Fan Wall

Wind turbine ọ bụla ị hụrụ n’oge gara aga na-eso ụzọ logic dị ka: mepụta otu rotor dị ukwuu dịka o kwere mee, tinye ya dị elu dịka o kwere mee, ma nye ndị ahụ nwere ike ịkpụgharị eluigwe. Ọ na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma. Ọ na-achọkwa ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri, ụzọ, ala mepere emepe, afọ nke ikike, ma ọ na-anwụ ụmụ anụmanụ. Anyị chọrọ ịtụle echiche dị iche.

Ndụmọdụ

Kwụsị fanị axial nke na-ekpo ọkụ kọmputa. Kpụga ya n’ihu: mee ka ọnwụ tụgharịa rotor, nakwa brushless moto nke n’ime ya bụrụ jeneraịlụ obere. Tinye ha iri na ise n’ime modulu nke obosara ya dị ka pizza, nyekwa otu ọ bụla ihe eji eme ihe na-eme ka ikuku dịkwuo elu, ma kpuchie ụlọ ahụ na ọtụtụ puku modulu.

Ọ bụrụ na otu fan ahụ kwụsị, ọwa ahụ ga-ahapụ otu puku nke ihe oyiyi ya, onye ọ bụla nwere screwdriver nwere ike ịgbanwe ya. Ụlọọrụ modulu na-ebugharị n’ime akpa ndị a na-ejikarị eme. Ha nwere ike ịnọ n’akụkụ ụlọ elu, banye n’ụlọ dị nso ma ọ bụ tinye paneelụ nke ụda ụgbọala.

Ebe ọ ga-egosipụta

Ndị na bat. Big turbines bụ a eziokwu nsogbu maka anụmanụ: a estimated 140,000 ka 328,000 ndị mmadụ nwụọ kwa afọ na monopole turbines na United States contiguous naanị (Loss, Will na Marra, 2013). A 150 m rotor na-agbagharị na 10 rpm na-atụgharị blades ya na π × 150 m × 10 / 60 s ≈ 79 m/s. A 120 mm fan n’azụ a 10 mm meshes na-agbagharị ya tips na walking ọsọ. Enweghị onye chọpụtara n’oge a na ọbụna ugbua, ihe ndị dị n’ime usoro ihe omume anyị bụ ịchọpụta ya.

Siting. Ọnụ na-agba ọsọ n’ebe ọ na-akpụcha: n’elu mgbidi, n’akụkụ ụlọ, n’okporo ụzọ. Agaghị enwe ike inyere rotor ukwu aka ịgụnye mpaghara ebe ndị ahụ. A modular array nwere ike ikpuchi ha n’ụzọ ziri ezi.

Logistics na mmezi. Ọ dịghị crane, ọ dịghị ọkachamara, ọ dịghị ụgbọ ala pụrụ iche. A na-echekwa ihe dị ka 1,800 m² nke ụlọ ahụ n’ime ihe dịka 1,700 cartons, anọ ma ọ bụ ise shipping containers.

Anya na anyanwụ n’otu oge. Anya na-agbawa mgbe niile n’ụtụtụ na n’oge okpomọkụ, mgbe paneelụ ndịna-anyanwụ dị ala. N’otu ụlọ ahụ, ha abụọ nwere ike ịna-arụ ọrụ ọnụ.

Physics, na-eji ihesaputa

Ike a na-ebu site n’ụgbọala site na mpaghara A bụ P = ½ ρ A v³, ebe ρ = 1.225 kg/m³ bụ ike nke ikuku na v ọsọ ọwụwa. Nke a bụ ihe niile: na 6 m / s otu mita square na-eburu ½ × 1.225 × 6³ ≈ 132 W; na 12 m / s ọ na-eburu 1,058 W, ugboro asaa karịa.

Ọ dịghị rotor nwere ike ịnabata ya niile, n’ihi na ikuku ga-agagharị n’ụzọ. Betz limit na-ekwu na oghe rotor nwere ike ịpụta n’ọtụtụ 16/27 ≈ 59% nke ike na-apụ site na ya.

Tiny rotor abụghị obere rotor buru ibu. Ngbanwe physics.

