje wopita kuzungulira dziko lapansi.

Kusintha	Mtsinje	Country	Kuwerengedwa kwa pulasitiki kunyanja (matoni chaka chilichonse)	Choyamba
1	Pasig	Philippines	62,600	Meijer et al. 2021
2	Tullahan	Philippines	13,500	Meijer et al. 2021
3	Ulhas	India	13,400	Meijer et al. 2021
4	Klang	Malawi	12,800	Meijer et al. 2021
5	City in Philippines	Philippines	12,400	Meijer et al. 2021
6	Pampanga	Philippines	9,300	Meijer et al. 2021
7	Libyan Arab Jamahiriya	Philippines	7,100	Meijer et al. 2021
8	Ganges	India ndi Bangladesh	6,200	Meijer et al. 2021
9	Rio Grande de Mindanao	Philippines	5,300	Meijer et al. 2021
10	Agno	Philippines	4,600	Meijer et al. 2021

Model yachifumu imapanga mapiri akuluakulu m’malo mwake, ndi mndandanda wazosankha za aliyense:

Kusintha	Mtsinje	Country	Mpaka pakatikati (matoni chaka chilichonse)	Kusintha	Choyamba
1	Yangtze River	China	333,000	310,000 mpaka 480,000	Lebreton et al. 2017
2	Ganges	India ndi Bangladesh	115,000	105,000 mpaka 172,000	Lebreton et al. 2017
3	Xi	China	73,900	64,600 mpaka 114,000	Lebreton et al. 2017
4	Huangpu	China	40,800	33,500 mpaka 67,300	Lebreton et al. 2017
5	Kusintha	Nigeria ndi Cameroon	40,300	33,800 mpaka 65,000	Lebreton et al. 2017
6	Kuwala	Indonesia	38,900	32,300 mpaka 63,700	Lebreton et al. 2017
7	Amazon	Brazil, Peru, Colombia ndi Ecuador	38,900	32,200 mpaka 63,800	Lebreton et al. 2017
8	Pasig	Philippines	38,800	32,100 mpaka 63,700	Lebreton et al. 2017
9	Chisilamu	Myanmar	35,300	29,700 mpaka 56,900	Lebreton et al. 2017
10	Solo	Indonesia	32,500	26,500 mpaka 54,100	Lebreton et al. 2017

Kodi ndi ziti zomwe zilipo? Sichoncho, ndipo ndikofunikira kuti tinene izi. Ambiri ndi mafano: palibe amene walemera plastiki kuchoka m’mapiri a mtsinje. M’mabuku ena a m’Baibulo, lamulo la chilungamo limafotokoza kuti anthu onse ali ndi ufulu wosankha zochita zawo, koma pa nkhani ya kutsatira malamulowa, pali zifukwa zambiri zomwe zimachititsa kuti anthu azichita zinthu mogwirizana ndi malamulowo. Madera awiriwa amasiyana kwambiri pa nkhani ya nyanja. Mtsinje wa Ganges umagwa kuchokera pa 115,000 tons per year mu mtundu wakale mpaka pafupifupi 6,200 ton pa m’mphepete mwake wamkulu m’mtundu watsopano, chifukwa cha mtundu watsopanowu umapatsa pulasitiki yotsika kwambiri kudera lakum’mawa mwayi wochulukirapo wofika kunyanja: zambiri zimapezeka pa mapiri, m’mbuyo kwa zida zamadzi ndi m’ma sediments m’njira. Mitsinje ina yomwe imadziwika kwambiri m’madera ena, monga Chao Phraya ku Bangkok, Kelani ku Colombo ndi Mithi ku Mumbai, imakhalanso pakati pa ma 50 otulutsa kwambiri m’mndandanda watsopano wa model. Zomwe maphunziro awiriwa amagwirizana ndi chitsanzo: ambiri a plastiki ochokera m’madzi amakhala ku malo omwe sikuti amasonkhanitsidwa, komwe anthu amakhala pafupi ndi mapiri, ndipo kumene madzi otentha amatsuka dziko.

Mtsinje womwe unabwerera padziko lonse lapansi

Mtsinje wa m’mapiri a kumadzulo kwa dziko la Malawi si wovuta kwambiri. Mapiri omwe anatchulidwa kale atulutsidwanso m’mayiko asanu ndi awiri, m’mayiko ochuluka komanso achifwamba, pansi pa mabungwe osiyanasiyana. Sitinawatsuke ndi chikhulupiriro chimodzi kapena lamulo limodzi. M’mabuku ena, pali zifukwa zina zomwe zimachititsa kuti zinthu ziziyenda mosayenera: zimene zinachitika, zimene zinachitika, zimene zinachitika, ndi zimene zinachitika. Izi zikutanthauza kuti, mfundo zazikulu zomwe zimayamba kukhazikitsidwa ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu.

Thames, London

Zinachitika zotani? Masewera a London ndi ntchito zogwiritsira ntchito sanathe kutsatira kukula kwa mzindawu. Pazaka za m’ma 1950, kumakhala ndi oxygen yochepa kwambiri m’mitsinje ya Thames ndipo mu 1957 analengeza kuti mitsinjeyo ilibe moyo. Mtsinje wa Iringa umadutsa m’chigawochi ndipo nthawi zina madzi ake amalowa m’nyanja ya Atlantic.

Chimene chinachitika. Kukonzanso ntchito yochotsa madzi osefukira m’nyanja kunayamba mu 1960 (BBC, 2001). Mu 2014 Thames Water yamaliza kukulitsa ntchito zochiritsira zisanu, m’madera a Beckton, Crossness, Riverside, Long Reach ndi Mogden. Mu 2016, 7 km Lee Tunnel idayamba kutulutsa pafupifupi 5 miliyoni ya madzi osefukira chaka chilichonse omwe amagwiritsa ntchito kutuluka kuchokera pazowonjezera zopitilira muyeso. 25 km Thames Tideway Tunnel, ntchito ya £ 4.6 biliyoni yolipira ndi ndalama za makasitomala a Thames Water, imagwirizana nayo, kuti dongosolo lithe kusungira mamita opitilira 1.6 miliyoni a madzi ozizira; idaphatikizidwa bwino ndikugwira ntchito kuyambira pa February 2025, ndipo iyembekezeredwa kuti ichepetse kusefukira m’nyanja ya tidal kuchokera kumalo oposa makumi asanu mu chaka chokha mpaka pafupifupi khumi (Thames Water; Tideway).

What was measured. The first salmon returned in 1974, and by 2001 the river supported 115 species of fish (BBC, 2001). Zoological Society of London’s 2026 health check inapeza kuti oxygen yosungunuka ikuwonjezeka kwa nthawi yaitali kuyambira 2007 mpaka 2024 ndipo phosphorus imatsika kuyambira zaka za m’ma 1990; seahorses, eels, seals ndi ngakhale ma sharks aang’ono pano amakhala m’mphepete mwa madzi (ZSL, 2026).

Sikutha kuchitidwa. Kuyesa kwaumoyo komweko kunapeza kuti nitrate ikuwonjezekabe kuchokera kumalo otsukidwa, komanso kugwa pang’ono pa mitundu yambiri yamadzi omwe amafunikira zambiri za 1990s. Kuyambira pa mtsinje wa tunnel, ntchito zowonjezera ndi zothetsera za Thames Water zidatulutsa madzi osefukira kwa 298,081 maola mu 2024, kuchokera ku 196,414 mu 2023, malinga ndi kafukufuku wa deta yoyang’anira kampani (The Guardian, 2025). Kudzera ku England, kusefukira kwa madzi kunagwa ndi 35 peresenti mu 2025, zomwe Environment Agency ikunena kuti zidachitika chifukwa cha chaka chotentha (Environment Agency, 2026).

Cuyahoga, Cleveland, ndi Ufulu wamadzi oyera a US

Zinachitika chiyani? Pa 22 June 1969, chingwe cha njinga yonyamula anthu chinawononga mafuta a ku Cuyahoga. Sichingakhale nthawi yoyamba: bungwe la madzi osefukira m’deralo limawerengera moto wa 13 pa mtsinjewu kuyambira 1969 (NEORSD). In the 1970s more than 9 billion gallons of combined sewage and rainwater a year overflowed from the area’s sewers into the river and Lake Erie (NEORSD).

Zinali zotani. Osankhidwa a Cleveland adavomereza ndalama za 100 miliyoni kuti azichotsa maulendo am’madzi a mzindawu, ndipo mayor anatenga olemba nkhani ku mtsinjewo ndikuwunika ku Congress (NPR, 2019). Mu 1972 Congress idapita ku Clean Water Act, yomwe idapangitsa kuti zikhale zosavomerezeka kutulutsa kusefukira kwa madzi kuchokera pamadzi a US popanda chilolezo ndi ndalama zatsopano za mankhwala osokoneza bongo (US EPA). Mu 1987, mtsinjewu unatchedwa Great Lakes Area of Concern ndi mavuto asanu ovomerezeka kuti asinthidwe. Kuyambira 2011, Project Clean Lake ya sewer district, yomwe ili ndi ndalama zokwana madola 3 biliyoni, pulogalamu ya zaka 25 yovomerezeka ndi oyang’anira, ikugwira ntchito yomanga zitseko ndi malo ogulitsira kuti achepetse kusefukira kwa madzi kuchokera pa 4.5 biliyoni ma gals chaka chilichonse mpaka 494 miliyoni mu 2036 (NEORSD).

