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Inkqubo yokukhanya

Ukukhanya kwangaphandle ngokuzimeleyo

Ilanga eligqibeleleyo elingenanto lilinye ongaziqapheli: likhanya indlela, hayi izulu, indawo yokuhlala yomnye umntu okanye amehlo omqhubi.

Ininzi yelanga engaphandle lilahlekile. Ikhanya ngaphaya kweefestile, iphakame elwandle, kwaye ibonakala kumava abantu abathi ngoko babone ngaphantsi, hayi ngaphezulu. Izinto eziqinisekileyo azikho mnyama, zikhanya kakuhle. Umthetho ngamnye kule phepha ugcina imali kunye nee-stars, kwaye ezininzi zazo zingasetyenziswa ngemini nge screwdriver.

Imithetho emihlanu yokukhanya okulungileyo

Ezi zilandela izikhokelo ezintlanu zokukhanya okukhuselekileyo kwangaphandle okupapashwe yiDarkSky International kunye neSosiyete yobuNjineli obuKhawulezayo:

  1. Iluncedo. Ukukhanya kuphela okufunayo, njengokuba indlela, umva okanye indawo yokuhamba kwendawo yokubeka izithuthi.
  2. Izibophelelo. Ikhankanya ukukhanya ezantsi, apho kufuneka khona, ngemikhuselo ukuze akukho nto iphuma ngaphezulu kokungathe nkqo.
  3. Inqanaba eliphantsi. Akukho kukhanya kunokufunekayo. Amehlo alungelelanise kakuhle kumanqanaba aphantsi, kwaye ukuqaqamba kuphelile.
  4. Ilawulwa. Isebenza kuphela xa ifuneka, ngee-timers, ii-dimmers kunye neesenzo zobuchule bokubona.
  5. Umbala oshushu. Gcina ukukhanya okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kuncinci: khetha 3000 K okanye ngaphantsi, kunye nokukhanya kwe-amber kwiindawo ezixhaphakileyo.

Ilanga elihamba phezulu alikhanyisi nto esiyifunayo.

Yintoni ongayithenga kwaye yini ekufuneka uyigweme

Imizekelo yezixhobo ezingaphandle ezingakhuselwanga ezibangela ukuqaqamba kunye nokugqitha kwelanga: iileta zedonga ezineglasi ecacileyo, ii-uplights, ii-floodlights ezimnyama nelampuni yeglobhu.

Yiyeke: iibhedi ezibomvu ezibonisayo, iilanga zeglasi ezicacileyo, izibane zehlabathi, izibane eziphezulu, kunye nezibane ezityhilayo ezijolise ngasecaleni okanye phezulu. Ungazisebenzisi iinkuni ezilabelwe njengezimdaka okanye ilanga elipholileyo (4000 K nangaphezulu) lokusetyenziswa ngaphandle, kunye ne”ukhuseleko” lwee-floodlights ezihlala zisebenza yonke imini.

Imizekelo yezixhobo ezikhuselweyo ngokupheleleyo ezibonisa ukukhanya ezantsi: iinkuni ezikhuselweyo, iifestile zendlela eziqhotyoshelweyo kunye neebhotile zokubopha.

Thenga: iifestile ezichazwe njenge *zikhuselwe ngokupheleleyo * okanye *ziqhotyoshelwe ngokupheleleyo *, zinomthi ogunyazisiweyo weDarkSky; iibhedi ze-LED ezimhlophe ezishushu 3000 K okanye ngaphantsi (2700 K ifumaneka ngokubanzi, kwaye i-amber ejikeleze i-2200 K iyasebenza kakuhle); ukukhanya okuphantsi okusebenzayo, kuqikelelwa kwi Ii-lumens kwibhokisi; kunye nexesha elimiselweyo okanye isixhobo sokubona intshukumo yento nangaphandle.

