Wasu harsuna a wannan shafin na iya zama an fassara su da injin kuma suna iya da kurakurai. Help improve it Read the English original
A lõkacin da tẽkun ruwa mai zurfi yake zubowa.
Blue Initiative

Sea-level rise

"Farautar teku tana tashi kamar yadda ƙwaƙwalwarka take girma, kuma gudun yana karuwa." "Ga wani yanki na tekun, adadin ƙananan adadi da aka sake a cikin karni ba ƙarami bane."

Tun daga shekarar 1993, tauraron dan adam ya yi nazarin tsayin tekun daga orbit zuwa cikin santimita kaɗan, sau da yawa, a duk faɗin duniyar. A cikin shekaru goma sha uku, matsakaicin matsin lamba na duniya ya karu da kusan ten centimetres, kuma yana karuwa da sauri fiye da lokacin da aka fara yin gwajin. A kan wani dogon tarihi, daga 1901 zuwa 2018, karuwar ya kai kusan 20 sentimita, mafi sauri fiye da kowane karni na shekaru dubu uku da suka gabata, bisa ga IPCC.

Wani zane na wani salula mai kwalban da jikinsa na zinariya da kuma babban panel na rana, yana tafiyar hawainiya a sama da ƙasa mai launin rawaya.
Wani zane na Sentinel-6 Michael Freilich satellite, wanda ke ci gaba da kiyaye ma'aunin matsakaicin matsakaicin tekun daga orbit tun 1993. Credit: NASA

Two engines

Anã sanya kõguna biyu su gudãna, kõwane daga cikinsu yanã da wani mai zafi.

  • Wata tana fadada yayin da take zafi. Tekun ya karɓi fiye da kashi 90 cikin dari na zafin da aka samu ta hanyar hayakin da ke haifar da zafi mai yawa. Mai zafi ruwa yana ɗaukar fiye da wuri. A tsakanin 1971 da 2018 wannan fadadawar zafi ta bayyana kusan rabin karuwar.
  • Glacier na dutse ya fice cikin teku. Dutsen da ke kan ruwa yana ficewa, kuma manyan duwatsu masu zafi na Greenland da Antarctica suna rasa ruwan sama fiye da yadda zafi yake maye gurbin su. Kuma idan aka zuba a cikin tẽku wani ruwa mai zafi, bã ya ƙãra wani abu gare shi, kuma abin da yake a kan ƙasa sai Mu ƙara masa.
+20 cmglobal mean sea level rise from 1901 to 2018 (IPCC AR6)
3.7 mmadadin canzawa a kowace shekara daga 2006 zuwa 2018, kusan sau uku fiye da adadin 1901 zuwa 1971 (IPCC AR6)
1 biliyanmutane ne aka tsara su zauna a low-ligging tekun yankuna ta 2050 (IPCC SROCC)
Larsen C ice shelf yana fitar da iceberg A-68 a cikin 2017.
Larsen C ice shelf a Antarctica ya saki iceberg A-68, daya daga cikin manyan icebergs da aka tattara, a watan Yuli na 2017. Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/NOAA/GSFC

Agogo mai tsawo da sauri

Matsakaicin matsakaici Yanayin zafi yana ci gaba da yaduwa a cikin tekun da ke tsakiyar teku kuma kwayoyin ruwan sama suna cigaba da daidaitawa na shekaru da dama bayan da iska ta daina zafin, don haka wasu karin karuwar sun riga an kulle su. Abin da muke zãɓen yanzu yana yanke shawara game da yadda kuma yadda sauri. Matsakaicin IPCC na 2100, dangane da 1995 zuwa 2014, yana tafiya daga 0.28 zuwa 0.55 mita a cikin hanyar mafi ƙarancin fitarwa zuwa 0.63 zuwa 1.01 mita a cikin mafi girma. Ba za a iya hana karuwar mita biyu ba ta hanyar 2100 idan duwatsu masu zafi suka zama marasa ƙarfi.