Ichi chimene chinawerengedwa. Kugwa kwa madzi kunali kuwonjezeka ndi theka mpaka 2000. By December 2025, 76 of Project Clean Lake’s 78 projects were finished or under way, removing 2 billion gallons of overflow a year. Madzi anabwerera: pafupifupi 60 za mitundu zinapezeka m’nyanjayo mpaka 2014 (NEORSD). EPA yachotsa mayankho asanu ndi awiri a mavuto ovomerezeka: kuoneka koipa (2017), zoletsa zakudya zamadzi (2019), zipatso za m’madzi (2021), tizilombo toyambitsa matenda kwa madzi (2023) ndi kuphulika kwa magombe (2024) (US EPA).

Sikuti yatulutsidwabe. Pali mavuto atatu omwe akupezeka: anthu a m’madzi ndi nyama za m’nyanja, moyo pa nyanja, kuchotsa madzi m’mtsinje wa kuyendetsa sitima komanso kuwonongeka kwa malo odyera nsomba. Pambuyo pa Dam ya Gorge, yomwe idapangidwa mu 1911, pafupifupi mamita a 865,000 ozungulira a sediment yowonongeka imatsukidwa kuchokera ku 2025 pambuyo poti dam ikhoza kuthetsedwa (US EPA).

Yarra, Melbourne

What went wrong. Before Melbourne’s sewage was piped to a treatment farm at Werribee from 1897, the Yarra was described as one of the world’s dirtiest rivers (Melbourne Water). Pofuna kuteteza chilengedwe, mabungwe a dziko lapansi, zigawo za dziko lapansi ndi anthu amapanga zomera.

Chimene chinachitika. Kuchotsa madzi osefukira kunayamba, ndipo mtsinjewu unasintha kwambiri kuyambira zaka za m’ma 1970 ndi 1980 (mwachitsanzo). Mu 2017, Victoria idapita ku Yarra River Protection (Wilip-gin Birrarung murron) Act, malamulo omwe amaona mtsinje ngati wokhala ndi moyo komanso wophatikizidwa, ndipo adakhazikitsa Council ya Birrarung kuti ipereke malangizo pankhaniyi (Victorian legislation).

Zinachitikapo Yarra imapatsa pafupifupi 70 peresenti ya madzi ogwiritsira ntchito a Melbourne (Melbourne Water). Kuyambira pa December 2013, apolisi a dziko la ku France anayesa mabakiteriya m’madera asanu otchuka ndipo amafalitsa zolinga za kusefukira kwa madzi (EPA Victoria).

Sili zotheka. Kuwala kwa madzi kumachepa chifukwa cha kulima, kukula kwa mizinda ndi madzi a mvula (Melbourne Water). Madera awiri a maulendo oyembekezeredwa, Kew ndi Launching Place, nthawi zonse amawerengedwa kuti ndi oipa kwambiri poyenda (EPA Victoria).

Minamata Bay, Japan

Zinachitika chiyani? Kwa zaka zambiri fakitale ya mankhwala yoyendetsa kampani ya Chisso idatulutsa methylmercury, yomwe ndi chinthu chowonjezera cha acetaldehyde, ku Minamata Bay. Madzi ndi ma crustaceans anaigwiritsa ntchito, monganso anthu ndi zinyama zina zimene zinawadya. Kuwonongeka kwa matendawa kunadziwika kuti ndi matenda a 1956. Fakitale inaletsa ntchitoyi mu Meyi 1968, ndipo boma linavomereza chifukwacho pa Seputembara (Ministry of the Environment of Japan).

Zinachitika chiyani? Mu 1974, ma netiweki anaikidwa m’nyanja kuti alepheretse nyama zowononga kutuluka. Kuyambira 1977 mpaka 1990, pafupifupi mamita a 1.5 miliyoni amadzi osungunuka omwe ali ndi magawo oposa 25 pa miliyoni a mercury adachotsedwa ndikutseka m’mahekitale 58 a dziko lobwezeretsedwanso. Mtengo wa ntchitoyo unali pafupifupi 48 biliyoni yen, yomwe Chisso inalipira pafupifupi 30 biliyoni ndipo mabungwe adziko lonse ndi a prefectures anali pafupifupi 9 biliyoni (mwachitsanzo).

Chiyani chinawerengedwa. Mafuta a Mercury m’magulu asanu a nyama adakhazikika pansi pa mipaka yanthawi yayitali kwa zaka zitatu m’mbuyomu, ndipo mu 1997 governor adalengeza kuti bay ndi yotetezeka ndipo ma neti anali kuthetsedwa (mwachitsanzo).

Sili zothekabe. Bay anachira m’zaka zingapo; anthu sanachite. Pa December 2024, anthu 3,000 anali ovomerezeka ndi matenda a Minamata, kuphatikizapo omwe adatuluka m’malo awiri ku Niigata, ndipo 304 mwa iwo analibe moyo (National Institute for Minamata Disease). Pafupifupi anthu 11,000 anakhala oyenera kulandira chithandizo m’chaka cha 1995 chifukwa cha chisankho cha chipani, anthu oposa 48,000 anapempha chithandizo m’chaka cha 2009 (Ministry of the Environment of Japan), ndipo zigawo zachilamulo zikuyesa kuyankha mafunso: mu 2023 chigamulo cha Osaka chinali chovomereza onse omwe adachita zofuna zawo 128 pamodzi, pomwe mu 2024 chigamulo cha Kumamoto chinali chokana 144 chifukwa nthawi yoti alandire chithandizo inatha (Asahi Shimbun, 2024).

Mtsinje wa Singapore

Zinachitika chiyani. Pazaka za zana la 1970, mtsinje wa Singapore ndi Kallang Basin anali okwanira zosayenera, madzi osefukira komanso mabwato ochoka. Madzi a m’mapiri, mapiri ndi zigwa, nyanja, mapiri ndi mapiri, mapiri ndi mapiri, mapiri ndi mapiri, mapiri ndi mapiri, mapiri ndi mapiri.

Zimene zinachitika. Pa 27 February 1977, Prime Minister Lee Kuan Yew anaika zolinga za zaka khumi kuti atsukitse mtsinje. Pafupi ndi mtsinje wa Kallang Basin, anthu opitilira mamiliyoni ambiri anasamukira ku nyumba zatsopano, ndipo 610 zigawo za nyama yamphongo, zoposa 500 zigawo za nkhuku, zoposa 2,800 zogulitsa zamkati ndi zoposa 5,000 zogulitsa panjira zinasinthidwa. The 800 cargo lighters that crowded the river were moved to Pasir Panjang by 1983. The National Library Board puts the cost at about 300 million Singapore dollars, not counting resettlement compensation (National Library Board).

Zinachitikadi. Pamene ntchitoyi inatha mu 1987, nsomba ndi masamba anayamba kuberekanso m’mtsinjewu (National Library Board). Mtsinje wa Marina Barrage, womwe unamaliza mu 2008, unasintha m’mphepete mwa mtsinje kukhala malo osungira madzi ozizira mu 2010, ndi kusonkhanitsa kwa mahekitala 10,000 (PUB).

Sili zotheka. Sitinathe kupeza mbiri yakale yosindikizidwa ya mtundu wa madzi a mtsinjeyo. Kuphunzira kwa 2015 kumasonyeza kuti malo osungira madzi, omwe anali m’mphepete mwa mtsinje, akukumana ndi kusefukira kwakukulu (Galelli et al., 2015).

Mersey, North West England

Zimene zinali zoipa. Mtsinje wa Mersey ndi mtsinje wotchuka kwambiri ku Ulaya chifukwa cha nyanja yake yofiira, ndipo mu 1985 anatchedwa mtsinje woipa kwambiri ku United Kingdom (The Most Polluted Estuary in the United Kingdom).Kampani ya Mersey Basin). Pazaka za m’ma 1970, mapiri a kumpoto kwa mtsinjewo sanali ndi oxygen nthawi zonse panthawi ya mvula (Jones, 2006).

Zinachitika chiyani? Kampani ya Mersey Basin inagwira ntchito kwa zaka 25, kuyambira 1985 mpaka 2010, popeza idabweretsa limodzi boma, kampani yopanga madzi, makampani ndi mabungwe a m’madera (Kampeni ya Mersey Basin). Kuphatikiza apo, ntchito zatsopano ndi zosinthika za mankhwala ndi kuwongolera kwachitukuko chamakampani zinatsatira: pa 2006 kuposa £ 1 biliyoni yakhala ikugwiritsidwa ntchito (Jones, 2006).

Zinachitika chiyani? Kutulutsa kwa tsiku la zowononga za organic (BOD) zomwe zinalowa m’mtsinje kunatsika kuchokera pa 300 tons mu 1972 mpaka pafupifupi 50 tons mu 2000 (Jones, 2000). Mlingo wotsika kwambiri wa oxygen womwe unawonetsedwa m’mphepete mwa nyanja unakwera mpaka 48 peresenti ya saturicity mu 2001, 58 peresenti mu 2002 ndi 65 peresenti mu 2003. Pa Novembala 2001, salmoni anaphedwa m’mtsinje kwa nthawi yoyamba m’zaka pafupifupi theka la zaka, ndipo 26 adaphatsidwa ku Woolston Weir mu chilimwe cha 2002 (Jones, 2006).