Ukulungisa oku sele uneso

Awunakudinga ukutshintsha ilanga ngalinye. Iifestile ezikhoyo zingaphuculwa:

  • Tshintsha i-bulb ibe yiyo eshushu ebomvu enesibane esiphantsi.
  • Yongeza isikhuseli. Isikhuseli esitsha nesitshixo sithengwa kwiipakethi ezininzi zedonga kunye neelanga; i-hood yentsimbi elula ngaphezulu kwelanga lendawo yokutyibilika ingavala uninzi lwelanga oluya phezulu nelanga elisuka ngasecaleni.
  • Yenza kwakhona iinqanawa ezityhilayo zijonge ezantsi, okanye utshintshe ngesixhobo esikhuselweyo.
  • Yihla. Isixhobo esibekwe phantsi sikhanya umhlaba ngakumbi kwaye indawo engqongileyo incinci.
  • Yongeza i-timer okanye umenzi woluvo lwesantya, mimiselwe kwixesha elifutshane. Ilanga eliya kuphela xa umntu ehamba ngaphambili likhuselekile kwaye liphantsi kunelinye elikhanyayo yonke imini.
  • Vala i-curtain phantsi kwelanga ukuze ukukhanya okungaphakathi kungaphazamiseki.

Iindidi zelanga elingaphandle

  • I-sodium ephantsi koxinzelelo (LPS): isebenza kakuhle kakhulu, enesibhakabhaka esincinci. Ilungele indawo ezikufutshane nezijongwayo kunye nendawo ekhuselekileyo, nangona imibala inzima ukuchaza ngokuhlukile phantsi kwayo.
  • I-sodium ephantsi koxinzelelo (HPS): ilanga lendlela eliqhelekileyo eliluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Eshushu kwaye incinci kuneblue kunelanga elimhlophe.
  • I-Metal halide: ikhanya, iluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka.
  • LEDs: ngoku ukhetho oluqhelekileyo. Esebenzayo, ehlala ixesha elide kwaye, kubaluleke kakhulu, i-dimmable: zinokuhla phantsi xa izitrato zingenanto kwaye zibuye zibe nokukhanya okupheleleyo xa kufuneka.

Imijikelo emininzi itshintshela ii-LEDs kwi-light street. Le yithuba elilungileyo lokucinya uthuli olukhanyayo, kodwa kuphela ukuba iinkuni ezintsha zikhuselwe kwaye zipholile. I-American Medical Association yacebisa ngo-2016 ukuba ukukhanya kwehlabathi kuhlale ku-3000 K okanye ngaphantsi. I-LED ekhanyayo, ebomvu-emhlophe ingakwenza i-skyglow ibe buhlungu kunelanga elitshintshile.

Ilayini yetram kunye nendlela ngobusuku ekhanya ngumqolo weelanga zesodiyam eziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kwiMainz, eJamani.
Ilanga lesodiyam elihamba phantsi kwelayini yetram eMainz, eJamani. Ii-LED ezimhlophe zithatha imibala eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka encinci kakhulu, kodwa imibala inzima ukuyichaza ngokuhlukileyo phantsi kwayo; ii-LED ezimnyama ezishushu ze-3000 K okanye ngaphantsi zihlala zisetyenziswa njengendawo entsha. Photo: ManuelB701, CC0

Kutheni umbala ubalulekile

Isikwere seqondo lobushushu lombala, ukusuka eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka-emhlophe 8000 K ngasekhohlo ukuya eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka 1500 K ngasekunene.

Umbala wokukhanya ulinganiselwa njenge ubushushu bombala, kwi-kelvin (K). Amaxabiso aphantsi kuthetha ukukhanya okushushu, okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka; amaxabiso aphezulu kuthetha ukukhanya okubandayo, okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Ii-blue light zisasaza kwimozulu ngaphezulu kune-orange light, ngoko ke ikhanya kakhulu elwandle. Le nxalenye ye-spectrum enamandla kakhulu ithetha ukuba umzimba “ukwixesha lobusuku”, kwaye le nxalenye itsala kwaye isusa izityalo ezininzi.

Iilanga ezimbini ezifanayo zedonga ngasecaleni: enye enesibane esishushu esiluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, enye enesibane esibandayo esimnyama-siluhlaza.

Ukukhanya

Ukuqaqamba kwelanga ukusuka kwilanga elikhuselwe kakubi linciphisa ukufana nobungozi ngobusuku. Amazinyo akhulu ahlupheka kakhulu. Ilanga elikhuselwe kakuhle kwinqanaba eliphakathi livumela iliso ukuba lilungelelanise kwaye libone ngakumbi, hayi ngaphantsi.

