Zvimwe mashoko ari mumitauro iyi anogona kunge ashandurwa nechigadzirwa chemachina uye anogona kusanganisira zvikanganiso. Kubatsira kuvandudzwa kwayo Ona chinyorwa chekutanga muChirungu
Kutonhora kweArctic sea ice.
Blue Initiative

Kukwira kwemvura yemusango

Ocean iri kukwira pamusoro sezvinoita zvakaomarara sezvaunogona kukora, uye mhepo iri kukwira. For a coastline, zvidiki nhamba rinotaurwa kwezana ramakore haasi mashoma.

Kubva 1993, ma satellites akatoongorora kukwira kwemvura yemusango kubva panzvimbo inotenderera kusvika kumasentimita mashoma, kakawanda kakawanda, pasi rose. Vanoratidza kuti hapana mubvunzo: huwandu hwemvura yemusango pasi rose hwakwira neanenge makumi maviri nemaviri centimeters mumakore matatu, uye iri kukwira nekukurumidza ikozvino kupfuura pavakatanga kutarisa. Panguva yakareba, kubva 1901 kusvika 2018, kukwira kwaive pamusoro pe 20 masentimita, nekukurumidza kupfuura mumakore makumi matatu emakore apfuura, zvichienderana neIPCC.

An artist's impression of a boxy satellite with a gold body and a large solar panel, orbiting above the blue Earth.
Imba yemunyori we Sentinel-6 Michael Freilich satellite, iyo inoenderera mberi nerecord yenzvimbo yegungwa yakaongororwa kubva kuorbit kubvira 1993. Kutenda: NASA

Mamwe ma engines

Maitiro maviri anosimudza mvura yegungwa, uye ese ari maviri anokonzerwa nekupisa:

  • Mamvura anowedzera pakupisa. Ocean yakasvibisa kupfuura 90 percent ye extra heat yakasungwa ne greenhouse gases. Mvura yakachena inotora nzvimbo yakawanda. Panguva ye1971 kusvika 2018, kukwira kwemvura kwakaita kuti pasi rose riite sezuva rimwe chete.
  • Ice on land melts into the sea. Glaciers yemugwagwa inodzokera, uye mazhinji emabhawa eGroenland neAntarctica anorasikirwa nemahombekombe akakura kupfuura ayo anogadzirirwa nemvura yevhu. Kutonhora kwemvura yemusango, iyo yatotanga kudonha, hakuzowedzera chero chinhu; kutonhora kwemvura yemusango ichawedzera zvakananga kune mvura yemusango.
+20 cmKukwira kwemugwagwa wepasi rose kubva 1901 kusvika 2018 (IPCC AR6)
3.7 mmaverage rise per year from 2006 to 2018, nearly three times the rate of 1901 to 1971 (IPCC AR6)
1 billion2050, vanhu vanosvika mamiriyoni maviri nemakumi mana nevasere vachagara munzvimbo dzakadzikama dzegungwa (IPCC SROCC)
The Larsen C ice shelf releasing iceberg A-68 in 2017.
Larsen C ice shelf muAntarctica iri kuburitsa iceberg A-68, imwe yeakakura kwazvo icebergs yakanyorwa, muna July 2017. Kuratidzwa: NASA/JPL-Caltech/NOAA/GSFC

A slow, long clock

Mumvuri wemvura unodzokera kumusoro zvakaomarara. Kupisa kunoramba kuchikwira kunzvimbo dziri mumvura yekunze uye mabhawa anoenderera achichinja-chinja kwemakore akawanda mushure mekunge mhepo yatanga kutonhora, saka zvimwe zvishoma zvinotarisirwa. Chii isu tichisarudza ikozvino inotiudza kuti nei uye sei nekukurumidza. IPCC’s zvinotarisirwa kuwanda kwe2100, zvichienzaniswa ne1995 kusvika 2014, kunotanga kubva 0.28 kusvika 0.55 metres munzira yepasi-emission kuti 0.63 kusvika 1.01 metres muzvikuru. Kukwira kwemvura kusvika kumamita maviri nemakore 2100 hakugone kutariswa kana mabhakitiriya ekunze asiri kugadzikana.

Nekuti pazvinenge zvichikwira mvura yemusango, vanhu vanowanzoona kuti nzvimbo dzavo dziri munzira yekusangana nemhepo inotevera.

Chii chine kukosha kune vanhu hachisi chete chepakati. Kukwira kwemvura yekunze kunoshandura kupararira kwemvura munguva pfupi kuita kuti zviite sezvinoita nguva dzose: munzvimbo dzakawanda, kupararira kwemvura kwaiitika kamwe chete pazana remakore rinogona kunge rapera gore rino kusvika 2100. Mamvura anopisa anobuda mumahombekombe uye kumatunhu ekunze, uye mamwe mahombekombe ari kudonhawo sezvo madziva epasi achibva aiswa kunze, izvo zvinowedzera mhedzisiro.