Sili zotheka. Panthawi ya chilimwe, oxygen m’mphepete mwa Manchester Ship Canal yomwe salmon iyenera kupita ndi yoipa kwambiri, pafupifupi 20 peresenti, yomwe imaletsa nyama panjira yawo kudzera (mwachitsanzo). Ofufuza omwe amaphunzira kubwezeretsa kwa estuary amasonyezanso kukhumudwa kosalekeza pazinthu zakale zowononga zomwe zimapita pamwamba pa mzere wa chakudya (Hawkins et al., 2020).

Boston Harbor

Zinachitika chiyani. Kuyambira zaka za m’ma 1990, madzi osefukira a Boston anafika ku khomo lake ndi chithandizo choyamba, ndipo madzi osefukira anali kutulutsidwa tsiku lililonse. Pa 1987, 84 kuphatikizidwa sewer overflowsbekhala akutulutsa zosachiritsika zowopsa ndi madzi a mvula m’mphepete mwa nyanja ndi mapiri ake (MWRA).

Zinachitika chiyani? Mu 1985, khoti la federal linagamula kuti boma latsopano la madzi la dziko lino lipange njira yoyenera yochotsa madzi osefukira. Kutulutsa madzi osefukira m’mphepete mwa nyanja kunatha mu 1991, malo ogwiritsira ntchito madzi a m’mphepete mwa nyanja ku Deer Island anatsegulidwa m’madera kuyambira 1995, ndipo mu 2000 tunnel ya makilomita 9.5 idanyamula madzi otsukidwa m’madzi amdima a Massachusetts Bay (MWRA). The Boston Harbor Project cost about 3.8 billion dollars (MWRA). Phunziro losiyana la madola 906 miliyoni linatseka 34 ya 84 overflows ndipo limapangidwa kuti lichepetse kuchuluka kwa madzi omwe amatuluka m’chaka cha 88 peresenti (MWRA).

Zinachitikapo chiyani? Malamulo a madzi amayang’anira maziko oposa 70 m’mphepete mwa nyanja ndi mtsinje wake ndipo amafalitsa deta, ndipo dziko limayesa mitsinje yamadzi nthawi iliyonse ya chilimwe (MWRA). Mtsinje wa Charles umachokera ku D kupita ku B kapena bwino kuyambira 2004 (MWRA), ndipo mu 2025, m’madera onse a metropolitan kuchokera ku Nahant kupita ku Nantasket adapeza pafupifupi 80 peresenti yamadzi otetezeka, koyamba (Kupulumutsa Mtsinje/Kupulumutsa Mtsinje, 2025).

Sili zotheka. M’chaka chachikhalidwe, Charles River imakwaniritsa kuchuluka kwa mabakiteriya okwanira kumadzi 48 peresenti ya nthawi, ndipo ena mwa madzi omwe amatuluka m’nyanja safika pamalo awo (MWRA, 2023). Mgwirizano watsopano wokhala ndi malire osinthidwa utsegulidwa kwa anthu kuti apereke ndemanga mpaka pa 30 October 2026 (Mzinda wa Somerville).

Rhine

Zinachitika chiyani? Kwa zaka zambiri, mtsinje wa Rhine unali ndi zinyalala za m’modzi mwa madera otchuka kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi. Pa 1 Novembala 1986 moto m’nyumba ya Sandoz ku Basel unawauza mpaka 30 tons of pesticides into the river ndi kuwononga nyama pafupifupi makilomita makumi asanu.

Zinachitika chiyani? Madziko omwe ali m’mphepete mwa mtsinjewu anayankha ndi Rhine Action Programme mu 1987: kuchepetsa kwa ma chemikaleti osokoneza bongo 40 m’zaka makumi awiri, komanso kuchotsa madzi a m’mtsinjewo kuti salmoni azitha kulowa (International Commission for the Protection of the Rhine). Makampani osamalira madzi anapangidwa ndi kusinthidwa, ndipo ma pass amadzimadzi anatsegulidwa m’madera akuluakulu, ku Iffezheim mu 2000 ndi Gambsheim mu 2006 (ICPR).

Zinachitika chiyani? Mafuta a m’madzi anatsika kwambiri pakati pa 1987 ndi 2000 (ICPR). Mtsinje wa Rhine umatulutsa nitrojeni kunyanja, ndipo kuchuluka kwake kwawonjezeka kuchokera pa 443.000 tons mu 1985 mpaka pafupifupi 272.000 tons mu 2016 (ICPR). Salmon anayamba kulowa m’nyanja ya North Sea ku mtsinje wa Sieg mu 1990 ndipo adakula kumeneko mwachilengedwe kuyambira 1994; mpaka zaka za m’ma 2000, mitundu 63 ya nyama inabwereranso, ndipo nyama kuchokera ku Rhine, osati nsomba, zinali zotetezeka kudyanso (ICPR, Salmon 2020). The commission now lists 71 species, with every fish known from the river’s past back except the European sturgeon (ICPR).

Sizodziwikabe. Salmon ndi osachepera: m’mapiri a Koblenz, anthu 11 adabwerera ku 2025 (ICPR imawerengera). Malinga ndi zigawo ziwiri za nitrogeni zomwe zikuchokera ku zomera ndi zina zotero, ma metalu olemera kuchokera kumalo osiyanasiyana akhoza kukhala apamwamba kwambiri, ndipo malo odyera sachotsa zambiri za mankhwala ndi zina micropollutants; mayiko amafuna kuchepetsa izi mwa 30 peresenti mpaka 2040 (ICPR).

Danube ndi Black Sea

Zinachitika chiyani? Mafuta a feteleza, madzi osungunuka ndi madzi odzaza m’madzi a m’modzi mwa mapiri akuluakulu ku Europe anatulutsa zinthu zopatsa thanzi m’nyanja ya Black Sea kumpoto chakum’mawa. Kuyambira m’ma 1970, madzi ozungulira nyanja anathawa ndi oxygen chaka chilichonse, ndipo mu 1983 malo omwe analibe oxygen anali pafupifupi makilomita 20,000 amodzi (Capet et al., 2013).

Zinachitika chiyani? Mu 1994, mayiko a mtsinjewu analemba mgwirizano woteteza mtsinje wa Danube ku Sofia, ndipo kuyambira mu 1998 akuchita ntchito limodzi mwa njira ya International Commission for the Protection of the Danube River, ndi kugawana zoyang’anira ndi kupanga ndondomeko yoteteza mtsinjewo (ICPDR).

Chiyani chinawerengedwa. Kuyang’anira kumadziwitsa kuti kutulutsa kwa nitrogen mu basin kunagwa ndi pafupifupi 30 peresenti ndipo phosphorus ndi pafupifupi 50 peresenti m’zaka zoposa 15 (ICPDR). Zomwe zimakhudzana ndi nyanja ya Black Sea, ngakhale kuti kafukufuku wofunikira wapeza kuti kubwezeretsa m’ma 1990s kunali kocheperako kuposa momwe amayembekezeredwa, ndipo kunachitika makamaka mu 2000s (Capet et al., 2013).

Sikutha kuchitidwa. M’ma 2021, 24 peresenti ya mtsinje wa mtsinje unali ndi mbiri yabwino ya ekolojia komanso 36 peresenti ya mbiri yabwino ya chinyezi, 624 zida zoletsa zinalepheretsa kuyenda kwa nyama, European sturgeon idafa mu basin, ndipo kuchuluka kwa chakudya chakudya chinali choposa zomwe zakhalapo kuyambira zaka za zana la 1960 (ICPDR, 2021).

Pasig, Manila

Zinachitika chiyani. Pasig imabweretsa mpweya wa m’chigawo cha metropolitan cha anthu oposa 13 miliyoni, ndipo idalengezedwa kuti ndi yowonongeka mwachilengedwe mu 1990s (GMA News, 2018). Imakhala pamwamba pamndandanda watsopano wa mapiri omwe amayendetsa plastiki kunyanja, ngakhale olemba ake akuzindikira kuti mtunduwo umapitilira Pasig poyerekeza ndi zowerengera zomwe zidapangidwa mu 2019 (Meijer et al., 2021).

Zinachitika chiyani. Kuchokera ku 1999 mpaka 2019, Pasig River Rehabilitation Commission idachotsa mabanki ndi ma creeks. Pa 2018, pamene anapambana Asia RiverPrize yoyamba, mabanja 18,719 omwe amakhala pa mtsinjewo adasunthidwa ndipo 17 mwa 47 a mtsinjewu adapangidwa, kuyambira ndi pilot ku Estero de Paco mu 2010 (GMA News). Kusintha kwa lamuloli kunachitika mu 2019.)Philstar, 2019). Kuyambira Januware 2024, pulogalamu yatsopano, Pasig Bigyang Buhay Muli, yakhala ikumanga esplanade yozungulira mtsinje, yomwe gawo lachitatu lidatsegulidwa mu Okutobala 2025 (ABS-CBN, 2025).