Duk wani santimita na matakin teku yana sanya gidaje da yawa a kusa da guguwar nan mai zuwa.

Abin da yake da muhimmanci ga mutãne shi ne ba kawai matsakaiciyar ba. A cikin wasu wurare, ruwan sama wanda ya kasance yana faruwa sau daya a kowace shekara ana tsammanin zai sake faruwa duk shekara a shekarar 2100 idan aka yi la’akari da yanayin zafi mai tsanani. Ruwa mai zafi yana shiga koguna da magudanar ruwa, kuma wasu yankuna na tekun suna faduwa ne saboda an fitar da ruwan ƙasa, wanda ke ninka tasirin.

Hanyar birnin da aka yi wa ruwan sama a dare a Miami, tare da motoci suna tafiya ta cikin ruwa wanda ke nuna hasken baya mai rawaya da kuma fitilun titin.
Cikin watan Oktoban shekarar 2016, a lokacin da ruwan sama bai iya zubowa cikin teku ba, an samu ruwan sama mai tsananin yawa a Miami. Photo: B137, CC0

Proven solutions

Ruwa mai tashi ba abu ne mai sauki ga mutanen da ke zaune a kusa da tekun ba, kuma wasu kasashen sun kasance suna zaune a ƙarƙashinsa na shekaru da yawa. Kokarinsu ya nuna cewa iyakoki za a iya sanya su cikin aminci, ta hanyar gina su, da samar da wurin ruwa da kuma aiki tare da halitta, ko da yake shirin zai fara da wuri kuma zai ci gaba na shekaru da dama.