Nke a bụ nsogbu mbụ. A 120 mm fan blade nwere a chord nke ihe dịka 2 cm. Na 6 m / s ya Reynolds nọmba bụ Re = v × c / ν ≈ 6 × 0.02 / 0.000015 ≈ 8,000, a regime ebe blades na-ewepụ ọtụtụ nke ha elu. A 2 cm rotor e mere dị ka a turbine na Imperial College ruru ike coefficient nke ihe fọrọ nke nta 9% (Howey, Bansal na Holmes, 2011). Kọmputa fanị bụ nke e ji kpụga ikuku, ọ bụghị ka a dọọrọ ya. Anyị na-atụ anya nke ọma rotor arụmọrụ nke 5% (pessimistic), 10% (n’etiti) ma ọ bụ 20% (optic), na eletriki chain si fan ka grid nke 40, 55 ma ọ bụ 70%.

Duct nwere ike inyere gị aka. A diffuser na a wide brim, the “wind lens” arụpụtara na Kyushu University, multiplied the power of a rotor nke otu diameter site na ihe dị ka 2 ruo 5 (Ohya na Karasudani, 2010). Ma duct na-ewe oge n’ihu: ịmepụta ihe karịrị nkeji nke ike na-agagharị n’akụkụ ngwaọrụ ahụ anaghị egosi (Dighe et al., 2018). Model anyị na-agwụ ya ebe ahụ.

Na n’etiti amụma nke wall niile na-eme 7 kW na 6 m / s, 34 kW na 10 m / s na 114 kW na 15 m / s. Fan size na-agbanweghị ike, ebe ọ bụ na ọbụna 55% nke mgbidi ahụ nwere spinning blades; ọ na-agbanwe ọnụọgụgụ akụkụ na ụgwọ. Dúktì ga-enwe ọbụna ma ha karịa karịa otu ugboro nke rotor’s output, n’ihi na ha na-ahapụ ebe maka ndị fanị dị ala.

Olee uru ọ ga-enwe n’afọ

Windu na saịtị abụghị nke agbanweela. Anyị na-emegharị ebe atọ na ntinye aka (Rayleigh) nke ikuku: a Ụlọụlọ obodo 4 m/s, a ụzọ ụgbọala na 4.5 m/s na an Oge obula na 6.5 m/s. Ọnụ ọkụ n’obi nke obodo bụ nke dị ala: UK Carbon Trust chọpụtara na ebe ndị dị obere na-erughị 5 m / s (Carbon Trust, 2008), na 26 ụlọ ọrụ na-agbagharị na Warwick Wind Trials nwere ọnụọgụgụ nke 0.85% (Encraft, 2009).

Maka nlele, otu 3 MW onshore turbine na-arụ ọrụ na 35% nke ihe kpatara ikike na-emepụta 3 MW × 8,760 h × 0.35 ≈ 9.2 GWh afọ: dịka 65 coastal fan walls.

Ihe ọ ga-efu

Anyị na-atụle akụkụ niile kwa mita square: ndị na-agba mmiri na $3 to $ 8 nke ọ bụla n’ime ọnụọgụ, frames na mesh, electronics, na ịwụnye na ụlọ ọrụ dị ugbu a. Ụlọ elu ahụ niile na-eru $0.76 million to $2.43 nde (Central $1.38 nde) n’enweghị ducts. Spread over 20 years at a 7% discount rate, with maintenance, that gives the cost of each kilowatt-hour.

Ngụgharị ezi uche dị na ya: e mepụtara site n’aka ndị fanụ kọmputa nke taa, ọnụọgụgụ Fan Wall Báà $1.20 per kWh on a windy coast and about $5 n’obodo n’ime ihenhọrọ etiti. Ụlọ elu ụlọ na-akwụ ụgwọ $0.12 to $0.28, ike ikuku nke ọrụ $0.03 to $0.07 (Lazard LCOE+, June 2024; IRENA, 2024). Dị ka ụlọ ọrụ ike, echiche a anaghị arụ ọrụ taa.

Gịnị ga-abụ eziokwu

E nwere nnyocha iji gbanwee ọnụọgụgụ dị ka ndị a. N’ime ebe obibi na-agba ọsọ na modulu na 65% nke eletriki, ọnụ ahịa kwa kWh na-adabere na ihe abụọ anyị nwere ike ịrụ ọrụ: otu esi eme ka ọ dị mma ka rotor ducted niile na-agbanwe ikuku (ihe ize ndụ ya) na ihe square mita nke ụlọ ahụ na-akwụ ụgwọ.

