The Fan Wall

Nekuti zvose zvinofamba nemhepo zvaunenge waona zvinoenderana nechinangwa chimwe chete: imwe rotor iri yakakura sezvinobvira, iri pamusoro sezvaigona. Inoshanda zvakanaka, uye inodiwa macranes, nzvimbo yakavhurika uye makore ezvibvumirano. Chii chinotibatsira? Mazhinji emarotori madiki, akaiswa kumaguta, anogona kuita magetsi pamitengo inonzwisisika? Izvo hazvisi nyore. Fan Wall yakatanga kutaurwa mu Local Solar System Foundation muna 2020; iyi peji ndiyo yakavhurika, yakagadziridzwa model.

Iyi peji yakanyorwa kune vanhu vanogona kubhadharisa, kugadzira kana kuyedza chirongwa ichi. Icho hachisi chinyorwa chekutengesa. Tichaenda mazita ekutanga dhizaini yedu, tinowana uko kunonoka, tichigadzirisa uye tichiendazve. The short version: a wall of computer fans on a facade cannot work, a crown of larger ducted rotors on a windy roof edge can make real electricity, and it won’t beat solar panels on price unless several things we can test turn out well. Every figure below comes from our open model (code, data).

Version 1, uye nei ichi hachishanda

Chirongwa chekutanga chaive nefacade yechivakwa, 40 m yakareba uye 15 mativi epamusoro, akasungirwa muvatambi vanopfuura 110.000 ve120 mm, mumwe nemumwe achifamba kumashure kuti mota yake iite segenerator. Ichi ndicho chifananidzo chakanaka. Ichi chisingaite nekuda kwezvikonzero zvitatu, mumatanho ekuti chii chinokosha.

**1. Air haazogone kubuda kuburikidza neyakavharwa wall. ** A turbine anotora simba kubva air kuti inofamba kuburikidza nayo. Panzvimbo yakaoma, uswa hunomira (vagadziri vanoitaura sekugara kwemvura) uye hunofamba kumusoro, pasi uye kumashure. Kana kuti kana chero fan yaive ne30 cm yepakati penzvimbo, yakavhurika kumashure, kuenderera mberi kunoisa chiyero chakaoma: zvese zvemhepo zvinopinda mu1,800 m² yevatambi zvichafanira kuenda kuburikidza ne39 m² yepakati penzvimbo, saka zvinogona kukwira mumabhawa pa2.2% yesimba remhepo. Power inoenda nechidimbu chesimba, saka mudziyo unoramba wakadzika kupfuura 0.01% yezvaiita mabhatiri emagetsi kana uchigara uchizvibata. Kuongororwa kwezvinhu zvakaita sechivharo chemabhaudhi zvinoti: 0.2 kusvika 0.6 m/s yemhepo inopinda muvhu kana kupisa kwasvika 5 m/s (Salonvaara et al., 2007). Switch the 3D model above to version 1 to see it: the wind streaks stop at the wall and slide away.

**2. Tiny mabhureki kushanda zvakaipa. ** 120 mm fan blade ane chords yeanenge 2 cm. Iyo yekunze inofamba paReynolds number yakati rebei 10,000, iyo regime apo mabwe anorasikirwa neakawanda eiyo lift-to-drag ratio: yakachena airfoils inovandudza “kusvika padanho repamusoro” pamusoro peiyo critical Reynolds number ye70,000 (Lissaman, 1983). Kuongororwa kwesentimita-skala turbines inosvika simba rekuita masimba anenge 9% (Howey, Bansal uye Holmes, 2011); a 10 cm computer-fan rotor yakashandiswa seturbine inoburitsa 28 mW pa5 m / s, pamusoro pe4% yesimba remhepo pasi rose nehuwandu hwedu (Federspiel naChen, 2003). Mabhatiri ekombuta anoumbwa kuti aite mhepo, kwete kuti aite.

