Ena a mabungwewa angagwiritsidwe ntchito ndi makina ndipo angapereke zosagwirizana. Kuthandiza kukulitsa izo Werengani Chingelezi choyamba
Kusungunuka kwa madzi a m'nyanja ya Arctic.
Blue Initiative

Kuwonjezeka kwa nyanja

Mtsinje wamadzi akukwera mofulumira monga momwe ma nails anu amakula, ndipo mtunda ukukula. Kwa nyanja yakum'mawa, zigawo zochepa zomwe zimachitika zaka makumi ambiri sizingatheke.

Kuyambira mu 1993, ma satellites amayang’anira kukula kwa madzi otentha m’nyanja kuchokera ku orbit mpaka kumasentimita angapo, nthawi ndi nthawi, padziko lonse lapansi. Kulemba kwawo kumasiya ochepa kukayikira: kuchuluka kwa dziko lonse lapansi kwa madzi a m’nyanja kwawonjezeka ndi pafupifupi masentimita asanu mu zaka zitatu, ndipo ndi kuwonjezeka mofulumira pano kuposa pamene mfundo anayamba. Panthawi yakale, kuyambira 1901 mpaka 2018, kuwonjezeka kwa kuchuluka kwa anthu kunali pafupifupi 20 masentimita, mofulumira kuposa m’zaka za zana lapitali zaka makumi atatu, malinga ndi IPCC.

Mtundu wa satellite wokhala ndi thupi lagolide ndi mapaneli a dzuwa ozungulira pamwamba pa dziko lapansili.
Mtundu wa Sentinel-6 Michael Freilich satellite, yomwe imatsatira ndondomeko ya kuyerekezera mapiri a m'nyanja kuchokera pa orbit kuyambira 1993. Credit: NASA

Magalimoto awiri

Zimenezi zimachititsa kuti madzi a m’nyanja aziyenda, ndipo zonsezi zimachitika chifukwa cha kutentha:

  • Mkuwa umawonjezeka pamene madzi amatentha. Mtsinjewu watulutsa pafupifupi 90 peresenti ya kutentha komwe kumachokera ku gasi yochititsa kuti dzuwa liziwala. M’madzi otentha amatenga malo ambiri. Kuyambira 1971 mpaka 2018, kuwonjezeka kwa kutentha kumafotokoza pafupifupi theka la kuchuluka.
  • Mtsinje wa Irtysh umadutsa m’chigawochi. Ma glaciers a mapiri amabwerera, ndipo zigawo zamadzi ozizira za Greenland ndi Antarctica zimatha kuwononga madzi ozizira kuposa momwe chinyezi chimasinthira. Kusungunuka kwa madzi otentha a m’nyanja, omwe kale akuyenda, sikungawonjezerepo chilichonse; kusungunuka kwa madzi otentha a dziko lapansi kumawonjezera moyenera kunyanja.
+20 cmKuwonjezeka kwa nyanja padziko lonse lapansi kuchokera ku 1901 mpaka 2018 (IPCC AR6)
3.7 mmkuchuluka kwa chaka chilichonse kuchokera ku 2006 mpaka 2018, pafupifupi maola atatu a 1901 mpaka 1971 (IPCC AR6)
1 biliyonianthu amayembekezeredwa kuti azisangalala m'madera otsika akum'mawa mpaka 2050 (IPCC SROCC)
Larsen C ice shelf yotulutsa iceberg A-68 mu 2017.
Larsen C ice shelf ku Antarctica ikutulutsa iceberg A-68, imodzi mwa ma iceberg akuluakulu omwe adawonetsedwa kale, mu Julayi 2017. Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/NOAA/GSFC

M’malo mwake, nthawi yozizira ndi yaitali

Mtsinjewo umayenda mofulumira. Kutentha kumapitilizabe kufalitsa m’nyanja yayikulu komanso ma ice sheets amasinthasintha zaka zambiri pambuyo poti mpweya ulephera kuwala, kotero kuti kuwonjezeka kwa kutentha kwatsopano kulipo kale. Zimene timakonda pano amasankha mmene ndi momwe mofulumira. IPCC’s otheka zosiyanasiyana kwa 2100, mogwirizana ndi 1995 kuti 2014, kumayenda kuchokera 0.28 mpaka 0.55 mita mu njira yotsika-emitting kuti 0.63 mpaka 1.01 mita m’chipinda choyamba. Kuwonjezeka kwa mamita awiri mpaka 2100 sikungatheke ngati madzi amadzimadzi sadzakhala olimba.