  • Kashe fitarwa. Mafi girman maɓalli guda: duk wani tonon CO2 da aka hana yana rage ƙaruwar ƙarshe.
Hoto na sama mai launin baƙi da fari na kauyen Dutch wanda aka yi ruwan sama har zuwa rufi, tare da tituna sun zama ruwa.
Oude-Tonge a kan tsibirin Goeree-Overflakkee bayan girgizar kasa ta tekun Arewa a 1953, an gani daga wani jirgin sama na sojin Amurka. Photo: US Agency for International Development, public domain
  • Protect: the Dutch Delta Works. A cikin 1953, wata guguwar ruwa ta tekun Arewa ta karya dikiyoyin Netherlands kuma 1,836 mutane suka mutu. Netherlands ta amsa da Delta Works, wani layin dams, sluices da storm-surge barriers wanda ya juya kusan kilomita 700 na ragged coastline zuwa ga mafi ƙarancin, layi mai daidaituwa na kusan 80. Wani ɓangare mai girma na ƙarshe, Maeslant Barrier kusa da Rotterdam, an kammala shi a cikin 1997. Kofarta biyu, kowace mita 210 mai faɗi da mita 22 mai tsayi, suna kullewa ta atomatik lokacin da ake hasashen ruwan zai tashi sama da mita uku bisa ga matakin teku na yau da kullun kusa da Rotterdam; su cika da ruwa kuma su nutse zuwa ƙasa cikin sa’o’i biyu. An rufe shi ne a farkon lokaci a shekarar 2007 (Rijkswaterstaat; Rijkswaterstaat).
Da biyu fari ƙarfe hannuwan da ƙofa na Maeslant Barrier swinging daga kan wani babban hanya na ruwa, a karkashin wata sama girgiza.
Maeslant Barrier na rufewa a kan Nieuwe Waterweg kusa da Rotterdam. Each of its two gates is 210 metres wide. Photo: Quistnix, CC BY 2.5
  • Protect: the Thames Barrier. Bariyer na London ya kunshi mita 520 na Thames a Woolwich kuma yana kare kilomita 125 na tsakiyar birnin London daga tashin ruwa. Tun da ta fara aiki a 1982 an rufe ta 221 sau domin hana ruwa shiga, kamar yadda aka yi a watan Nuwamba na shekarar 2025 (Environment Agency).
An yi amfani da wannan wurin wajen yin yawon shakatawa a lokacin bazara, kuma an gina shi ne don nuna al'adu na gargajiya.
Barikin Thames a Woolwich a lokacin da dare ya yi. An rufe shi fiye da sau dubu biyu tun daga shekarar 1982 domin hana tsananin ruwan sama shiga birnin London. Photo: Robert Burniak, CC BY-SA 4.0
  • Yana da wuri ga ruwa. Bayan girgizar kasa a cikin 1993 da 1995, lokacin da aka kwashe mutane 250,000 a Gelderland kawai a matsayin wani tsari na tsaro, Netherlands ta canja hanyarta: a maimakon kara tsayin dutsen, ta bai wa koguna sarari mafi yawa. The Room for the River programme widened the space for high water, for example by digging new flood channels, at 34 locations along the IJssel, Waal, Lower Rhine and Lek between 2006 and 2019, for €2.3 billion, improving safety for around 4 million people (Rijkswaterstaat).
Wani dogon dutse mai haske ya wuce wani sabon dandamali na gefen kogin Waal a Nijmegen, tare da wani babban dutse mai haske a cikin nisan.
Spiegelwaal a Nijmegen, wani dandali na gefen da aka kwashe don kogin Waal a karkashin shirin Room for the River, ya wuce ta hanyar titin De Oversteek. Photo: Havang(nl), CC0
  • Aiki tare da halitta. Mangroves, salt marshes, dunes and reefs absorb wave energy and can grow with the sea. An samu matsakaicin tsayin ruwa na 13 zuwa 66 bisa dari mafi ƙaranci ga kowace mita 100 na mangroves (McIvor et al., 2012). A fadin duniya, mangroves hana fiye da US $ 65 biliyan na asarar ruwan sama a kowace shekara kuma su kiyaye fiye da mutane miliyan 15 daga cikin ruwa; Vietnam, India da Bangladesh suna samun mafi yawan mutanen da aka kare (Menéndez et al., 2020). A lokacin Hurricane Sandy a cikin 2012, yankunan ruwa na tekun a arewa maso gabashin Amurka sun hana kusan dala biliyan 625 na asarar ruwan sama (Narayan et al., 2017).
  • Yi shirin gudu inda ake buƙata: riƙe daidaitawa. A Medmerry a West Sussex, Hukumar Kula da Muhalli, tare da RSPB, ta dakatar da gyaran wani banki na shingle wanda ke buƙatar gyara mai ɗorewa kuma, a watan Nuwamba 2013, an gina kilomita 7 na sabon embankments har zuwa cikin ƙasa, yana barin tekun a baya. Shirin da ya kai £28m ya rage hadarin ruwan sama ga daruruwan gidaje, ya samar da hekta 183 na sabon wurin zama na ruwa don dabbobi masu rai kuma ya ceto kusan £300,000 a shekara a cikin gyara (Environment Agency, 2016; Environment Agency).
An yi wannan a kan wani dutse mai tsayi da ke kusa da garin na Katsina, wanda aka fi sani da Katsinawa da sunan Dutsen Katsina.
Salt marsh a kusa da Westerheversand lighthouse a kan bakin teku na Wadden Sea na Jamus. Waɗannan magudanai kamar wannan, da waɗanda aka ƙãga halittar a Medmerry, suna karɓar ƙarfin girgiza kuma suna iya haɓaka yayin da tekun ke tashi. Photo: Walter Rademacher, CC BY-SA 3.0
  • Accessible. Yi ginin gidaje da hanyoyi, da kuma sassa masu tsaftace ruwa, da kuma tsara hanyoyin wanke ruwa don ruwan sama mai tsananin yawa.
  • Ka daina zubowa. Ka hana zubar da ruwa daga ƙasa yana rage zubar da ruwa wanda ke sa ruwan da yake tashi ya fi muni.