**3. Mamiriyoni emagenerators madiki anoparadza izvo zvishoma zvavanoita. ** Fan motor inoburitsa fraction yewatt pavolts mashoma inogona kupora 10 kusvika 40% mu diode rectifier chete. Isu tinofungidzira kuti chikamu chekutenderera kwemagetsi kubva pakupisa kusvika ku grid chinogona kunge chiri 54%.

Kunyangwe uchisiyanisa nekutanga chikonzero zvachose (a free-standing wall of fans), vhezheni 1 ichadhura nezve $4.20 per kWh on a windy coast and $18 muguta, makumi maviri kusvika kumazana emakore nguva yemitengo yezuva re rooftop.

The physics kuti inowedzera miganhu

Iyo simba rakatorwa nemhepo kuburikidza nenzvimbo A i P = ½ ρ A v³, ine tembiricha yemhepo ρ = 1.225 kg/m³. The cube is everything: at 6 m/s a square metre carries 132 W, at 12 m/s 1,058 W. Panguva imwecheteyo gore rega rega, imba yeguta ine 4 m/s yemhepo inosvika 75 W pa m²; an exposed coast at 6.5 m/s about 321 W pa m².

Betz limit. Hapana yakavhurika rotor inogona kubvisa kupfuura 16/27 ≈ 59.3% yesimba rinofamba kuburikidza nenzvimbo yayo, nekuti mhepo inofanira kuramba ichifamba kunze kwenzira.

Chii chinotevera rotor anogona kuwedzera. Maviri rotors mu series (sezvimwe zvirongwa zvejet engine) anogona kusvika pakutanga 16/25 = 64% yesimba kuburikidza nenzvimbo imwe rotor, uye pasina kumbobvira vakawanda chete 2/3 (Newman, 1986). A jet injini stacks mapoka nekuti inomanikidza gasi kuburikidza neyakavharwa core nekurumidza pressure difference kubva kuparadzira mafuta. Free uswa anopa hapana sezvinomanikidza: chero extra chiitiko inononoka nemhepo pamusoro, uye slow air kubuda pamusoro chigadzirwa. Kuongororwa kwezviwanikwa zvekutenderera kwemhepo zvinosiyana kubva pa0 kusvika pa60%, asi zvakanyatsogadziriswa bvunzo dzekare dzichi cluster at 2 kusvika 10% (Adema et al., 2026 kuongorora).

Chii stator vanes anogona kuwedzera. A rotor anosiya swirling, uye swirl simba rako rakarasikirwa. Pazviyero zvepamusoro-speed zvemadiki rotors, matambudziko akakura: iyo yakakwana Glauert rotor inosvika pa0.42 panzira ye1, 0.51 pa2 uye 0.57 pa5. Zvisirizvo vanes pamberi rotator anogona kudzosera chikamu ichi. Hapana munhu akaongorora izvi paturbine yemhepo; pazvikepe zvendege zvina zvakaita sevanes zvakapa 2 kusvika 5% (Li et al., 2017).

Chii chinogona kuwanikwa neduct. A duct ine flat brim (iyo “wind lens” yeKyushu University) inoderedza pressure yakati kure nerotor uye inotora zvakawanda zvemhepo kuburikidza nayo. Mukuedza kwewind-tunnel, compact brimmed diffuser yakawedzera simba resimba kubva pa0.37 yevharo rotor kusvika pakati pe0.7 ne0.88, zvichienzaniswa nenzvimbo yerotor, asi kusvika chete pa0.48 kusvika 0.54 zvichienzaniswa nehukuru hwese (Ohya naKarasudani, 2010). Izvi zvinokonzera kuti: pamita imwe chete ye frontal nzvimbo, maducts haasi kumbobvira asvika pakubata Betz limit, “mukuita simba rekuwedzera zvinhu pamusoro pe3 hazvina kuwanikwa”, uye ducted turbines dzakange dziine “more than 50 years. So far without any commercial success” (van Bussel, 2007). Iyo yakanyanya kudhura yekuedza, FloDesign / Ogin, yakabvisa maturbine ayo mukati memwedzi mitatu uye yakagadziriswa mu2017 (Gipe, 2017).

