Hasken waje da hankali

A mafi yawan haske na waje an halaka shi. Kuma lalle ne, haƙĩƙa, Allah Mai yawan tausayi ne, Mai jin ƙai. Kuma bãbu wata hanya fãce zuwa ga haske. Every rule on this page saves money as well as the stars, and most of them can be applied in an afternoon with a screwdriver.

Five rules for good light

Wannan ya bi dokoki biyar na hasken waje mai da’awa wanda aka wallafa ta DarkSky International da kuma Illuminating Engineering Society:

1. Ma’ana. Ka haska kawai abin da yake buƙata, kamar hanyar tafiya, kofar ko kuma yankin tafiyar mota a cikin wurin ajiyar motoci.
2. Targeted. Zuwa ƙasan haske, inda ake buƙata, tare da rufewa don kada wani abu ya fita sama da hoton.
3. Maida-maida. Ba mai haske ba fiye da abin da ake buƙata. Idanuwa suna canjawa da kyau ga matsakaicin matsakaici, kuma haske yana ɓacewa.
4. An kula da shi. A kan kawai idan ana buƙata, tare da masu tsawo, masu raɗaɗi da masu jin motsi.
5. Launi mai zafi. Ka riƙe hasken rawaya zuwa mafi ƙaranci: ka zaɓi 3000 K ko ƙasa da haka, da hasken ja a wurare masu hankali.

Hasken da yake fita bã ya haskentar da kõme da muke buƙata.

Me za a saya da me za a guje wa

Ka kauce wa: fitilu masu bayyana, fitilun gilashi masu haske, kwalban duniya, fitilun sama da fitilun ruwa masu nufi gefe ko sama. Ka kauce wa fitilu masu launi mai sanyi ko haske na rana (4000 K da sama) don amfanin waje, da “‘yan sanda” floodlights waɗanda ke zama a kan dare duka.

Saye: fitilu da aka bayyana su a matsayin da aka rufe su gaba ɗaya ko kuma da aka rufe su gaba ɗaya, wanda ke da alama yana ɗauke da takardar shaidar DarkSky; fitilun LED masu haske mai haske na 3000 K ko ƙasa da haka (2700 K ana samunsu sosai, kuma ruwan hoda kusa da 2200 K yana da kyau har yanzu); mafi ƙarancin haske da yake aiki, an ƙaddara shi cikin lumen akan akwatin; da wani lokaci ko kuma mai jin motsi don duk abin da ke waje.

Fix what you already have

Ba ku bukatar a musanya dukan haske. Mafi yawan fitilun da ke akwai ana iya inganta su:

• Sake fitilar da wata mai haske mai zafi da haske mafi ƙaranci.
• Add a shield. Retrofit shields da caps ana sayar da su ga manyan bango da kuma fitilu; wani metali mai sauƙi a kan hasken porch na iya hana mafi yawan haskensa zuwa sama da gefen.
• Re-aim floodlights kai tsaye ƙasa, ko kuma maye su da wani fitila mai rufewa.
• Saukar da shi. Wani fitila mai sauka a kasa yana haska ƙasa fiye da sauran wuraren kusa da ita.
• Ƙara wani mai nuna lokaci ko kuma mai gane motsi, ka ƙayyade zuwa lokaci mai ƙaranci. Hasken nan wanda yake lẽƙewa a lõkacin da wani mutum ya shũɗe a gabansa ne mafi aminci daga haske wanda ke rẽshe a cikin dare.
• Close the curtains at night so indoor light does not spill out.

Nau’in fitilar waje

• Low-pressure sodium (LPS): mai inganci sosai, da wani haske na rawaya. Ideal kusa da masu kallo da kuma sensitive gidaje, ko da yake launuka ne mai wuya a ce daban a karkashin shi.
• High-pressure sodium (HPS): mai sauki da kuma haske na gari. Mai zafi kuma mafi ƙarancin ruwan hoda fiye da haske mai launin fari.
• Metal halide: haske mai launin rawaya, mai arziki a cikin ruwan hoda.
• LEDs: yanzu mafi yawan zaɓi. Suna da tasiri, suna da tsawo kuma, abin da ya fi muhimmanci, ana iya rage su: za su iya faɗi ƙasa lokacin da tituna ke ɓoyewa kuma su dawo zuwa haske mai kyau idan aka buƙata.

Wasu birane suna musanya hasken titin da LEDs. Wannan wata dama ce ta zinariya don rage gurɓatar haske, amma kawai idan fitilun da aka sanye da su sun zama masu kariya kuma suna da zafi. Kungiyar likitancin Amurka ta shawarci a cikin 2016 cewa hasken jama’a ya zauna a 3000 K ko ƙasa. Wani mai haske, blue-white LED zai iya sanya skyglow mafi muni daga fitilar da ya musanya.