A flooded city street at night in Miami, with cars driving through water that reflects red tail lights and street lamps.
High-tide kuparadza muMiami panguva yeKing tides of October 2016, apo mvura yakanga isina kukwanisa kubuda mumvura yakakwira kwazvo. Photo: B137, CC0

Yakanyatso gadzirirwa mhinduro

Kukwira kwemvura hakusi chinhu chitsva kune vanhu vari kugara pedyo negungwa, uye dzimwe nyika dzakagara pasi pemvura iyi kwemakore akawanda. Vanoratidza kuti kuvakwa kwenzvimbo dzekumahombekombe kunoita kuti dzive nehutano hwakanaka, nekuvaka, nekuita nzvimbo yemvura uye nekushandisa nharaunda, kana zvaitwa kubva pakutanga uye zvichienderera mberi kwemakore.

  • Kukanganisa kuburitsa. Iyo yakakura kwazvo lever: yega yega ton yeCO2 yakadzivirirwa inoderedza kukwira kwekupedzisira.
Black and white aerial photograph of a Dutch village flooded to the rooftops, with the streets turned into water.
Oude-Tonge panzvimbo yeGoeree-Overflakkee mushure mekuparadzwa kweNorth Sea mu 1953, sezvakaonekwa kubva kuUS Army helicopter. Photo: US Agency for International Development, public domain
  • Munyori: The Dutch Delta Works. Mu 1953 North Sea kupararira kwemvura yakaparadza Dutch diki uye 1,836 vanhu vakafa. Netherlands akabvunza ne Delta Works, mutsara wemadziro, sluices uye mvura-kukwira zvipingamupinyi kuti akatanga pamusoro 700 makiromita ragged coastline mune muchidimbu, straighter mhiri kwemakungwa pamusoro 80. Chimwe chezvivakwa zvakaita seMaeslant Barrier, chakapera muna 1997. Zvimwe zvemasango ayo maviri, ese ari 210 mamita epamhenderekedzo uye 22 mamita epamusoro, anovharwa otomatiki kana madziva akatarisirwa kukwira kupfuura matatu mamita pamusoro penzvimbo yegungwa muRotterdam; vanopfupisa nemvura uye vanodzika kusvika pasi mukati memazuva maviri. Yakavharwa kwekutanga muna 2007 (Rijkswaterstaat; Rijkswaterstaat).
The two white steel arms and gates of the Maeslant Barrier swinging out across a wide waterway, under a cloudy sky.
Maeslant Barrier ichivhara pamusoro pe Nieuwe Waterweg kuRotterdam. Chimwe chezvigaro zvayo zviviri zvinosvika 210 metres zvepakati. Photo: Quistnix, CC BY 2.5
  • Kudzivirira: Thames Barrier. London’s barrier inosvika 520 metres yeThames paWoolwich uye inodzivirira 125 square kilometres yeCentral London kubva kumahombekombe emvura. Sezvo yakatanga kushanda mu 1982, yakavharwa 221 nguva kuti igare pasi pemvura, sezvinoratidzwa naNovember 2025 (Environment Agency).
The shining steel hoods of the Thames Barrier piers lit up at dusk, reflected in the calm river.
The Thames Barrier at Woolwich at dusk. Yakati wandei yakavharwa kubva muna 1982 kuti ichengetedze kukwira kwemvura muLondon. Photo: Robert Burniak, CC BY-SA 4.0
  • Imba nzvimbo yemvura. Pashure pekuparadzwa kwemvura mu1993 ne1995, apo vanhu vanopfuura 250,000 vakanga vaendeswa kunzvimbo dzakaita seGelderland chete, Netherlands yakachinja nzira yayo: kunze kwekusimudza masango, yaive ichipa madziva nzvimbo yakawanda. The Room for the River programme widened the space for high water, for example by digging new flood channels, at 34 locations along the IJssel, Waal, Lower Rhine and Lek between 2006 and 2019, for €2.3 billion, improving safety for around 4 million people (Rijkswaterstaat).
A long brick arched bridge crossing a new side channel of the river Waal at Nijmegen, with a white arch bridge in the distance.
The Spiegelwaal at Nijmegen, a side channel dug for the river Waal under the Room for the River programme, crossed by the bridge De Oversteek. Photo: Havang(nl), CC0
  • Vakashanda nenyama. Mangroves, salt marshes, dunes uye reefs zvinotora simba remvura uye zvinogona kukura pamwe negungwa. Kuongororwa kwenzvimbo kwakaratidza kuti kukwira kwemvura kunowedzera kubva pa13 kusvika 66 percent pamakore anopfuura 100 emangorove (McIvor et al., 2012). Worldwide, mangroves prevent more than US$65 billion of flood damage a year and keep more than 15 million people from being flooded; Vietnam, India and Bangladesh gain the most in people protected (Menéndez et al., 2020). Munguva yeHurricane Sandy mu2012, mahombekombe ematunhu ekumaodzanyemba kweUnited States akadzivirira nezve US $ 625 miriyoni ekuputika (Narayan et al., 2017).
  • Plan retreat where needed: managed realignment. At Medmerry in West Sussex, the Environment Agency, with the RSPB, stopped patching a shingle bank that needed constant repair and, by November 2013, had built 7 kilometres of new embankments further inland, letting the sea in behind. Iyo £ 28 miriyoni scheme yakaderedza njodzi yemvura kumakumi ezvivakwa, yakagadzira 183 hectares yetsva yekubuda kwemvura yekugara kwevanhu uye inochengetedza nezve £ 300,000 pagore mukugadzirisa (Environment Agency, 2016; Environment Agency).
Aerial view of a red and white lighthouse standing in a wide green salt marsh cut by creeks, on the edge of tidal mudflats.
Mud flats around the Westerheversand lighthouse on Germany's Wadden Sea coast. Marshes seiyi, uye itsva yakaitwa paMedmerry, kutonhora simba remvura uye anogona kugadzira segungwa rinokwira. Photo: Walter Rademacher, CC BY-SA 3.0
  • Accommodate. Kukwira mabhizimisi uye migwagwa, kutonhora-proof ground floors, uye dhizaini drainage yepamusoro tides.
  • Kuramba kudonha. Kuderedza kudonha kwemvura yepasi pevhu kunodzikisira kudonha kwacho, izvo zvinoita kuti mvura ikwira ive yakaipa.