Ukuthetha nabahlobo kunye neekomiti

  • Qala ngokunyanisekileyo. Abantu abaninzi abazange bacinge malunga neefestile zabo. Nceda ukhankanye ukuba ilanga elishushu elikhuselwe libiza ngaphantsi ukuqhuba kwaye lilula kumathambo; nikela ngaloo phepha.
  • Nceda unikezele ngento esebenzayo yokuyilungisa: i-bulb eshushu, isitshixo sokukhawuleza okanye isikhuseli. Ukunikela ukunceda ukufakela intambo rhoqo kugqiba le ngxaki.
  • Ikomiti yakho, bhala ngokufutshane:buza ukuba indawo inendawo yokukhanya ngaphandle;buza ukuba iifestile ezintsha kunye nezo zitshintshiweyo zibe zikhuselwe ngokupheleleyo, 3000 K okanye ngaphantsi, kwaye zitywinwe kamva ngemini;buza ukhuseleko lwesibhakabhaka esimnyama kwiipaki kunye neendawo ezikhuselweyo zendalo. Buza ngempendulo ngokubhala.
  • Bring numbers. Iikomiti ziphendula kwiindleko: ukukhanya kwe-LED okulawulwa kakuhle kunokunciphisa iindleko zesibane sendlela ngokugqithisileyo.

Ubungqina bokuba isebenza

Ezi mithetho azikho iinyaniso. Iidolophu ezizisebenzisele ziyilinganisele loo kusiyana:

  • Flagstaff, Arizona, apho ikhowudi yokukhanya ifuna umbala omnyama, ukukhanya okukhuselekileyo ngokupheleleyo kunye nesigqubuthelo sokukhanya okupheleleyo, ine-dome ekhanyayo malunga neepesenti ezingama-90 ezincinci kuneCheyenne, Wyoming, umzi onobungakanani obufanayo, ngokusekwe kuvavanyo oluwenziwe ngo-2016 (Flagstaff Dark Skies Coalition).
  • Tucson, Arizona, ivala uninzi lwee-3000 K LED ezikhuselweyo zesibane sendlela ngobusuku obuphakathi. Xa uvavanyo lwaluye lwazikhupha phantsi ngo-2019, izulu elingenanto esentshonalanga yedolophu lakhula limnyama ngeepesenti ezili-5 ngokuthe ngqo (Barentine et al., 2020).
  • Andacollo, Chile, umzi ojonge kwiCerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory, watshintsha iifestile zesikwere sayo ngeefestile zeLED ezicwangcisiweyo ukuqaqambisa kuphela indawo yokudlala kwaye ugcine ilanga lingaphandle kwezulu. Inkqubo entsha isebenzisa iipesenti ezingama-30 ngaphantsi kweegesi (NSF NOIRLab, 2025).
  • France has required shop-window lighting to be off by 1 am, or an hour after closing, since its 2018 lighting order (Arrêté du 27 décembre 2018).

Funda ngakumbi, ngemiboniso ebonisa imithetho emithathu yeFlagstaff, kwi izinto eziqinisekisiweyo zokuphelisa uthuli olukhanyayo.

Ubani oza kukunceda

Ukuba ufuna uncedo kunye neemveliso ezigunyazisiweyo, nceda uqhagamshelane neqela elingasebenziyo njenge DarkSky International eliqhuba inkqubo yeDarkSky Approved, CPRE eNgilani, no ANPCEN eFrance. Ukuba ufuna ukuxhasa umsebenzi wabo, nikela ngokuthe ngqo kwiwebhusayithi yabo, emva kokufunda iingxelo zabo zeminyaka le. I Local Solar System Foundation ayihambelani nabo kwaye ayifumananga nto kubo. Iinkcukacha ezithe kratya malunga nenye iphepha.

Uncedo olufumanekayo

  • Lungisa ilanga elinye kule veki: lakho.
  • Yabelana ngefoto phambi-ne emva yelanga olumkileyo okanye olumkhenkce.
  • Yenza imaphu yendawo emnyama kakhulu kwisitrato sakho uze uyithumele kwikomiti yakho.
  • Yiba ngumcebisi ukuqhuba iworkshop yokuqaqambisa okanye ubalo lweenkwenkwezi ngebhodi ye uncedo.

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