Sea-level rise

Site na 1993, satịlaịtị ejirila n’aka ịtụle elu nke oke osimiri site na orbit ruo na sentimita ole na ole, ugboro ugboro, gburugburu ụwa niile. Ha na-asị na ha nwere ike ịrụ ọrụ n’ụzọ dị iche iche. sentimita iri n’ime afọ iri atọ, ma ọ na-arịwanye elu ngwa ngwa ugbu a karịa mgbe e mesịrị. N’oge gara aga, site na 1901 ruo 2018, ọ dịla ihe dịka 20 sentimita, n’ụzọ dị mfe karịa na ọ bụla narị afọ nke afọ iri atọ gara aga, dịka IPCC.

Ụdị

Ọrụ abụọ na-ebuli osimiri, ha abụọ na-abịa site n’ịkụ ọkụ:

• Ọnụ mmiri na-amụba mgbe ọ na-ekpo ọkụ. Oké osimiri ahụ echekwala ihe karịrị pasent 90 nke okpomọkụ dị n’ime ya nke a gbanyere site na gas ndị na-eme ka ikuku dị ọkụ. Oké mmiri ozuzo na-ewe ebe dị ukwuu. N’etiti afọ 1971 na 2018, mmepe okpomọkụ a gosiri ihe dị ka nkeji iri abụọ nke nkwalite ahụ.
• Isi n’ala na-akpụpụta n’ụsọ oké osimiri. Glaịsaịra ugwu na-agbapụ, nakwa ice nke Greenland na Antarctica na-ewepụ ihe karịrị mmiri ozuzo ka ọ na-ewepụ snow. Igwe mmiri sea na-agbaze, nke nọ n’okpuru mmiri, na-eweta ihe ọbụla; ịgagharị land na-eweta ihe ọbụla n’oké osimiri.

Oge n’oge, ogologo oge

Nhazi mmiri na-eziga ozi n’ụzọ dị mfe. Ọ na-echekwa okpomọkụ n’ime oke osimiri dị elu ma ọ bụ ice sheets na-ahazi onwe ha maka ọtụtụ narị afọ mgbe ikuku anaghị ekpo ọkụ, yabụ ụfọdụ n’ime ihe ndị ọzọ na-arịwanye elu ka ejirila ya. Ihe anyị họọrọ ugbua na-ekpebi ihe ọbụla na otu esi arụ ọrụ. IPCC’s likely ranges for 2100, relative to 1995 to 2014, run from 0.28 to 0.55 metres in the lowest-emissions pathway to 0.63 to 1.01 metres in the highest. Agaghị etinyeghị n’ime ihe dị nso na mita abụọ site na 2100 ma ọ bụrụ na ice sheets ga-adị n’enweghị ike.

Sentimetị ọ bụla nke elu mmiri na-eweta ụlọ ndị ọzọ n’ebe dị nso na oke ifufe ahụ ga-abịa.

Ihe dị mkpa maka ndị mmadụ abụghị naanị ọnụọgụgụ. Oké osimiri dị elu na-eme ka mmiri ozuzo dị n’ime mmiri ozuzo dị mfe: n’ebe ọtụtụ, mmiri ozuzo nke na-eme otu ugboro n’ụbọchị na-atụ anya ka ọ ga-eme kwa afọ site na 2100 n’okpuru okpomọkụ dị elu. Oké osimiri na-adọta mmiri mmiri na ebe ndị dị n’okpuru ala, na ụfọdụ oke osimiri na-agbadakwa mgbe mmiri ala ahụ na-ekpo ọkụ, nke na-eme ka mmetụta ahụ sie ike.

Nhazi

Ọ bụ ihe ọhụrụ na-abịa n’ime mmiri maka ndị bi n’akụkụ osimiri, ma ụfọdụ mba nọgidere na-ebi n’okpuru ya ruo ọtụtụ narị afọ. N’ihi na ọ bụ n’ihi na ha nwere ike ịrụ ọrụ nke ọma, ha ga-enwe ike ịrụ ọrụ nke ọma ma ọ bụrụ na ha nwere ike ịrụ ọrụ nke ọma.

• Kpọchie ihe na-apụta. Ọ bụ otu n’ime ihe ndị kasị ukwuu: ọ bụla ton nke CO2 egbochiela na-ebelata ọnụọgụgụ nke ndị na-abịanụ.

• Chebe: ọrụ Dutch Delta. N’afọ 1953, a North Sea storm surge gbawara Dutch dikes na 1,836 mmadụ nwụrụ. Netherlands zara ya site na Delta Works, ọnụ ụzọ ámá dams, sluices na storm-surge barriers nke gbanwere ihe dị ka kilomita 700 nke coastline ragged n’ime ogologo oge, ọkara 80. Ihe ikpeazụ dị ukwuu, Maeslant Barrier na-adị nso Rotterdam, gasịrị n’afọ 1997. Ụlọ ya abụọ, nke ọ bụla nwere mita 210 n’ogologo na mita 22 n’elu, mechie onwe ha mgbe mmiri ahụ e kwuru ka ọ dị elu karịa mita atọ n’elu oke osimiri na-adịkarị n’akụkụ Rotterdam; ha na-awụsa mmiri ma banye n’okpuru ala n’ime awa abụọ. Ọ mepere emepe maka oge mbụ na 2007 (Rijkswaterstaat; Rijkswaterstaat).