Me yasa launin yake da muhimmanci

An ƙaddara launin haske kamar hasken zafin launi, cikin kelvin (K). Lower numbers mean warmer, more orange light; higher numbers mean cooler, bluer light. Hasken ruwan hoda yana rarrabawa a cikin yanayi fiye da hasken rawaya, don haka yana haskaka sama mafi yawa. Kuma shi ne sashin sifar da yake gaya wa jiki mafi ƙarfi “ya yi dare”, kuma shi ne sashen da ke jan hankalin ƙwayoyin cuta da yawa.

Glare

Hasken fitilu da aka tsare da su da mugunta yana rage bambanci kuma yana ɓõye haɗarin a dare. Kuma idanun ma’abuta tsõro sunã da wahala mafi yawa. Hasken da aka rufe da kyau a matsakaicin mataki yana sa ido ya daidaita kuma ya ga fiye, ba kaɗan ba.

Tattaunawa da makwabta da majalisar

• Ka fara da kyau. Mafi yawan mutane ba su taba tunanin haskensu ba. Kuma Allah ne Mafi sani ga abin da kuke aikatãwa.
• Tara da wani gyaran aiki: fitilar wutar lantarki mai zafi, lokaci, ko kuma wata kariya. Kuma mai yi wa wani taimakon daidaita shi, da yawa yana warware al’amarin.
• Ga majalisarka, rubuta cikin sauri: tambayi ko yankin yana da doka ta hasken waje; tambayi cewa fitilun tituna na sabon da na maye gurbin su ne aka rufe su gaba ɗaya, 3000 K ko ƙasa, kuma an shafe su a ƙarshen dare; tambayi don kare sama mai duhu na filayen shakatawa da wuraren adana halittu. Ku tambaye su a cikin littãfi.
• Bring numbers. Councils respond to costs: well-controlled LED lighting can cut street-lighting energy bills substantially.

Proof that it works

Waɗannan dokoki ba wai nazari ne ba. Alƙaryu waɗanda suka yi amfani da su sun yi taƙaitaccen bambanci.

• Flagstaff, Arizona, wanda ke kiran alamun haske don amber, hasken da aka kare sosai da kuma kafa a kan hasken gabaɗaya, yana da hasken dome kusan kashi 90 mafi ƙaranci fiye da Cheyenne, Wyoming, birni mai girman iri ɗaya, bisa ga ƙayyadaddun adadin da aka yi a cikin 2016 (Flagstaff Dark Skies Coalition).
• Tucson, Arizona, ya daina amfani da mafi yawan haskensa na 3000 K LED a tsakar dare. A lokacin da wani gwajin 2019 ya juya su ƙasa, sama a saman birnin ta girma kusan kashi 5 cikin dari mafi duhu a hankali (Barentine et al., 2020).
• Andacollo, Chile, wani gari a ganin Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory, ya maye gurbin hasken fitilun filin wasa da hasken LED wanda aka tsara don haske kawai ga fatar wasan kuma ya hana haske daga sama. Wannan tsarin na sabon yana amfani da kashi 30 cikin dari kaɗan (NSF NOIRLab, 2025).
• France ta bukaci hasken kofar shago ya rufe da karfe 1 na safe, ko kuma sa’a daya bayan an bude shi, tun daga umurnin hasken 2018 (Arrêté du 27 décembre 2018).

Ka karanta karin bayani, tare da mai bayyana dokokin Flagstaff uku, a cikin mafita masu inganci ga gurbata haske.

Wanda zai iya taimaka maka?

Don shawarwari da kayayyakin aiki, tuntuɓi kungiyoyi masu amfani da ba su da riba kamar DarkSky International, wanda ke gudanar da shirin DarkSky Approved, CPRE a Ingila, da ANPCEN a Faransa. Idan kana so ka goyi bayan aikinsu, to ka bayar da gudummawa kai tsaye ta hanyar shafukan yanar gizo na su, bayan ka karanta rahoton shekara-shekara. Dakata Local Solar System Bã ya da wata zumunta tãre da su kuma bã ya karɓar kõme daga gare su. Za a iya samun karin bayani game da kowanne daga cikinsu a shafinmu na tashin hankalin haske.

Yadda zaka iya taimaka

• Sake haske guda wannan mako: naka.
• Yadda za’a raba hoto na kafin da bayan na haske wanda ka rufe ko kuma ka sanye.
• Map the worst glare in your street and send it to your council.
• Ka yi aiki na kyauta domin gudanar da wani aikin hasken wuta ko kuma ƙididdiga na taurari ta hanyar taswirar gudummawa.

Sources and further reading

• DarkSky International da IES, Kaidoji biyar na hasken waje mai alhakin
• DarkSky International, Abun farko na hasken
• DarkSky International, DarkSky Ya amince da kayayyaki
• Flagstaff Dark Skies Coalition, The Flagstaff Solution
• Dakata (2020), Recovering the city street lighting fraction from skyglow measurements in a large-scale municipal dimming experiment, Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer 253
• République française, Arrêté du 27 décembre 2018 relatif à la prévention, à la réduction et à la limitation des nuisances lumineuses
• NSF NOIRLab (2025), Andacollo Stadium daga CTIO kafin da bayan hasken sabon
• American Medical Association (2016), AMA ta amince da shawarwari don rage illa daga hasken titin mai karfi