Pamene madzi amadzimadzi amawonjezeka, mapiri ambiri amakhala ndi mpweya wokwanira kuteteza nyumba zawo.

Chofunika kwa anthu sichokha malingana ndi kuchuluka. Mtsinje wotsika amasintha madzi osefukira omwe angakhale ovuta kukhala ofanana: m’madera ambiri, madzi osefukira omwe anali kuchitika kamodzi pa zaka makumi awiri akuyembekezeka kuti adzachitika chaka chilichonse mpaka 2100 chifukwa cha kutentha kwambiri. Mtsinje wa mchere umalowa m’madzi otentha ndi madzi amadzi, ndipo nyanja zina zimagwanso chifukwa cha madzi a m’mphepete mwa nyanja amatuluka, zomwe zimawonjezera zotsatira zake.

Mzinda wa m'mizinda ya Miami, ndi magalimoto oyendetsa madzi omwe amasonyeza mabala amtundu wakuda ndi ma lamps a street.
Kutentha kwa madzi ku Miami nthawi yachifumu cha October 2016, pamene mvula siingathe kulowa m'nyanja yomwe ili pamwamba. Photo: B137, CC0

Zosankha zoyesedwa

Kuwonjezeka kwa madzi si nkhani yatsopano kwa anthu omwe amakhala pafupi ndi nyanja, ndipo ena mwa mayikowa akukhala pansi pamadzi kwa zaka zambiri. Kuphunzira kwa iwo kumasonyeza kuti magombe angagwiritsidwe ntchito molimba mtima, pomanga, popanga malo amadzi ndi kulumikizana ndi chilengedwe, ngati chisankhocho chimayamba nthawi yachilimwe ndipo chimapita patsogolo kwa zaka zambiri.