Zimene zinamveka. Kuchokera pa lipoti la komitiyo, kusefukira kwa madzi m’mtsinjewu kunali 30.79 mg/l kuyambira 2009 mpaka 2014, motsutsana ndi 7 mg/l, ndipo kuwonjezeka kwa oxygen kunali 2.85 mg/l (kuchokera 23.09 mg/l mu 2012 mpaka 39.03 mg/l mu 2014).PRRC, 2014). Kuyesa kwa 2018 komwe kunachitika kukuwonetsa kuti 96 peresenti ya ndalama zowunikira madzi zagwiritsidwa ntchito, ndi pakati pa 1 ndi 28 peresenti ya ntchito yoyang’anira (Rappler, 2018).

Sili zotheka. Sitinapeze zowerengera za mtundu wa madzi kuchokera pambuyo pa 2014, choncho sitingathe kufotokoza ngati mtsinjewu ukusangalalabe lero. Mtsinjewo umadutsa m’mapiri a ku Ulaya, koma sitima zonse zimayenda pa mtsinjewu.

Cheonggyecheon, Seoul

Zinachitika chiyani? Mtsinje wa m’mphepete mwa mzinda wa Seoul unali wokhala ndi khoma la konkire komanso sitima yotsika.

Zimene zinachitika. Panthawi ya 2003 mpaka 2005, mzindawu unachotsa msewu waukulu ndipo anatsegula makilomita 5.8 a madzi oyenda, pa mtengo wokwana 380 miliyoni madola a US (Foundation ya Landscape Architecture, 2011).

Zimene zinamveka. Kuyambira 2003 mpaka 2008, mitundu ya nsomba inawonjezeka kuchokera ku 4 kupita ku 25, ya maphikidwe a nyama kuchokera ku 6 kupita ku 36, ya tizilombo toyambitsa matenda kuchokera ku 15 kupita ku 192 ndi ya zipatso kuchokera ku 62 kupita ku 308. Kutentha kwa mpweya m’mphepete mwa madzi ndi 3.3 mpaka 5.9 °C kotentha kuposa pa sitima yofanana (Kumanga kwa Landscape Architecture Foundation), ndipo mu 2025 oyang’anira analemba mitundu ya 33 ya nyama, zambiri kuyambira kubwezeretsedwa (The Korea Herald, 2025).

Sikuti ndi vuto lothawa. Mtsinjewu ndi wachilengedwe kwambiri: pafupifupi 48,000 matoni a madzi amaponyedwa m’mawa, makamaka madzi otsukidwa kuchokera ku Han River komanso madzi amadzi a pansi pa nthaka, ndipo kusamalira kwake kumawononga ndalama zokwana 2.9 biliyoni chaka chilichonse (The Guardian, 2025). Mu 2011, ma bacteria a coliform m’mlengalenga anawerengedwa nthawi zambiri kuposa zomwe zimaloledwa kusewera (The Korea Herald, 2011).

Mtsinje wa Ganga, India

Zinachitika chiyani? Mtsinje wa Ganga ndi woyera kwa anthu ambirimbiri ndipo umapatsa madzi ku mbali zambiri za India ndi Bangladesh. Pamenepo, makampani monga ma tanning ndi distilleries amawonjezera zinyalala zawo ku madzi osefukira a mizinda yomwe ikukulira.

Zinachitika. Program ya Namami Gange ku India, yomwe idayamba mu 2014, ikumanga ndi kuyeza malo ogwiritsira ntchito madzi osakwanira m’mphepete mwa mtsinjewu ndi mapiri ake (National Mission for Clean Ganga). Mtengo wake unali 20,000 crore rupees mpaka March 2021 ndi 22,500 crore rupees kwa gawo lachiwiri mpaka 2026. Pa March 2026, 21,340 crore rupees anali anagwiritsa ntchito ndi 355 a 524 zovomerezeka miyezo yatha (Press Information Bureau, 2026), ndipo pa March 2025 mankhwala makampani okhoza kusamalira 3,446 miliyoni malitha a madzi ozizira tsiku linapangidwa kapena anabwezeretsedwanso (Press Information Bureau, 2025).

Zinachitika chiyani? Ma bacteria a m’magazi a anthu akugwa pamalo omwe anayang’anira, monga momwe boma limawunika: kuchuluka kwa ma bacteria ku Assi Ghat ku Varanasi kunatsika kuchokera 2,500 pa 100 ml mu 2014 mpaka 790 mu 2025, ndipo ku Gandhi Ghat ku Patna kuchokera 5,400 mpaka 2,200, motsutsana ndi malire otentha a 2,500 (Press Information Bureau, 2026).

Sikuti adathawapo. Mu 2025, standard yotentha ya ma bacteria a fecal idakwaniritsidwa m’malo ena okha a Uttar Pradesh, Bihar ndi West Bengal, ndipo kusefukira kwa organic kunali kochuluka kwambiri kuchokera ku Farrukhabad kupita ku Kanpur ndi kuchokera ku Mirzapur kupita ku Ghazipur (mwachitsanzo). Pa nthawi ya mwambo wa Maha Kumbh mu 2025, lipoti loyamba la Central Pollution Control Board linapeza kuti madzi pamalo oyang’anira sayenera kulowa m’madzi nthawi zambiri; lipoti losinthidwa pambuyo pake lidapatsa ma median m’mipaka (The Hindu, 2025).

Mtsinje wa Yangtze

Zimene zinali zoipa. Mu 2015 kokha 64.5 peresenti ya China ya mayiko kutsatira malo pa mtsinje ndi magombe anali madzi a Grade I mpaka III, zigawo zimene zingachitike kwa vinyo, ndi 8.8 peresenti anali oipa kuposa Grade V, fit kwa pafupifupi chilichonse (Ministry of Environment Protection, 2016). Mu March 2013 kuposa 16,000 nyama zamphongo zofa anachotsedwa kuchokera ku Huangpu ndi mapiri ake m’mphepete mwa Shanghai, malo ochokera ku madzi a mtsinje wa mzindawu, pambuyo pa mafakitale omwe adatulutsa katunduwo m’nyanja (The Guardian, 2013).

Chiyani chinachitika. Mu April 2015, State Council idatulutsa Phunziro la Action Plan for Water Pollution Prevention and Control, lomwe limadziwika kuti “Water Ten”, ndi zolinga za 2020: pafupifupi 70 peresenti ya madzi m’madera asanu amadzi akuluakulu ku Grade III kapena bwino, ma fakitale ang’onoang’ono osokoneza bongo adatseka, mabizinesi a nyama zazing’ono ananyamuka kuchokera kumawa ofunikira komanso pafupifupi 95 peresenti ya madzi osefukira a m’mizinda (State Council, 2015). Kuyambira mu 2016, mtsinje uliwonse ndi nyanja inalandira “mtsogoleri wa mtsinje”, woyang’anira yemwe amadziwika kuti ali ndi udindo pamadzi ake ndipo amafufuzidwa pazomwe zikuchitika (Ofisi Yayikulu ya CPC Central Committee and State Council, 2016; Law of Water Pollution Prevention and Control, Article 5). Pa 2018, 97.8 peresenti ya mapaki akuluakulu amakampani anali ndi kusamalira madzi osefukira ndi kuwunika pa intaneti, ndipo mpaka 2019 mizinda inachotsa 2,513 ya 2,899 “yakuda ndi yosawoneka bwino” yamadzi am’mizinda omwe adazindikira (Ministry of Ecology and Environment, 2018 ndi 2019 bulletins). Lamulo la Kuteteza Mtsinje wa Yangtze, lomwe lili m’chikhalidwe kuyambira Marichi 2021, limaletsa mabizinesi atsopano a mankhwala osokoneza bongo m’mizinda yayikulu ndi mitsinje yake (Lamulo la Kuteteza Mtsinje wa Yangtze), ndipo kugulitsa nsomba zamalonda mu Yangtze kwalepheredwa kwa zaka makumi awiri kuchokera ku 2021, ndi thandizo kwa omwe adachoka (Xinhua, 2026).

Chiyani chinawerengedwa. Pa 2025, 91.4 peresenti ya zigawo zachikhalidwe zachikhalidwe zinali pa Gawo I mpaka III ndipo 0.6 peresenti zinali zoyipa kuposa Gawo V; mu Yangtze basin, 98.9 peresenti ya 1,016 zigawo zinali pa Gawo I mpaka III (Ministry of Ecology and Environment, 2026). Mtengo wa Yangtze finless porpoises udakwera kuchokera pa 1,249 mu 2022 ku 1,426, ndipo mitundu ya 351 yamadzimadzi idawonetsedwa m’mapiri a 2021 mpaka 2025, 43 kuposa pambuyo poletsa kulowa (Xinhua, 2026).