Ukuru hunobatsira nekuda kweReynolds nhamba. Takafungidzira yakanakisisa rotor pamwechete neblade-element momentum model (Glauert’s optimum ine wake rotation, tip uye hub losses, uye lift-to-drag ratio iyo inosvika neReynolds nhamba, kubva kumamiriro ekunze akaenzana seSelig’s SG6043):

Rotor diameter	Blades, tip-speed ratio	Reynolds nhamba (75% radius)	Best dhizaini CP
4 cm	8, 1.25	4,500	0.23
12 cm (computer fan)	8, 1.5	12,000	0.29
25 cm	8, 2.0	20,000	0.36
50 cm (yakagadzirirwa module)	6 to 7, 2.5	43,000	0.39 to 0.40
1 m	6, 3.0	74,000	0.42
7 m (diki turbine)	8, 4.5	265,000	0.49

Izvi zvinonzi zvisimbiso zvemabhakitiriya akagadzirwa nechinangwa, pamberi pekuora kwechokwadi. Sezvakanyorwa, chinangwa-yakagadzirwa 39 cm portable turbine yakaenzana 0.32, apo yedu model inopa pamusoro 0.39 yeiyo saizi (Kishore, Coudron uye Priya, 2013): tinofunga kuti yekutanga hardware inosvika 65 kusvika ku90% yechimiro chemari, uye zvakanyanya kupfuura masentimita rotors, uko laminar kuparadzana kunotungamira.

Kuenda kwemhepo. A fixed module chete anoshandisa chikamu chekupisa kwemhepo ichibva mukati. Power inosvika nechikwereti chekuchinjana kweangle yeavhareji yekuvhura rotors uye zvirinani kune maducts (Tamaro et al., 2024; Richmond-Navarro et al., 2022). Nechiedza chinopisa chine simba, module inotarisana nayo inogara iri pamusoro pe 47% yesimba anogara-akazvimirira rotor aizowana. Verenga 1 yakafungidzirwa 100%.

Iyo yakagadzirirwa dhizaini: a crown pawindward roof edge

Take zvese pamusoro uye dhizaini yakafanana neyakazvinyora: madiki rotors uko Reynolds nhamba inoshamisa, mumigwagwa iyo inodzivirira uye inowedzera kuomarara kwadzo, iri nyore kugara pasi pemhepo, ichitarisana nemhepo yakaoma panzvimbo yebhizimusi uko mvura iri kubuda. Iyo nzvimbo ndiyo edge yevhu. Air kuti hits facade rinokwira uye anoshandura pamusoro pegumi; pamusoro upwind fence fence uswa iri 1.06 kusvika 1.25 nguva yesimba padhigirii dhigirii, asi chete 0.38 nguva apo iyo fence iri downwind (Mertens, 2006).

Each module is 725 mm square: a 0.5 m seven-blade rotor in a compact wind-lens duct, five stator vanes that recover some swirl and carry a 50 to 300 W generator, a stainless guard mesh and one sealed power board with maximum-power-point tracking. Maviri maruva anoumba 1.45 m yakareba korona pasimbi rails pamusoro peparapeti. Mumwe munhu anogona kubvisa module uye kuchinjanisa.


Mabhakitiriya haasi kufungidzirwa. Iyo model inoita kuti vaone Reynolds number, inosvika 45,000 pa6 m/s: chord 62 mm pedyo neroot ine taper kusvika ku36 mm patip, twist kubva ku38° kuenda ku10°, design tip-speed ratio ye2.5. Pa 6 m / s rotor inotenderera pa 700 rpm; zvigunwe zvayo zvinofamba pa 30 m / s mu10 m / s uswa, pasi pechiuru chema 79 m / s zvemativi emhando yepamusoro yeturbine.