  • Kuchepetsa kutulutsa. Chimodzi mwazinthu zofunikira kwambiri: panthawi iliyonse yomwe imalepheretsa kutulutsa CO2, imachepetsa kuchuluka kwa kutentha.
M'madera ena a ku Africa, mbewu za m'masamba zimadulidwa ndi masamba obiriwira kuti zikhale zokoma.
Oude-Tonge panyanja ya Goeree-Overflakkee pambuyo pa kusefukira kwa nyanja ya North Sea mu 1953, yomwe idawonedwa kuchokera ku US Army helicopter. Photo: US Agency for International Development, public domain
  • Kuteteza: ntchito ya Dutch Delta. Mu 1953, mphepo yamkuntho ya North Sea idavulaza ma diki a Dutch ndi 1,836 anthu anafa. Ku Netherlands kunali kuyankha ndi ntchito za Delta, mzere wa zida zoteteza, zitseko ndi mapiri a mphepo zomwe zinasintha pafupifupi 700 makilomita a nyanja yopanda madzi kukhala mtunda wofupi kwambiri, wozungulira wa pafupifupi 80. M’chaka cha 1997, anamaliza ntchito yomanga Maeslant Barrier ku Rotterdam. Zitseko zake ziwiri, imodzi ndi 210 mita yowala komanso 22 mita yayikulu, zimatseka mwamsanga pamene madzi akuyembekezeka kuwonjezeka kuposa mamita atatu pamwamba pa mtsinje wa Rotterdam; amadzaza ndi madzi ndipo amasunthira pansi m’maola awiri. Kuyambira mu 2007, adalembanso (m’Chisipanishi)Mzinda wa Rijkswaterstaat; Mzinda wa Rijkswaterstaat).
Mapiri awiri a m'mphepete mwa nyanja ya Atlantic ndi mapiri awiri a kumadzulo kwa nyanja ya Atlantic, omwe ali pafupi kwambiri ndi dziko la United States.
Maeslant Barrier ikutseka kudzera pa Nieuwe Waterweg pafupi ndi Rotterdam. Mtunda pakati pa mapiri awiriwa ndi 210 km. Photo: Quistnix, CC BY 2.5
  • Kuteteza: Thames Barrier. London’s barrier spans 520 metres of the Thames at Woolwich ndi kuteteza 125 makilomita a square ya msewu wa London kuchokera kumayambiriro kwa madzi. Poyamba idayamba ntchito mu 1982 ndipo yakhala ikutsegulidwa 221 nthawi kuti alepheretse madzi osefukira, kuyambira Novembala 2025 (Environment Agency).
Mapangidwe a mbale za chitsulo zobiriwira za Thames Barrier zimakhala ndi mafunde owala, omwe amawonekera m'mtsinje woyera.
Thames Barrier ku Woolwich pa mdima. It has closed more than two hundred times since 1982 to keep tidal surges out of central London. Photo: Robert Burniak, CC BY-SA 4.0
  • Kupanga malo a madzi. Pambuyo pa zigwa za mtsinje mu 1993 ndi 1995, pamene anthu pafupifupi 250,000 ku Gelderland okha anachoka chifukwa cha chisamaliro, Netherlands idasintha njira yake: M’malo mowonjezera mapiri, adapatsa mapiri malo ambiri. Programu ya Room for the River idakulitsa malo amadzi otentha, mwachitsanzo pogwiritsa ntchito ma canals atsopano a madzi, m’madera 34 kudzera pa IJssel, Waal, Lower Rhine ndi Lek pakati pa 2006 ndi 2019, kwa € 2.3 biliyoni, ndikuwonjezera chitetezo cha anthu pafupifupi 4 miliyoni (Mzinda wa Rijkswaterstaat).
Mtsinje wa Nkhosa ndi mtsinje wozungulira m'mphepete mwa nyanja ya Malawi, womwe umadutsa kudzera m'chigawo cha Blantyre.
Spiegelwaal ku Nijmegen, mtsinje wakumtunda womwe unachizidwa kwa mtsinje wa Waal pansi pa pulogalamu ya Room for the River, yomwe idakwera ndi bwato la De Oversteek. Photo: Havang(nl), CC0
  • Kugwira ntchito ndi chilengedwe. Mangroves, masamba a mchere, dunes ndi magombe amatulutsa mphamvu ya mafunde ndipo amatha kukulira ndi nyanja. Kuwerengera kwa malo anapeza ma wave 13 mpaka 66 peresenti pansi pa mita iliyonse ya 100 ya mangroves (McIvor et al., 2012). Padziko lonse, mangroves amaletsa kuposa US $ 65 biliyoni Kuteteza chilengedwe kumatha kuchepetsa zowonongeka za madzi chaka chilichonse komanso kuteteza anthu oposa 15 miliyoni kuti asawonongeke; Vietnam, India ndi Bangladesh zimapeza kwambiri anthu otetezeka (Menéndez et al., 2020). Panthawi ya Hurricane Sandy mu 2012, malo otentha a kumadzulo kwa United States adalepheretsa pafupifupi US $ 625 miliyoni ya kuwonongeka kwa madzi (Narayan et al., 2017).
  • Phunzirani kuchoka komwe kuli kofunikira: kuwongoleranso. Ku Medmerry ku West Sussex, Agency ya Environment, ndi RSPB, idaletsa kuchotsa banki ya shingle yomwe ikufunika kukonzanso nthawi zonse ndipo, mu Novembala 2013, inamanga makilomita a 7 a ma embankments atsopano m’mphepete mwake, ndikupangitsa kuti madzi azipita patsogolo. Mgwirizano wa madola 28 miliyoni unachepetsa chiopsezo cha madzi osefukira kwa nyumba makumi ambiri, anapanga mahekitale 183 a malo atsopano a tidal kuti azitha kusangalala ndi nyama zakutchire ndipo amapulumutsa pafupifupi madola 300,000 chaka chilichonse pokonzanso (Environment Agency, 2016; Environment Agency).
M'mphepete mwa nyanja ya Atlantic, m'chigawo cha ku North America, pali mapiri obiriwira ndi oyera omwe amadziwika kuti "Mtsinje wa White".
Mtsinje wa Wadden ndi mtsinje wozungulira nyanja ya Wadden ku Germany. M'madera amenewa, monga ku Malawi ndi ku Malawi ya kum'mawa, madzi amapita m'madzi otentha kwambiri ndipo amatha kutulutsa mpweya woipa. Photo: Walter Rademacher, CC BY-SA 3.0
  • Accomodate. Kuwonjezera maofesi ndi mizinda, madzi opanda madzi pansi pa nthaka, ndi kupanga kutulutsa madzi kwa mafunde akuluakulu.
  • Sungani kusefukira. Kuletsa kutulutsa madzi amadzimadzi kumathamanga kuphulika komwe kumapangitsa kuti madzi azitsika kwambiri.