Sikuti yathabe. Mu 2025, 28.4 peresenti ya magombe akuluakulu ndi malo osungira madzi analibe zowonjezera zakudya, ndipo kukula kwa zipatso zamadzimadzi pa Taihu kunali kopitilira theka la nyanja; phosphorus imakhala yowopsa kwambiri m’mlengalenga wa Yangtze (Ministry of Ecology and Environment, 2026). Maphunziro a madzi sawerengera pulasitiki: kuletsa kwanthawi yayitali pazinthu zina zogwiritsa ntchito plastiki zayamba mu 2020 (NDRC ndi Ministry of Ecology and Environment, 2020), koma sitingathe kupeza kafukufuku watsopano wowerengera kuchuluka kwa pulasitiki yomwe Yangtze imabweretsa kunyanja. Mtanda woyang’aniranso udakula kuchokera pa 967 points mu 2015 kupita ku 3,641 kuyambira 2021, chifukwa chake zidziwitso zakale ndi zaka zaposachedwa sizingafanane bwino.

Seine, Paris

Zinachitika zotani? Kuyenda m’madzi a Seine kunaletsanso mu 1923. M’madera ena, madzi a mtsinjewo amalowa m’madzi otentha kwambiri ndipo nthawi zina amawononga mapiri ndi midzi; chifukwa chake, nyanja yambiri imasungidwa ngati malo otetezeka. Pazaka za m’ma 1970, mitundu itatu yokha ya nsomba zinapezeka m’nyanja ya Paris (France 3 / AFP, 2025).

Zinachitika. Kuyambira 2015, mgwirizano wa kutsuka madzi amadzi amagwiritsa ntchito ndalama zoposa 1.4 biliyoni euros pakupanga ma reservoirs, kukonza miyala yamadzi, kupanga malo ogwiritsira ntchito madzi ndi kukonzanso ma connections owonongeka a nyumba pafupifupi 23.000; malo ogwiritsira ntchito madzi a Austerlitz okha ali ndi 50.000 metres cubic ndipo akugwira ntchito kuyambira May 2024 (City of Paris). The Olympic triathlon and marathon swimming were held in the river in 2024, though rain forced delays (France 24, 2024).

Zomwe zawerengedwa. Pa 5 July 2025, malo otentha atatu a anthu adatsegulidwa, ku Bras Marie, Grenelle ndi Bercy (France 24, 2025). Mu 2026 analandira alendo opitilira 120,000, pafupifupi 20 peresenti kuposa mu 2025 (City of Paris, 2026). Pambuyo pa zaka 35, anthu a ku France akuyembekeza kuti zilumba za Seine ndi Paris zidzapezanso nyama zoposa 40. Kuphatikizapo nkhosa yamphongo yomwe idabwerera (France 3 / AFP).

Sikuti yatha. Mdima umapangitsa kuti madzi oyera azikhala opitilira, chifukwa chake malowa amatsegulidwa pomwe magetsi, mtundu wa madzi ndi nthawi zimalola, ndipo sabata la 2026 lidatha pang’onopang’ono chifukwa chanyengo (City of Paris). Gobies invasive ndi imodzi mwazipatso zofala kwambiri zomwe zimatha kupezeka (France 3 / AFP).

Ziti zothetsera zimakhala zofanana

Kuwerenga mbali ndi mbali, maphunziro a nyimbo. Nthawi zambiri, kukhumudwa kumachititsa kuti anthu azisamala: mtsinje wotentha, nyanja yozizira, moto wa chinyezi, mtsinje wokhala ndi zinyama zofa. Kenako zinafika malamulo ndi nthawi yoti akwaniritsidwe, anthu oyang’anira anasankhidwa, ndalama zogwiritsira ntchito ma pipes ndi malo odzaza madzi, komanso kutsatira zomwe aliyense angawone. Sitinathe kutero. Thames inatenga pafupifupi zaka makumi asanu ndi limodzi, kampani ya Mersey idatha zaka 25, Rhine ikuyembekezera kuti salmon yake ikhale yochuluka, ndipo anthu omwe adaponya ku Minamata akupempha kuti adziwe.

Si zonse zochita zagwira ntchito, ndipo mfundo zowerengera zikusonyeza kuti izi ndi zoona monga momwe zimawonetsa kupambana. Koma pamenepo madzi osefukira anasonkhanitsidwa ndi kuthetsedwa, ndipo mabizinesi anali kuchotsa zomwe adatulutsa, mtsinje unayankha. Madera a Pasig, Citarum ndi Ganga akusonyeza izinso lero, mtsinje umodzi ndi tawuni imodzi pa nthawi.

Chifukwa chake chimachitika pano, ndipo chifukwa chake si vuto ladziko lonse

M’madera a ku Africa, mapiri amagawidwa m’midzi itatu. The Chiliwung, yomwe imayenda kudzera Jakarta, imatulutsa makilomita a 591 ozungulira, pafupifupi theka la peresenti ya Rhine mtsinje wa kumadzulo kwa Europe, ndi mtsinje wake amatulutsa zowonongeka zochepa zapulasitiki. Koma Ciliwung anawerengedwa kuti amatumiza pafupifupi 300 tons ya pulasitiki chaka chilichonse kunyanja, ndipo Rhine pafupifupi 3 tons. Kusiyanaku ndi chifukwa cha nyanja ndi njira zoyendera: m’dera la Ciliwung, matumba amadzi amapangidwa pafupifupi makilomita 1 kuchokera ku mtsinje ndi makilomita 29 kuchokera ku nyanja, ndipo madzi otentha amawachotsa. Sichisiyana ndi anthu ena. Mizinda yawo inakula mofulumira kuposa njira zawo zowononga.

Zifukwa zimagawidwa, kwambiri:

• Kukula kwa m’mizinda. Mizinda ya ku South ndi Southeast Asia, Africa ndi Latin America yawonjezera anthu mamiliyoni ambiri m’zaka zingapo, nthawi zambiri m’madera opanda chilolezo pamphepete mwa mtsinje ndi malo osefukira, komwe palibe zimbudzi, palibe kusonkhanitsa komanso palibe madzi osefukira.
• Kukakamizidwa kwa ntchito zowonongeka. Kusonkhanitsa ndi kusamalira zinyalala kumawononga ndalama zomwe mizinda yokhala ndi ndalama zotsika za ngongole imakumana nazo, ndipo anthu omwe amasonkhanitsa, nthawi zambiri opanga zinyalala osadziwika, samalipiridwa kwa pulasitiki yomwe siyimakhala ndi kufunika kogulitsanso.
• Mapulogalamu opangidwa kwina. Ma sachet amodzi, ma wrappers ambiri ndi zokongoletsa zotsika mtengo zimapangidwa ndikugulitsidwa ndi makampani omwe maofesi awo amakhala pafupi kwambiri, m’madera omwe alibe njira yozigwiritsa ntchitonso.
• Kugulitsa kwadziko lonse lapansi pazinthu zowonongeka. Kwa zaka zambiri, mayiko olemera adatumiza zinthu zowonongeka za plastiki kudziko lina kuti “zibwezeretsedwe”. China inatenga pafupifupi 45 percent ya pulasitiki yowonongeka padziko lonse lapansi kuchokera ku 1992 mpaka italetsa zambiri zochokera ku 2018; Madziko otsika-kulandira anatumiza za 70 peresenti ya zowonongeka zawo zapulasitiki mu 2016 ku mabungwe a ndalama zochepa m’maiko aku East Asia ndi Pacific, ndipo za 111 million tonnes adzafunika malo atsopano ndi 2030 (Brooks et al., 2018). Zina mwa zinthuzi zimatha kulowa m’madzi a mtsinjewo.

Mzinda wina, mtsinje wina

Mtsinje sitimatha kuchoka pa zigawo, ndipo nyanja sitimatha. Botolo lomwe limatuluka ku Manila Bay likhoza kuyenda m’madzi oyendayenda kudzera ku Pacific; microplastics yapezeka kuchokera ku Arctic ice mpaka kumalo okongola kwambiri. Mtsinje uliwonse umalandira zomwe mtsinje wina umatulutsa, ndipo dziko lililonse limagula ndi kugulitsa zinthu zomwe zinyalala zawo zimatha kulowa m’madzi. Pali mtsinje umodzi wokha, ndipo tikugawana nawo onse, choncho palibe chomwe chimatchedwa mtsinje wa wina.

Mtsinje wa Manila ndi mtsinje wochokera kunyanja ya Pacific. Zomwe timachitira izo, timachitira nyanja imene aliyense wa ife amadalira.

Europe is not plastic-free

Ndi zopweteka kuona kusefukira kwa madzi m’madzi ngati vuto la malo ozungulira. Sichoncho. Mtsinje wa Europe umatha kunyamula mapulasitiki ochepa chifukwa cha zaka zambiri za ndalama zosonkhanitsa, kuziika ndi kusamalira, koma mapulasitiki akadali m’mapiri ake ndi nyanja, ndipo ena mwa zinyalala zomwe adatumiza anabwerera kunyanja kwina.