The honest numbers

Per square metre of frontal area ndiyo nzira yakakodzera yekuenzanisa: facade, roof crown uye highway barrier zvese zvinokwikwidza nezve chinhu chimwe chete, icho chiri pamusoro pemhepo. Central zvikamu, nezvose pessimistic-ku-optimistic marudzi mu model data. Energy inosanganisira kutendeuka kwemhepo, turbulence (5 to 15% loss) uye availability (92 to 97%). Kubhadhara kwesimba: 20 makore pa7% real discount rate, maintenance 2 kusvika ku5% yekudyara gore rega rega.

Kugadzira	CP pa frontal nzvimbo	kWh pa m² pagore, nzvimbo ine mhepo / guta	Kugona kwefactor, windy / city	Yakaiswa mutengo pa m²	Mutengo pa kWh, nemhepo / guta	Simple payback pa $ 0.19 / kWh
A. Version 1, stock 120 mm vaenzi (zvizere-standing)	0.045	23 / 5	5.2% / 1.2%	$765	$4.21 / $18.0	kamwe chete
A2. Custom 120 mm rotor	0.089	45 / 11	5.2% / 1.2%	$805	$2.23 / $9.45	kamwe chete
B0. 0,5 m open rotors, crown	0.148	125 / 34	9.3% / 2.5%	$1,192	$1.19 / $4.37	kamwe chete
B. Kuvandudzwa: 0,5 m ducted, stator, crown	0.164	159 / 43	10.7% / 2.9%	$1,074	$0.84 / $3.10	never (best case: 4.5 years windy)
B2. SezvaB pamwe nekontra-inotenderera rotor	0.174	168 / 46	10.7% / 2.9%	$1,245	$0.92 / $3.40	kamwe chete
B3. B seyakazvimirira chipingamupinyi	0.164	128 / 32	8.6% / 2.2%	$944	$0.92 / $3.66	kamwe chete
Rooftop solar, imwe imba		225	12%	$410	$0.19	10.6 makore
Solar pakumaodzanyemba facade		139	7.6%	$630	$0.47	31 years
10 kW turbine, 7 m rotor pane 18 kusvika 30 m mast	0.35 pa rotor	31,600 / 10,300 kWh paturbine	36% / 12%	$8,910 pakW	$0.35 / $1.08	27 years windy

Chii tafura inoti:

• Ini ndinofunga kuti duct inowana nzvimbo yayo, chete. Per frontal m², ducted modules (B) inokunda iyo rotor yakavhurika (B0) ne10 kusvika ku30%, kunyanya nekuti vanotonhorera nzira yemhepo zvakanaka. Vanogonawo kupa mudziviriri, chiratidzo chinotonhora uye nzvimbo ye stator.
• The second rotor does not pay. It adds about 6% energy for 16% more cost. A jet-engine-style multi-stage uswa module i physics-yakavharwa, kwete ambition-yakavharwa.
• Kubhadhara chete windward modules. A crown yose pamusoro pevhu anowana chete 55% pa module zvichienzaniswa nechiuno-kubva kuchamhembe chete, nekuti dzimwe nhengo dzinotarisana kubva pakuoma uswa nguva dzose. Panzvimbo yedu yekubatanidza (40 × 20 m, 45 m yakareba) iyo inonzwisisika mukurumbira ndeyekumusoro kwemhepo chete: 60 m², nezve $ 64,000, nezve 9,500 kWh gore rega rega panzvimbo ine mawindy, 2,600 muguta. Iyo imwechete mari mune rooftop solar inotenga nezve 155 m² yepaneru inoita nezve 35,000 kWh gore rega rega.
• Mumigwagwa haigone kukwikwidza. Building-mounted micro wind ine yakaipa rekodhi: 26 turbines muWarwick Wind Trials yakaenzana ne0.85% yesimba rekushandisa (Encraft, 2009), uye matatu turbines paLondon’s Strata tower akavharwa mushure mekushaikwa kwemvura uye zvikanganiso zvekutonhora.

Panzvimbo pekukwira, US yakawedzera 14 kusvika ku16% yesimba remhepo uye $6,680 to $9,630 pakW rakaiswa mu2024 ne2025 (PNNL Distributed Wind reports). Our mhirizhonga panzvimbo pamusoro $ 6,300 per kW rakanyorwa, muchikamu chimwe chete, iyo ndiyo chiratidzo chemari yakasanganiswa haasi Fantasy.