Sitinathe kumaliza chilichonse mwa izi. Netherlands yakhala ikupitilizabe kukulitsa zoletsa zake za ziwanda kuti zizitha kulimbana ndi mafunde opitilira. Koma malowa amasonyeza kuti dziko lomwe limawerengera zoyipa zake mwanzeru komanso limapanga miyezo yopita patsogolo lingathe kuteteza anthu ake.

Mabungwe amene amachita ntchitoyi

Izi non-profits ali ndi mbiri ya anthu a zotsatira. Pezani zomwe akugwira ntchito, ndipo ngati ntchito yawo ikulankhula kwa inu, ganizirani kupatsa ndalama motsutsana nawo mwachindunji mwa mawebusayiti awo. Local Solar System Foundation ilibe kugwirizana ndi wina aliyense wa iwo ndipo salandira chilichonse kuchokera kwa iwo. Pambuyo pa kupatsa, kuwerenga chaka chatha lipoti la mgwirizano ndi ndalama, monga inu muchite ndi aliyense charity.

  • Mangrove Action Project ndi bungwe lothandiza anthu la ku United States lomwe lili ndi 501(c)(3) status, lomwe linakhazikitsidwa mu 1992. Amaphunzitsa anthu, oyang’anira mitengo ndi mabungwe achitetezo pa Community-Based Ecological Mangrove Restoration, njira yomwe imabwezeretsa madzi omwe mangroves amafunikira kuti azibwerera okha, kuposa kungoika zipatso zomwe nthawi zambiri zimafa. Kuchokera ku bungwe la UNESCO, anthu opitilira 20 adalandira mphothoyi.
  • Wetlands International ndi bungwe la Dutch lothandiza anthu (ANBI) lomwe lili ndi maofesi padziko lonse lapansi komanso limagwira ntchito m’mayiko oposa 100. Ku Demak, kum’mawa kwa nyanja ya Java, komwe mtsinjewu watenga makilomita oposa 3 a dziko lapansi, adayambitsa pulogalamu ya 2015 mpaka 2020 yomwe idamanga zitseko zosapanga dzimbiri zomwe zimatha kutulutsa madzi kuti zikhale ndi chinyezi kuti zikhale ndi mphamvu yowonjezerapo, kuti aziteteza anthu pafupifupi 70,000 kuchokera ku erosi ndi madzi osefukira (Wetlands International).
M'mapiri a ku North America, masamba a mchere wambiri amatulutsa madzi otentha kwambiri omwe amalowa m'madzi.
M'mphepete mwa nyanja ya Laguna de la Restinga, ku Isla Margarita, Venezuela. M'mphepete mwa nyanja ya Atlantic, madzi amayenda mofulumira ndipo amatulutsa mafunde. Photo: Wilfredor, CC0
  • Climate Central ndi bungwe lopanda phindu la US lomwe silinakhudze malamulo (501(c)(3)) lomwe linakhazikitsidwa mu 2008. Mapu ake aulere amalola aliyense kuona kuti dziko limene limayembekezeredwa kukhala pansi pa mapiri amadzi ngati nyanja ikukwera, ndipo mapu ake ndi kuyankhulana kwake amagwiritsa ntchito mabungwe ofalitsa nkhani m’mayiko oposa 170. Kudziwa kuti ndi chiyani chomwe chikungakhale choipa kwa inu n’chimodzi mwazinthu zoyamba zomwe mungachite.

Momwe mungathandize

  • Zitanitsani zoipa zanu. Pezani nyumba yanu, sukulu kapena malo ogwira ntchito pa mapu a nyanja kapena madzi osefukira, ndipo mupange ndondomeko ya banja ngati muli pafupi ndi nyanja.
  • Kuteteza chilengedwe chakum’mawa. Kuchita ntchito yothandiza kapena kuthandizira mabungwe omwe amabwezeretsa mangroves, madzi otentha ndi dunes.
  • Funsani kachisi wanu za ndondomeko yake yosintha, ndipo ngati nyumba yatsopano ndibe kuloledwa m’dziko loyenera kusefukira.
  • Kuchepetsa kutulutsa kwanu komwe kumadalira kwambiri: kutentha kwanyumba, kuyenda ndi mphamvu.
  • Share the data. Translator this explainer or add local tide-gauge data through the contribution board.

Zogulitsa ndi kuphunzira zambiri