• Mtsinje wa Mediterranean ndi msewu wa plastiki. Ili ndi pafupifupi 1 peresenti ya madzi a m’madzi a padziko lapansi koma pafupifupi 7 peresenti ya microplastics yake, ndipo opitilira 200 miliyoni odyera chaka chilichonse amatulutsa matumba am’nyanja mpaka pafupifupi 40 peresenti panthawi ya chilimwe (WWF, 2018). Maplastiki oyenda apezeka pamalo onse omwe adawonetsedwa m’madzi, ndi kuchuluka komwe kumafanana ndi masamba akuluakulu a zinyalala za m’nyanja, zomwe zimawonjezera mpaka pafupifupi 1,000 mpaka 3,000 tons of float (Cózar et al., 2015).
• Greece and its islands. Kufufuza kwa 80 ma beaches a Greek kunapeza kuti pulasitiki idapanga 43 mpaka 51 peresenti ya zinyalala, ndipo zinthu zomwe zimapezeka kwambiri ndi zinyalala za sigara, zitsulo zofiira, zitseko, mabotolo, zokongoletsa chakudya ndi zikwama; Greece imabwezeretsanso pafupifupi imodzi mwa magawo anayi a plastiki omwe amagwiritsa ntchito (WWF, 2018). Pa zilumba zitatu za Corfu, pafupifupi za 142 zinthu zatsopano pa 100 mita washed mpaka tsiku lililonse 15, makamaka anachita m’nyanja (Prevenios et al., 2018). Pazilumba za Mediterranean, zinyalala zomwe zimafika pamadzi zimawonjezeka mpaka 4.7 nthawi M’nyengo ya maulendo (Grelaud ndi Ziveri, 2020).

• In the water and in the fish. In the Thermaic Gulf off Thessaloniki, researchers counted about 750,000 microplastic particles per square kilometre of sea surface and found microplastics in all seven fish species they tested (Kermenidou et al., 2023). Mabotolo a pulasitiki omwe adatulutsidwa kuchokera pansi pa Aegean ndi Ionian nyanja zakhala zosasintha kwa zaka pafupifupi zaka 15 pambuyo pake anayamba kugwa pansi (Ioakeimidis et al., 2016).
• Zina mwa zilumba zazikulu kwambiri ku Europe. The Rhine anachita pa mlingo wa pafupifupi 890,000 microplastics zigawo pa kilomita yaying’ono ya nthaka, ndi mtunda wa makilomita 3.9 miliyoni pafupi ndi mizinda ya Rhine-Ruhr (Mani et al., 2015). Pa Danube ya Austria, pulasitiki yoyenda m’nyanja inapitilirabe ziweto zazing’ono zoyenda m’madzi, ndipo mtsinjewo unawerengedwa kuti umanyamula pafupifupi 4.2 matoni a pulasitiki tsiku lililonse Mtsinje wa Black Sea (Lechner et al., 2014).

Ulaya watsopano umaletsa zinthu zambiri zogwiritsa ntchito plastiki ndi kufunikira kwa opanga kuti azilipira pochotsa ena pansi pa Single-Use Plastics Directive. Izi ndi zabwino njira. Koma panyanja iliyonse yoyera ya m’dziko la Greece, pali chitsanzo chosonyeza kuti pulasitiki imatha kukana kutentha kwambiri kuposa zinthu zina zonse.

Zimene zimagwira ntchito

Nkhani yabwino ndichakuti kusefukira kwa madzi ndi imodzi mwa mavuto amene anthu ayamba kukumana nawo, m’madera ena, nthawi zambiri, monga momwe mapiri akuyendera. Zipangizozi ndi zodziwika bwino:

1. Kusamalira madzi osefukira. Kusonkhanitsa ndi kusamalira madzi osefukira ndi njira yokhayo yomwe imagwira ntchito kwambiri pazaumoyo wa anthu m’mbiri. Pofuna kupewa matendawa, anthu amagwiritsa ntchito madzi otentha ndi ozizira.

2. Kudyetsa mbewu, osati mapiri. Kugwiritsa ntchito feteleza moyenera, kuteteza mbewu ndi kuteteza miyala ndi mchenga pamphepete mwa mapiri kungachepetse kwambiri kusefukira kwa zinthu zopatsa thanzi ndipo kumapulumutsa ndalama za abambo a chimanga pa feteleza.

3. Permit, kutsatira, kufalitsa. Industrial zotulutsa amagwa pamene zilolezo anaika malire, kutsatira ndi kosalekeza ndi zotsatira za anthu. Kuwala ntchito chifukwa palibe amene akufuna kukhala dzina pa mapu.
4. Kubwezeretsa malo otentha. Malo otentha ndi ma filters a madzi a dziko lapansi, amatenga fumbi komanso amachotsa nitrojeni mwaulere.
5. Kulipira kusefukira kwa madzi. Kulipira ndalama zochotsa madzi, komanso kulipira abambo a ziweto kuti azigwiritsa ntchito madzi oyera, kumasintha madzi oyera kukhala chinthu chomwe chimapatsa phindu pamsika.
6. Kusonkhanitsa katundu uliwonse, ndi kulipira osonkhanitsa. Maplastiki ambiri a m’madzi amayamba ngati zowonongeka zomwe palibe amene amasonkhanitsa. Kusonkhanitsa mobwerezabwereza m’madera opanda chilolezo, komanso ndalama zoyenera kwa anthu omwe amachotsa zinyalala zomwe zatulutsidwa kale, zimaletsa pulasitiki kuti isafike ku madzi.
7. Kupeza izo pamaso nyanja. Mapiri, nsalu ndi trash zitseko pa mtsinje wamzinda wazing’ono ndi ma canals angathe kuletsa kusefukira katundu pafupi kumeneko inenso imalowa. Amachita izi chifukwa cha matenda, osati chifukwa chake, koma pa midzi yazing’ono yomwe ikukula kwambiri, amatha kusintha zinthu powonjezera kusonkhanitsa madzi.

8. Make the makers responsible. Ngati opanga amalipira kuti asonkhanitse zinthu zosagwiritsa ntchito zomwe amagulitsa, ndipo ndalama zobwezeredwa zimalipira anthu kuti azibweretsanso, zinthu zosagwiritsa ntchito zimapangidwa kuti zigwiritsidwe ntchitonso ndi kubwezeretsedwanso m’malo mopita ku mtsinje.
9. Industry Clean, zogawana mbewu. Clustering ya tanneries ndi dye ntchito angapereke imodzi bwino-kuyenda efluent kusamalira mbewu, ndipo ogula a khungu ndi zinthu zamakono angafune madzi oyera monga chikhalidwe cha aliyense order.

Maprojekti omwe mungathandizire

Mabungwe anachita kunyamula zolemera m’mawu pamwambapa, koma iwo si okha. Mabungwe opanda phindu amatenga zinyalala m’mapiri asanafike kunyanja, afufuze madzi komwe akuluakulu sakuchita, azigwiritsa ntchito anthu omwe amawononga m’khoti ndikupanga mamiliyoni a ogwira ntchito mwakhama kukhala deta. Izi ndi zina mwazodziwika bwino kwambiri, zonsezi ndi zofalitsa zotsatira. Tikupemphani kuti muone zimene achita, ndipo ngati mungathe, patsani iwo mogwirizana ndi masamba awo.

• The Ocean Cleanup (Netherlands). Foundation yopanda phindu yomwe imapanga makina ochotsa mapulasitiki. M’mapiri, yake ya dzuwa-powered Ma interceptor, zoletsa zoyenda ndi ma barges aying’ono oyendetsa magalimoto amatenga zinyalala m’madera ena omwe amawononga kwambiri madzi ndi magazi, kuchokera ku Kingston ku Jamaica kupita ku Motagua ku Guatemala, Los Angeles ndi Bangkok, ndipo pulogalamu yake ya “30 Cities” imafuna 30 mwa mizinda yotentha kwambiri. Panyanja, System 03, chitseko choyenda chomwe chimatulutsa pulasitiki m’chigawo chosunga zomwe zimatulutsidwa pandege pafupifupi tsiku lililonse, chikugwira ntchito ku Great Pacific Garbage Patch kuyambira 2023 ndipo chidatenga pafupifupi 500,000 kg. Ma dashboard ake a anthu amawerengera za 65 miliyoni kg omwe adachotsedwa kuchokera kumapiri ndi ma oceans m’modzimmodzi; gululi limafotokoza kuti izi zimayesedwa ndi kampani yosagwirizana DNV nthawi zonse (mapiri, nyanja, dashboard). Maphunziro ake asayansi anapanganso mndandanda wa mapiri omwe amagwiritsa ntchito patsambali. Madontho amapita ku Stichting The Ocean Cleanup, bungwe lovomerezeka la anthu ofuna chithandizo m’mayiko a Netherlands, kapena ku United States ku American Friends of The Ocean Cleanup, bungwe lovomerezeka la 501(c)(3) (FAQ).
• Mr. Kuchotsa Wheel (Baltimore, United States). Magalimoto asanu ndi awiri owoneka bwino, omwe adakhazikitsidwa pakati pa 2014 ndi 2021, ama седи m’makutu a ma streams omwe amalowa ku Baltimore Harbor. M’mphepete mwa nyanja, madzi amadzimadzi amapita ku malo otentha kwambiri ndipo m’mphepete mwa nyanja, madzi otentha amapita ku malo ozizira kwambiri, komwe kumachititsa kuti madzi aziyenda mozungulira nyanjayo. Pamodzi iwo amasonkhanitsa za 500 US tons (makilomita 450) a zinyalala chaka chilichonse, pafupifupi 90 peresenti ya zomwe zimalowa m’madzi otentha, ndipo ogwira ntchito mwaluso amawerengera zinthu za dumpster chaka chilichonse kuti azithandiza kudziwitsa malamulo otsutsana ndi matumba. Amayendetsawa ndi Waterfront Partnership of Baltimore, 501(c)(3) yosachita ndalama; makinawo amapangidwa ndi kusamalira ndi Clearwater Mills, kampani ya Maryland (trash interception, how it works).