Bãbu wani daga cikin waɗannan wurare an ƙare su ba. Netherlands ta riga ta inganta hana-tashin-gwangwani don magance tsananin ruwa. Amma waɗannan wuraren sun nuna cewa wata kasa da ke auna haɗarinta cikin gaskiya kuma ta yi shirin gaba, za ta iya kare mutane.

Organizers doing this work

Waɗannan kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu suna da takardar shaidar sakamakonsu. Ka duba abin da suke yi, kuma idan aikinsu ya yi magana da kai, ka yi la’akari da bayar da gudummawa gare su ta hanyar shafukan yanar gizonsu. Dakata Local Solar System Bã ya da wata zumunta da kõwa daga gare su. Kuma bã ya karɓar kõme daga gare su. Kuma a gabãnin ku bãyar, to, ku karanta rahoton shekara-shekara na kõwace ƙungiya da lãbãrinta, kamar yadda kuke aikatãwa da dukan sadaka.

  • Mangrove Action Project ita ce wata kungiya ta tallafawa jama’a da ke Amurka mai matsayi na 501(c)(3), wadda aka kafa a shekarar 1992. Ta horar da al’umma, masu noman itace da kungiyoyin kare muhalli a kan farfado da gandun daji na halitta bisa ga al’umma, wata hanya ce da ke dawo da ruwa da gandun daji ke bukata don su koma kansu, ba wai kawai dasa shuki ne kawai wanda a wasu lokutan yakan mutu. Ta tallafawa sake gina gandun daji a kasashe sama da 20.
  • Wetlands International wata kungiya ce ta Dutch mai amfani ga jama’a (ANBI) da ofisoshi a duk duniya kuma tana aiki a kasashe sama da 100. A Demak, a kan tekun arewacin Java, inda teku ya yi amfani da fiye da kilomita 3 na ƙasa a wasu wurare, ta jagoranci shirin daga shekarar 2015 zuwa 2020 wanda ya gina garuruwan bishiyoyi masu iya shiga don hana ruwa shiga domin tsire-tsire su iya girma, don kare mutane 70,000 daga zubar da ruwa da kuma ruwan sama (Wetlands International).
Wani mai nauyi, na rawaya-kwallan mangrove stilt tushe arching a cikin zaune, ruwa bayyananne.
Wuraren da ke cikin Laguna de La Restinga a kan tsibirin Margarita, Venezuela. Anã sanya ruwa a cikin kwalba, sa'an nan kuma aka zuba shi a kan dutsen. Photo: Wilfredor, CC0
  • Climate Central ita ce wata kungiya ta Amurka mai zaman kanta da ba ta neman riba (501(c)(3)) wacce aka kafa a shekarar 2008. Its free maps let anyone see which land is projected to be below flood levels as the sea rises, and its maps and analyses are used by news outlets in more than 170 countries. Sanin hadarin ne mataki na farko ga shirin domin shi.

Yadda zaka iya taimaka

  • Sanin haɗarinka. Ka bincika gidanka, makarantarka ko wurin aiki a kan wata maɓallin ma’aunin ruwa na jama’a ko kuma maɓallin ruwan sama, kuma ka yi wani shirin ruwan sama na iyali idan kana zaune kusa da bakin teku.
  • Ka kare halittar tekun. Ka yi aiki na kwarai tare da ko ka goyi bayan kungiyoyi masu mayar da wuraren shuka, magudanar ruwa da dunes.
  • Tambayar majalisarku game da shirinta na daidaitawa, da kuma ko wani gini mai sabon tsari zai iya zama a cikin ƙasar da za ta iya fuskantar ruwan sama.
  • Ka rage fitarwarka inda yake da muhimmanci: rufe gida, tafiya da wutar lantarki.
  • Yadda ake raba bayanai. Fassara wannan mai fassara ko ƙara bayanan ma’aunin ruwa na gida ta hanyar tashar tallafi.

Sources and further reading