Chii chinoratidza, chinofungidzirwa uye chinofungidzira

Proven (chikoro kana kuongororwa): simba mumhepo uye Betz muganho; 16/25 chisimbiso kwemaviri rotors; kuti mabhaudhi anowedzera simba panzvimbo rotor asi kwete kupfuura pamusoro Betz per frontal nzvimbo; kuti zvidiki mapepa paReynolds nhamba pasi pezviuru 70,000 kushaya efficiency; kuti yakavharwa wall haina kuburikidza-kubuda; kuti Roof edges accelerate upwind kubuda; kuti Building-akavakirwa micro turbines mumigwagwa vakaita zvakaipa.

Plausible (inotsigirwa, asi haisi kuongororwa kweiyi dhizaini): 0.5 m rotor yakagadzirwa yeReynolds 45,000 inosvika simba resimba renzvimbo ye0.3 uye 0.55 parotorari nzvimbo mu compact brimmed duct; 75% chain efficiency kubva kurotori kuenda kune grid ne50 kusvika ku300 W generators uye module-level MPPT; yakaiswa mutengo wakati $1,000 per m² for a first project.

Speculative (munofanira kuongororwa): sei ducts zvakapetwa pedyo neimwe neimwe vanorasikirwa kune mumwe nemumwe (tinofunga kuti 10 kusvika 30%); real speed-up uye turbulence pakurumbidza pane imwe imba; durability yezviuru zvemabhegi kupfuura 20 makore emvura, muswe uye dust; nyoro uye vibrations inoendeswa mukati meimba; wildlife interaction nemeshed ducts (mazhinji turbines kuuraya anopfuura 140.000 kusvika 328.000 mabwe gore muUS (Loss, Will and Marra, 2013); dzimba dzeglass kuuraya 365 kusvika 988 miriyoni (Loss et al., 2014); hapana munhu ane data remeshed roof-edge modules).

Chii chaizoda kuva chivi

Kuti uwane chigaro chekugara panzvimbo ine 6.5 m/s yemhepo, mutengo wemagetsi unoenderana nezvinhu zviviri zvatingashanda: kuti huwandu hwesimba rinogona kuwanikwa kubva pane imwe mita yakati sandara yenzvimbo yekupinda, uye kuti mari inodiwa yekuisa iripi.

CP pa frontal nzvimbo	$300 pa m²	$500 pa m²	$800 pa m²	$1,100 pa m²
0.15	$0.24	$0.40	$0.63	$0.87
0.20	$0.18	$0.30	$0.47	$0.65
0.25	$0.14	$0.24	$0.38	$0.52
0.30	$0.12	$0.20	$0.32	$0.43

Panogona kukunda, uye apo haigone

I can win:

• Windy tall zvivakwa uye kuchamhembe nzvimbo, sezvipo kune solar: uswa pavhu edge peak panguva yezuva, muzhizha uye mumvura yakasimba, apo solar panels kugadzirwa zvishoma.
• Roofs yakati yakazara kana shaded. A crown inoshandisa edge, kwete nzvimbo yevhu, uye haasi kukwikwidza nepaneru, michina kana terraces.
• Off-grid simba uko ma cables ari mitengo yakakwira: sensors, kuratidzwa, telecom equipment, weather stations pazvitima, mativi uye kuchamhembe kwegungwa.
• Mabhawa achiri kuwanikwa: mabhawa emotokari nendege, maparapeti emahombekombe uye emasango, apo zvikamu zvezvivakwa zvinobhadharwa.
• Visibility and education. A crown that turns is a public statement a solar panel is not; schools, museums and landmark buildings value that.

I can’t win:

• Seya cheap source of bulk electricity. Large wind and solar farms cost $0.04 to $0.10 per kWh; nothing on a building comes close.
• Mumigwagwa yakachengeteka yeguta uye mumatunhu epasi pevhu, uko simba remhepo riri pasi pe4 kusvika 5 m / s pakureba kwevhu.
• Flat pane facade. Sezvo rotors zvakagadzirwa, yakavharwa wall haina kutenderera.