• Waterkeeper Alliance (New York, ntchito padziko lonse). Kuchokera ku gulu la anthu odyetsa nsomba m’Mtsinje wa Hudson omwe analimbana ndi anthu amene amawononga nyanja kuyambira mu 1966, alliance inakhazikitsidwa mu 1999 ndipo panopa imagwirizana ndi mabungwe 296 a Waterkeeper m’mayiko oposa 40. Amayang’anira mapiri awo, magombe ndi nyanja ndipo amagwiritsa ntchito chidziwitso cha anthu, zigoli ndi ntchito za malamulo kuti aziyang’ana oyambitsa zowopsa (about).
• Ocean Conservancy (Washington, D.C.). Ichi Kukonzanso Kwakumadzulo Kwadziko Lonse kampani ya Clean Swell idapereka ogwira ntchito zoposa 19 miliyoni ku magombe ndi madzi, omwe adatenga pafupifupi makilogalamu a 400 miliyoni a zinyalala, ndipo imalemba zonse zomwe zimachitika pogwiritsa ntchito pulogalamu ya Clean Swell, kuti tizitha kudziwanso zomwe zimatuluka m’madzi.
• Surfrider Foundation (California, ndi zigawo m’mayiko onse a United States). Ichi Blue Water Task Force imayendetsa malaboratoriya opitilira 60 omwe amayesa mabakiteriya pagombe la 600, zigwa ndi ma creeks, nthawi zambiri pomwe kuyesa kwachikhalidwe kumatha kuchoka m’nyengo, ndipo imagwiritsa ntchito zotsatirazo kuti ipititse patsogolo zosintha (Blue Water Task Force).
• Thames21 (London). Kulembetsa kwa Charity (nsanja 1103997) yomwe imabweretsa mamiliyoni a ogwira ntchito mwaluso chaka chilichonse kuti azitsuka ndi kubwezeretsa makilomita 400 a mtsinje wa London ndi ma streams, ntchito ya tsiku ndi tsiku yakumbuyo kwa Thames yobwezeretsedwayo yomwe idafotokozedwa pamwambapa.

Zimene mungachite, ndi mmene mungapezere nawo gawo

Mtsinje woyera umapangidwa ndi mabungwe a boma, makampani opanga madzi komanso makampani azakudya, komanso ndi anthu ambiri omwe amachita zinthu mosamala komanso nthawi yochepa yogwira ntchito yofunafuna ndalama. Mukudziwa kuti pali zinthu zina zomwe zimathandiza, kuchokera ku khofi mpaka ku nyumba ya boma. Ngati muli okonzeka kuchita zambiri, Local Solar System Foundation’s Kupeza Involved tsamba mndandanda ntchito za m’malo mukhoza kutenga pa kumene inu mumatumikira, ndi njira yoti peza kapena kuyambitsa gawo lakunja. Ma mapulojekiti a pamwambapa amalandira ogwira ntchito mwakhama komanso mapemphero. Chokhacho chimene mungachite, tiuzeni za izo mwa kudzera pa contribution board, kumene Council ya Foundation imayesa zonse zomwe mumachita.

Kunyumba

• Bin mafuta. Let kuphika mafuta, mafuta ndi mafuta otentha, ndiye kuchotsa mu bin. Izi zimayambitsa zoletsa zopitilira 20,000 za madzi a m’madzi chaka chilichonse pa netiweki ya Thames Water yokha, 28 peresenti yazoletsa zonse (Thames Water, 2025). Mu 2017, “fatberg” imodzi ya mafuta ndi ma wipes pansi pa Whitechapel ku London idakula mpaka mita 250 yotalika komanso 130 tons (BBC, 2017).
• Flush okha pee, poo ndi pepala. Wet wipes kuchititsa 94 peresenti ya zoletsa madzi osefukira m’mayiko a United Kingdom, ndi zoletsa madzi osefukira kumatanthauza kuti ziwanda zowonjezereka m’madzi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri (Water UK; Bin the Wipe). Masamba, masamba a cotton ndi zinthu zapadera zimapita ku bin.

• Yambaninso kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala omwe simukufuna. Musawagwiritse ntchito kapena kuwachotsa: gwiritsani ntchito m’masitolo a mankhwala kapena m’malo ogwiritsira ntchito mankhwala (NHS; US EPA). Kuphunzira kwa mapiri a 258 m’mayiko 104 kunapeza mankhwala osachepera awiri panthawi yomwe imadziwika kuti ndi yosatetezeka kwa nyama zakutchire, kapena kukhumudwitsa chifukwa cha kukana maantibiotic, m’malo ambiri kuposa katatu ka malo omwe adawonetsedwa (Wilkinson et al., 2022).
• Kusunga mpweya wotuluka m’nyumba kuti upite ku madzi a mvula. M’mizinda yambiri, mpweya wotuluka m’nyumba umapita mozungulira mpaka kumtsinje wotsatira popanda kuthetsedwa (Government of the United Kingdom). Musaiwale kuti musagwiritse ntchito mafuta a injini kapena madzi osakaniza ndi sopo kuchokera ku makina osakira katundu m’galimoto yanu.
• Kudyetsa dziwe, osati mtsinje. Kugwiritsa ntchito zowonjezera kutentha ndi mankhwala osokoneza bongo, okha kulimbikitsa kuchuluka, kupewa izo kuchokera pa mapiri ndi madzi, ndipo si nthawi iliyonse kufalitsa izo pambuyo chisanu (US EPA). Ngati muli ndi nthaka yozungulira madzi, mizu ya masamba ochokera kudera lomwelo imachotsa madzi osakwanira m’madziwo.

Kuti mukukhala

• Kutenga nawo mbali pa ntchito yochotsa zinyalala, kapena kukhazikitsa imodzi. World Cleanup Day imachitika pa 20 September chaka chilichonse, ndipo oyang’anira ake akunena kuti anthu m’mayiko ndi mizinda 212 adatenga nawo gawo (United Nations; World Cleanup Day). Ocean Conservancy’s Kukonzanso Kwakumadzulo Kwadziko Lonse ndi Marine Conservation Society’s Great British Beach Clean kuchitika pa September, ndi mtsinje mabungwe monga Thames21 kutsatira zochitika chaka chonse. Kulemba zimene inu kusonkhanitsa, mwachitsanzo mu ufulu Clean Swell app, kuti kusamutsanso amayamba kukhala deta (Ocean Conservancy).

• Muzisamala pamene mukuchita izi. Mvetsetseni zovala zanu kapena muzigwiritsa ntchito chida chochotsa zinyalala, kuyamba nthawi ya madzi akugwa kapena mphindi zingapo pambuyo pa madzi akafika pamwamba, ndipo musamalize kukhudza madontho, mabafa kapena chilichonse chomwe chikuwoneka kuti ndi chowopsa: zisamalire komwe kuli komanso kudziwitsa anthu zachinyengocho. Monga momwe Marine Conservation Society ikufotokozera, ngati muli ndi nkhawa, musatsegule (MCS organizer guide, 2026).

• Thetseni mtsinje wanu. Maphunziro a sayansi ya anthu akukupatsa chida chokhacho, maphunziro ndi malo oti mupereke zotsatira zake. FreshWater Watch, yomwe imayendetsa Earthwatch, yasonkhanitsa zowerengera zambiri kuposa 70,000 kuchokera kwa ogwira ntchito mwakhama oposa 22,000 padziko lonse lapansi. The Rivers Trust’s Big River Watch imafunsa anthu ku Uingereza ndi Ireland kuti aziyang’ana mtsinje kwa maola 15, katatu pa chaka, pogwiritsa ntchito pulogalamu yosalipira. The Riverfly Partnership imaphunzitsa ogwira ntchito yothandiza kuti ayang’ane zamoyo za m’madzi zomwe zimavutika ndi kusefukira kwa madzi. The EarthEcho Water Challenge imathandiza anthu okalamba kuyesa madzi awo, Water Rangers imapatsa ma kit a kuyesa ndi malo ogulitsira deta ku Canada, Waterwatch imathandizira mabungwe ku Australia, ndipo Surfrider’s Blue Water Task Force imayeserera mitsinje m’mayiko a United States.