Nhazi rotor nke dị mma	$200 kwa m²	$400 kwa m²	$800 kwa m²
10%	$0.60	$1.21	$2.41
20%	$0.30	$0.60	$1.21
30%	$0.20	$0.40	$0.80
40%	$0.15	$0.30	$0.60

Nhazi

Nhazi	Ihe anyị na-eme	Ihe anyị na-enyocha	Nhazi
0. Desktọ́ọ̀pụ̀ ọmụmụ	Simulasyon kọmputa nke ụdị duct, nhazi blade nakwa nhazi eletriki	Nhazi na nkwụsị	$15k to $30k
1. Nnwale Bench	20 off-the shelf na 20 custom rotor n’ime a wind tunnel site na 3 ruo 15 m / s	Effisinity curves, mbido-up speed, noise	$30k to $60k
2. Otu modulu	A 16-fan modulu na dùks na ike eletriki	Module efficiency, otu afọ n’ime ụlọ	$25k to $50k
3. 10 m² pilot	Paneelụ okpuru ụlọ nke ejiri ihe eji eme ihe na-eme kamẹra	Enwe ike, arịrịọ ọnwụ, availability, birds na bat	$60k to $120k
4. Full wall nhazi	Nhazi, nkwenye, ọnụọgụgụ nke oge a	Nhazi nke m², nhazi nke kWh	$50k to $100k

N’ime oge 0 ruo 3, ọ dị mkpa $130,000 to $260,000. Ụlọ ahụ zuru ezu na-eme ka ọ bụrụ na pilot na-akọwapụta ihe achọrọ. Nnyocha niile a na-akwụ site n’aka ụlọọrụ Foundation, nke na-enye ego maka ihe niile ọrụ ahụ chọrọ, site na laboratories na ndị na-ebubata ya ruo na ndị ọrụ na ndị mmadụ; ọ gaghị ekwe omume ịnakọta ego maka otu mmemme. Nkọwapụta zuru ezu nke teknụzụ, model na data ya bụ mepee: model data na model koodu.

Olee otú i nwere ike isi nyere

• Bụpụta ahụmịhe gị. Anyị chọrọ ndị mmadụ maara aerodynamics nke rotor, wind tunnels, power electronics, structural engineering ma ọ bụ bird monitoring. Kpọọ ọrụ.
• Tinye okpuru. A na-echekwa okpuru nke nwere ike inyere onyeisi 10 m² aka. Kpọtụrụ anyị ebe ọ nọ nakwa otú o si pụta ìhè.
• Kwekọrịta data ikuku. Ọ bụrụ na ị na-arụ ọrụ ebe obibi ihu igwe n’elu ụlọ, n’akụkụ osimiri mọọbụ n’okporo ụzọ, afọ nke ihenhọrọ ikuku ga-enyere anyị aka họrọ ebe pilot ahụ.
• Test at home. A cheap waterproof fan, a bridge rectifier na a multimeter on a windy balcony make a fine science project. Mepụta voltaji na ike n’ụdị ikuku dị iche iche ma zitere anyị ọnụọgụgụ.
• Kpọọ nkwado maka faịlụ. Nkwado na-aga n’ihu na Treasury ma na-echekwa nyocha anyị niile, gụnyere nke a, na-aga n’ihu.

Ebe obibi

1. Howey, D.A., Bansal, A. na Holmes, A.S. (2011). Nhazi na mmepe nke sentimita-ọnụ ọgụgụ kpuchiri wind turbine maka ike ịzụta. Smart Materials na Structures 20, 085021.
2. Ohya, Y. na Karasudani, T. (2010). Wind turbine na-adọta ike dị elu site n’iji teknụzụ wind-lens. Energies 3(4), 634-649.
3. Dighe, V.V., de Oliveira, G., Avallone, F. na van Bussel, G.J.W. (2018). Ducted wind turbine optimization na sensitivity ka rotor ọnọdụ. Wind Energy Science 3, 221-229.
4. Carbon Trust (2008). Ndị na-eweta ike ikuku nke obere: nghọta iwu na ntuziaka dị mkpa.
5. N’ihi ya, (2009). Warwick Wind Trials final report.
6. Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (2024). Nke a na-eweta akụkọ ahịa, 2024 edition: ikuku dị obere nwere ọnụọgụgụ $ 7,370 kwa kW ejikọtara ya na 13% nke ihe kpatara ikike na 2023.
7. Lazard (June 2024). Levelized Cost of Energy+.
8. Irena (2024). Nke na-adịgide adịgide nke ike n’afọ 2023.
9. Odyssey Nkebi eletriki kwa ebe obibi, EU.
10. US Energy Information Administration (2022). Average residential electricity use.
11. Loss, S.R., Will, T. na Marra, P.P. (2013). N’ime United States, a na-ejikarị ihe ndị dị n’ụdị ugwu mgbawa eme ihe. Biological Conservation 168, 201-209.