Hapana chezvimwe zvezvinzvimbo izvi chakapera. Netherlands iri kuvandudzwa kwayo mvura-kukwira zvipingamupinyi kuti azvigadzirise nepamusoro mahombekombe. Asi izvi zvinoratidza kuti nyika iyo inoongorora zvikonzero zvekupararira kwechirwere ichi nechokwadi uye ichiita misangano yenguva pfupi inogona kuchengetedza vanhu.

Masangano ari kuita izvi

Izvi zvisiri zvemari zvine ongororo yezvematongerwo enyika yezvavanowana. Tarisa kuti chii chavanoita, uye kana basa ravo richitaura kwauri, funga nezvekupa kuvari kuburikidza newebsite dzavo. Local Solar System Foundation haina kumbova nehukama nadzo uye haisi kuwana chero chinhu kubva kwadzo. Pashure pekupa, verenga ramangwana regore resangano uye accounts, sezvaungaita nechero charity.

  • Mangrove Action Project) isangano re US rine 501(c)(3) status, rakatanga basa rayo muna 1992. Inodzidzisa vanhu, vagari vemumigwagwa uye masangano ekuchengetedza nharaunda muKudzoreredza Mangroves neChikwata cheMagariro, nzira iyo inodzosera kubuda kwemvura inodiwa kuti mangrove dzirege kudzokera pachadzo, kupfuura kungoisa michero yakaomarika iyo nguva dzose inenge ichifa. It has supported mangrove restoration in more than 20 countries.
  • Wetlands International) isangano reDutch rine chinangwa chekusimudzira hutano hwevanhu (ANBI) ine maofisi pasi rose uye rinoshanda munyika dzinopfuura 100. In Demak, on the north coast of Java, where the sea has taken more than 3 kilometres of land in places, it led a 2015 to 2020 programme that built permeable brushwood fences to trap mud so that mangroves could grow back, to protect about 70,000 people from erosion and flooding (Wetlands International).
A dense tangle of reddish-brown mangrove stilt roots arching into still, clear water.
Maruva emangorove muLaguna de La Restinga paIsland of Margarita, Venezuela. Kutambanudza kwezvipfuyo zvematombo kunoderedza kubuda kwemvura uye kunotora matanda. Photo: Wilfredor, CC0
  • Climate Central) ndeimwe yenyika dzisina kusimba munyaya dzezvematongerwo enyika (501(c)(3)) yakavakwa muna 2008. Mapeji ayo akasununguka anobvumidza munhu wese kuona kuti ndeipi nyika inofungidzirwa kunge iri pasi pemamiriro ekunze ekupararira kwemvura sezvinotarisirwa negungwa richikwira, uye mapepa ayo nemaongororo anoshandiswa nenhau munyika dzinopfuura 170. Kuziva kuti uri mumamiriro api ezvinhu ndiko kunobva kwatanga kugadzirira.

Maitiro ekubatsira

  • Zvinoziva ngozi yako. Ona imba yako, chikoro kana nzvimbo yekushanda panzvimbo yese yemvura kana mapeji emvura, uye uite chirongwa chemhuri chako chekudzivirirwa nemvura kana iwe uchigara pedyo negungwa.
  • Kudzivirira kuchamhembe kwenzvimbo dzese. Kuita basa rebasa nevamwe kana kubatsira masangano anodzosazve mangroves, marshes uye dunes.
  • Taurirana neguta rako nezvechirongwa chekuzvigadzirisa, uye kana kuvakwa kwenzvimbo itsva kuri kubvumidzwa panyika ine njodzi yekutambudzika.
  • Kukanganisa yako yemukati emidziyo uko kunokosha zvakanyanya: kupisa kwemumba, kufamba uye magetsi.
  • Share the data. Translate this explainer or add local tide-gauge data through the contribution board.

Zvimwe zvinokosha zvekuverenga