• Kudziwitsa za kusefukira kwa madzi pamene mukuwona. Mtima wa nsomba, madzi osefukira, mafuta owala, fumbi kapena mitundu yosadziwika: kumbukirani malo ndi nthawi, yesani chithunzi ngati sichingakhale choipa, ndipo funsani apolisi mofulumira. Mu England, liniya ya Environment Agency’s incident line ndi 0800 80 70 60, tsiku ndi usiku (government ya UK); ku Scotland, SEPA imalandira zidziwitso pa intaneti kapena pa 0800 807060 (SEPA); ku Ireland, liniya ya mayiko yotsutsana ndi nkhawa ndi 1800 365 123 ndipo mabungwe ambiri amavomereza zolemba kuchokera ku See it? Say it! app (EPA Ireland); ku United States, EPA ili ndi fomu ya intaneti yodziwitsa, ndipo ma emergency amapita ku National Response Center pa 1-800-424-8802 (US EPA); ku Victoria, Australia, EPA Victoria imayankha pa 1300 372 842 (EPA Victoria). Kumeneko, bungwe lanu la m’deralo kapena la dziko ndi malo abwino kwambiri oyamba.
• Adopt a stream. M’malo ena, pali ndondomeko yomwe sukulu, gulu la anthu kapena gulu la achibale amayang’anira mtsinje wina kapena mtsinje wakumtunda, ndipo amayesetsa kuonetsetsa kuti ndi wabwino; Georgia Adopt-A-Stream ku United States ndi chitsanzo cha nthawi yaitali. Ngati palibe m’mbali mwako, pereka imodzi ngati ntchito yamkati.

Ndi mawu anu

• Apemphani za deta. Zina zambiri za detayi zikupezeka kwa anthu. Mu England ndi Scotland, The Rivers Trust’s sewage map ikuwonetsa kuti madzi onse a mvula amatuluka m’madzi ndipo nthawi zambiri amalowa (The Rivers Trust); ku Europe, European Environment Agency imafalitsa zotsatira za malo otentha 22,000, 85 peresenti mwa iwo adasankhidwa kukhala abwino mu 2025 (EEA); ku United States, EPA’s How’s My Waterway ikuwonetsa momwe mapiri ndi manyanja akuyendera. Ngati palibe deta, funsani kachisi wanu kapena ntchito ya madzi chifukwa chake sichikugwira ntchito, ndi zomwe zikuchitika.
• Support depositi kubweza ndi wopanga udindo. Depositi abweretsa madontho ndi zitini pambuyo iwo kufika mtsinje, ndipo wopanga schemas amachititsa opanga zipangizo zokongoletsa ndalama kwa kusonkhanitsa yake. Tiyeni plastic pollution explaner amasonyeza mmene bwino iwo ntchito.

• Kubwerera ku ndalama zamadzi ozizira ndi kuchiritsa. Mu 2022, 42 peresenti ya madzi owonongeka a nyumba padziko lonse lapansi sanachitike motetezeka (UN-Water, 2024). Kubwezeretsa kulikonse patsambali kunalipira ndalama za anthu, ma bills a madzi kapena onse awiri; udzanene kuti mwamva kuti mumathandiza.
• Sungani akulima omwe amateteza madzi, ndipo funsani masitolo komwe chakudya chawo chimachokera. Pitani kwa makampani omwe mumagula kuti awonetsetse kuti amagulitsa mapaipi angati m’madera amene palibe kusonkhanitsa zinyalala, komanso zimene amachita kuti azipezanso.

Pamene mukupita

• Sakani chilichonse m’mbali. Tengani zinyalala zanu kunyumba kuchokera kumapiri, mtsinje ndi magombe, makamaka pamene palibe kusonkhanitsa kwanthawi zonse.
• Kuwonjezera madzi kuposa kugula. Kunyamula botolo lokhala ndi madzi okwanira, kuchotsa zinthu zogwiritsa ntchito kamodzi komanso ma sachets; pamene madzi a m’miphika si abwino kunywa, tsatirani malangizo a zaumoyo a m’dera lanu.
• Kani mupite kunyanja, onani ngati madzi ali okwanira kapena ayi, ndipo musapite m’madzi atagwa mvula yambiri m’madera amene madzi amatuluka m’midzi.
• Volunteer with care. Ngati mukufuna kuthandizira pa mtsinje wowonongeka kunja kwa dziko, werengani go there, learn, and help pansipa.

Share maganizo anu

Mtsinje wa m’mphepete mwa mndandanda si udzakhala wokhazikika ndi chitukuko chimodzi. Zidzakonzedwa ndi mamiliyoni a ziganizo zabwino, zoyesedwa komwe anthu amakhala: njira yabwino ya bin, sitolo yowonjezera, gulu la sukulu lomwe limawerengera mtsinje wake, chida chotsika mtengo cha kanal, mtengo woyenera wa pulasitiki yosonkhanitsidwa. Titumizireni inu, monga ambiri mmene muli.

Pitani kumeneko, kuphunzira, ndi kuthandiza

Chofunika kwambiri chomwe ena angachite ndi kuchoka. Opanga, oyang’anira odwala, akatswiri ophunzitsa, opanga, ophunzira ndi ogwira ntchito zakunja angapereke luso lomwe lilibe m’mabuku ena ndipo lidzabweretsa kumvetsetsa komwe palibe nkhani yomwe ingakupatse. Ngati inu ndinu okhoza kuyenda kwa mtsinje wina wa izi, kuchita izo monga mnzake, si monga wopulumutsa.

• Tsetsani kumvetsera. Chonde pitani kwa mabungwe a m’dera lanu, kumasukulu ophunzira, m’makomiti a madzi ndi m’maofesi a m’mudzi wanu mukafika ndipo funsani zimene akufunikira. Anthu omwe amakhala m’mphepete mwa mapiriwa akugwira ntchito pa iwo kwa zaka zambiri.
• Kugwira ntchito ndi mabungwe a boma ndi anthu limodzi. Kusintha kokhazikika kumafuna: oyang’anira m’derali omwe angasinthire njira zosonkhanitsa ndi zilolezo, komanso anthu omwe amasankha zomwe zimalowa m’madzi tsiku lililonse. Tikupemphani kuti muwagwirizanitse, komabe musawasinthire.

• Tengani, ndipo mudzaphunzira. Pezani zomwe mumadziwa za kutsatira, kusambira, zoletsa kapena thanzi, ndikuphunzira momwe zinthu zimagwirira ntchito. Kusiya m’mbuyo luso ndi otsegulira deta, si kutengera.
• Muzisungani. Madzi oipa amabweretsa matenda ndi zinthu zowononga. Pangani zoletsa kuyenda, mutenge katemera womwe makliniki oyenda amalimbikitsa, musapite kumadzi kapena kumwa madzi a m’mapiriwa, ndipo muzitsatira malamulo ndi khalidwe la anthu.
• Ikani mfundo zanu molungama. Local Solar System Foundation siyipanga, siyipatsa ndalama kapena kulipira zoyendera. Woti amathandiza amachita zimenezi monga wogwira ntchito yopanda chilungamo ndipo sapeza ndalama m’dzina lathu.

Ngati mwapeza nkhani yothandiza, tiuzeni zimene munaphunzira pogwiritsa ntchito fomu imene ili pamwambapa. Kuyambiranso gawo lamalo kuti ntchito ipitirire kumene inu mumagwiranso ntchito.

Zogulitsa ndi kuphunzira zambiri

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• Breitburg et al. (2018), Kuchepa kwa oxygen m’madzi a padziko lonse lapansi ndi nyanja, * Science * 359
• U.S. EPA, Kuwononga kwa chakudya
• UN-Water, Kudalirika kwa madzi ndi madzi osefukira
• World Health Organization, Sanitation fact sheet (2024)
• Meijer et al. (2021), Mapiri oposa 1000 amapanga 80% yazotulutsa zamadzimadzi padziko lonse lapansi m’nyanja, * Kusintha kwa Sayansi * 7; wofufuza deta ya mtsinje ndi fayilo ya gawo kuchokera ku The Ocean Cleanup
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• Human Rights Watch (2012), Toxic Tanneries: The health repercussions of Bangladesh’s Hazaribagh leather
• Marselina, Rahmi ndi Nurhayati (2025), Kudalirika kwa madzi a Citarum ya pamwamba, Heliyon 11
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• Kuchotsa madzi m’nyanja, Mtsinje, Mtsinje, Ntchito ya ndale ndi Mafunso Ofala
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• Ocean Conservancy, Kukonza Kwakumadzulo
• Surfrider Foundation, Blue Water Task Force
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• U.S. EPA, Kuchotsa kwa Cuyahoga Gorge Dam Great Lakes Legacy Act
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• Melbourne Water, Yarra River
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• Kuchokera ku Kuyambira mpaka Kuyambira
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• EPA ya US, Zina zomwe mungachite m’munda wanu ndi Kudziwitsa za zoletsa zokhudzana ndi chilengedwe
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• Marine Conservation Society, Great British Beach Clean ndi Beachwatch organizer guide (2026)
• Ocean Conservancy, Clean Swell app; Thames21, Machitika
• Kuyang’anira madzi a m’madzi, Kuyang’anira madzi oyera; Mtsinje Wodalirika, Kuyang’anira Mtsinje Wamkulu ndi Madzi Osefukira mu Madzi; Kugwirizana kwa Mtsinje wa Mtima; Chida cha madzi cha EarthEcho; Wathu Wamadzi; Kuyang’anira madzi ku Australia; Georgia Adopt-A-Stream
• SEPA, Kudziwitsa zachinyengo; EPA Ireland, Kuchita chisoni chachikhalidwe; EPA Victoria, Tikambirane
• European Environment Agency, Kuyera kwa madzi otentha; US EPA, Kodi ndi njira yanga yoyenda pamadzi?