• Protect: the Thames Barrier. London’s barrier spans 520 metres of the Thames at Woolwich and protects 125 square kilometers of central London from tidal surges. Site n’oge ọ malitere ọrụ ya na 1982, ọ bịara mechie ugboro 221 iji belata mmiri ozuzo, dịka nke November 2025 (Environment Agency).

• Mee ebe maka mmiri. Mgbe ọdachi mmiri na 1993 na 1995, mgbe ihe dị ka mmadụ 250,000 n’ime Gelderland naanị ha bịara n’ụlọ dịka ihe mgbochi, Netherlands gbanwere ụzọ ya: n’ebe ịzụlite dikes, ọ nyere ọdọ mmiri ohere karịa. Programụ Room for the River wepụtara ebe maka mmiri dị elu, dịka ọmụmaatụ site na ịkpụgharị ụzọ ọhụrụ nke mmiri ozuzo, na ebe 34 n’akụkụ Ijssel, Waal, Lower Rhine na Lek n’etiti afọ 2006 na 2019, maka € 2.3 billion, na-eme ka nchekwa dị mma maka mmadụ nde 4 (Rijkswaterstaat).

• Ihe ọrụ na-eme n’ime ala. Mangroves, salt marshes, dunes na reefs na-ewepụ ike nke mmiri ozuzo ma nwee ike ịbawanye site na osimiri. N’ime ihe ndị a, 13 ruo 66% nke mmiri ozuzo dị ala karịa mita 100 nke mangroves (McIvor et al., 2012). N’ụwa nile, mangroves na-egbochi ihe karịrị US $ 65 billion nke mmerụ ahụ n’afọ ma na-echekwa karịa mmadụ 15 nde site na ịda mmiri; Vietnam, India na Bangladesh na-enweta ọtụtụ ndị mmadụ na-echebe (Menéndez et al., 2020). N’oge Hurricane Sandy na 2012, ebe obibi mmiri n’akụkụ osimiri na North-east United States egbochila ihe dịka US $ 625 nde nke mmebi mmiri (Narayan et al., 2017).

• Plan retreat where needed: managed realignment. Na Medmerry n’akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ Sussex, ụlọ ọrụ gburugburu ebe obibi, na RSPB, kwụsịla ịkpacha nnukwu ụlọ akụ nke chọrọ mmezi oge niile ma, site na Nọvemba 2013, ha mepụtara kilomita 7 nke ụlọ akụ ọhụrụ dị nso n’ime ala, na-ahapụ osimiri n’azụ. Ọrụ £28 nde ahụ wepụkwara ihe ize ndụ nke mmiri ozuzo n’ime ọtụtụ puku ụlọ, mepụtara hekta 183 nke ebe obibi ọhụrụ maka anụmanụ na-emebi emebi ma chebe ihe dị ka £300,000 kwa afọ n’ịrụzigharị (Environment Agency, 2016; Environment Agency).

• Atụkwasị. Kwụsị ụlọ na ụzọ, kpuchie ala ala nke na-egbochi mmiri ozuzo, ma ọ bụ mee ntọala maka ịkpụzi mmiri maka oke osimiri dị elu.
• Kwụsị ịda. Ikwe ka mmiri ala na-agbapụta n’okpuru ala na-eme ka mmiri dị elu ghara ịdị mma.

Enweghị ebe ọbụla n’ime ha egwụla. Netherlands na-eme ka ihe ndị dị n’ụsọ oké osimiri dịkwuo mma iji gbochie oke mmiri. Ma ebe ndị a na-egosi na mba nke na-enyocha ihe ize ndụ ya n’ụzọ ziri ezi ma kpebie ịga n’ihu nwere ike ichekwa mmadụ.

Ụlọọrụ na-arụ ọrụ a

Ndị a na-enweghị uru nwere ndekọ nke ndị mmadụ banyere ihe ha mere. Gbanwee anya n’ihe ha na-eme, ma ọ bụrụ na ọrụ ha na-ekwu okwu gị, gbalịa ịnye ha ego site n’aka weebụsaịtị ha. Local Solar System Foundation enweghị njikọ na ha ọ bụla ma enwetaghị ihe ọ bụla site n’ime ha. N’ihu ịna-enye, gụọ ozi afọ ojuju na akaụntụ nke ụlọ ọrụ ọ bụla, dị ka ị ga-eme na ọbụla charity.

• Mangrove Action Project bụ ụlọ ọrụ US charity nwere ọnọdụ 501(c)(3), e mepụtara ya na 1992. Ọ na-enyocha ndị obodo, ndị na-elekọta ala na ndị na-echekwa ihe n’ime Community-Based Ecological Mangrove Restoration, usoro nke na-ewepụ mmiri ozuzo mangrove chọrọ ka ha banye n’onwe ha, kama ịkụ mkpụrụ osisi nke na-anwụkarị. Ọ na-enyere aka n’ịrụzigharị mangroves n’ihe karịrị mba 20.
• Wetlands International bụ otu ụlọ ọrụ Dutch nke na-enyefe ego n’aka ndị mmadụ (ANBI) nwere ebe obibi n’ụwa nile ma na-arụ ọrụ n’ihe karịrị mba 100. N’ime Demak, n’akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ Java, ebe osimiri ahụ rụpụtara ihe karịrị kilomita 3 nke ala n’ebe ụfọdụ, ọ na-eduga mmemme site na afọ 2015 ruo 2020 nke mepụtara fences nke nwere ike ịgagharị iji gbochie mmiri ozuzo ka osisi mangrove wee nwee ike ịbawanye, iji chebe ndị mmadụ 70,000 site na igbu na ịda mmiri (Wetlands International).

• Climate Central bụ otu n’ime ndị na-eme ihe nzuzo nke US (501(c)(3)) e guzobere na 2008. Map ya na-enye onye ọ bụla ohere ịhụ ebe a ga-echekwa ala n’okpuru oke mmiri ozuzo dịka osimiri na-arị elu, ma map ya na nyocha ya na-ejikarị ya eme ihe site n’ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi n’ihe karịrị mba 170. Ịmara ihe ị ga-eme bụ nzọụkwụ mbụ iji kpebie maka ya.

Olee otú i nwere ike isi nyere

• Know your risk. Nwee n’aka ụlọ gị, agụmakwụkwọ ma ọ bụ ebe ọrụ gị na sea-level ma ọ bụ map mmiri ozuzo nke mba ahụ, wee mee atụmatụ mmiri ozuzo ezinụlọ ma ị bi nso n’ụsọ osimiri.
• Kpọọ n’oké osimiri. Kpọtụrụ ma ọ bụ nyere ndị otu aka ịnabata mangroves, marshes na dunes.
• Ajụla kọnsili gị banyere atụmatụ ya nke ịgbanwe, na ma ọ bụrụ na ụlọ ọhụrụ ka a ga-enye ikike n’ala nwere ike ịda mmiri.
• Kpọchie ihe ị na-ewepụ n’onwe gị ebe ọ bụ nke kasị mkpa: ọkụ ụlọ, njem na ike eletrik.
• Kpọnye data. Gbanwee nkọwa a mọọbụ tinye data oge-omume na mpaghara site na nkwalite board.

Ebe obibi nakwa ịgụ ọzọ

• IPCC (2021), AR6 Working Group I, Nkọwapụta maka ndị na-eme ntọala
• IPCC (2021), AR6 Working Group I, Chapter 9: Ocean, cryosphere na sea level change
• IPCC (2019), Nkebi Nsọ na Cryosphere n’ime mgbanwe ihu igwe
• NOAA Laboratory for Satellite Altimetry, Sea level rise. Ndesịta ozi alịtimetri a na-enye site na NOAA Laboratory maka satịlaịtị alịtimetri.
• NASA, Ụdị mgbanwe oké osimiri
• Rijkswaterstaat, De watersnoodramp van 1953 na Deltawerken (n’asụsụ Dutch)
• Rijkswaterstaat, Maeslant Barrier
• Rijkswaterstaat, Obi maka Oké Osimiri
• The Thames Barrier
• Menéndez et al. (2020), Nke a na-eme ka ọnwụ nke mmiri ozuzo dị n’ụwa niile, Ndị nyocha sayensị 10
• Narayan et al. (2017), Ọnụ ahịa nke mmiri ozuzo n’akụkụ osimiri maka ịbawanye mmebi mmiri na Northeast USA, Nke amụma 7
• Environment Agency (2016), Medmerry egosipụtara na IUCN World Conservation Congress
• Environment Agency, Ebe obibi na usoro mmiri ozuzo nke EA na-eduga ụzọ n’ụzọ ọhụrụ Global Standard maka ihe ngwọta sitere na ọdịbendị
• Wetlands International, Imegharịa na ọdịdị Indonesia
• McIvor, Möller, Spencer na Spalding (2012), Nkewapụta nke ikuku na n’oké osimiri site na mangroves, Nchedo Oké Osimiri Na-emeghe 1, The Nature Conservancy na Wetlands International
• Narayan et al. (2016), Ndị ọrụ, ụgwọ na uru nchekwa nke ọdịbendị na ọdịbendị-n’okpuru, PLOS ONE 11