Development roadmap uye chii chinodarika

Phase	Kushanda	Kufunga kunobvumira	Kufungidzirwa kwemari	_Zvinyorwa
0. Design kudzidza	Blade uye duct dhizaini, CFD yeimwe module uye ye3 × 3 array, electrical topology, mutengo wemufananidzo neumwe mugadziri	Cp pane frontal nzvimbo pamusoro 0.2 zvinogoneka mumitsara?	$30k to $60k	3 kusvika 4 months
1. Wind tunnel	Three rotors, matatu maducts, stator on uye off, wobva waita 3 × 3 array; 3 kusvika 15 m/s, yaw 0 kusvika 45°	Mhedziro Cp, array kupera, kuvhura-up speed, nyoro	$60k to $120k	4 kusvika 6 months
2. Prototype module	Generator, simba board, yakavharwa module; kugadzikana, ice, mvura uye acoustic zvidzidzo (IEC 61400-11 nzira)	Module efficiency uye kugadzikana	$50k to $100k	6 months
3. Rooftop pilot	10 kusvika 20 modules panzvimbo ine makumbo anoenda kuchamhembe, ultrasonic anemometers kana lidar, makore edata, kamera yezvisikwa	Real kWh per m², availability, noise in the building	$80k to $150k	12 months
4. Product nzira	Structural uye facade engineering, IEC 61400-2 dhizaini base, UK MCS 006 kana US ACP 101-1 certification, electric uye fire compliance, insurance	Chigadzirwa chinogona kutengeswa nemugari wemumba	$100k to $250k	12 kusvika 18 months

Phases 0 kusvika 3 zvinoda zvakapetwa $220,000 to $430,000 uye maviri makore. Kana mhepo tunnel isina kuratidzwa neCp yakatarisana ne0.2 mumitsara, tinomira pano uye tinoburitsa kuti nei.

Tinofanira kuita sei

• Aerodynamicist nepakati-Reynolds uye ducted-rotor ruzivo, kugadzirwa uye ongorora mapepa, duct uye stator.
• A university kana zvekutengesa wind tunnel, ne CFD engineer kuti aite zvidzidzo uye kuongorora maturusi ekugadzirisa.
• Power-electronics engineer yezvidiki zvinoramba-magineti magenerators, anoshanda kudzoreredza, MPPT uye DC kuchengetedza kubva kune akawanda modules.
• Structural uye facade engineer yemhepo yekutakura pakurudziro (EN 1991-1-4 / ASCE 7), kubatanidza, ice uye kufadza.
• Acoustician ye tonal nyoro uye kutonhora kwakaendeswa mubhizimisi.
• Urban wind specialist to measure and model the wind at candidate roof edges before anything is built.
• Certification and compliance: zvidiki zvemhepo zvinodiwa (IEC 61400-2, -11, -12-1), masimba emagetsi uye moto, uye insurer anofara kutakura mudzidzi.
• Ecologist kuti vagadzirise bird uye bat kuongorora.
• Manufacturing partner mu injection molding kana rotomoulding kubhadharisa mapepa uye ducts pahuwandu.

A better idea is welcome

The Fan Wall ndiyo imwe mhinduro kune rimwe dambudziko guru: sei nzvimbo dzavanogara vanhu dzichigona kuita, kuchengeta kana kuchengetedza simba rakachena kupfuura zvavanoita pari zvino? Kana mazita ari pawebhusaiti ino akuudza kuti nzira imwe chete ichaita zvakanaka, tinoda kukuona uchitaura nezvazvo. Rooftop solar iyo zvakare inoita mhepo, thermal storage, energy yakawanikwa kubva kumatunhu emvura, waste heat kana smarter timing of demand inogona kukunda mabhaisikopo emhepo pazvivakwa zvakawanda. The idea radar inoenzanisa navo, uye mumwe nemumwe ane yake yega nyaya yakanyorwa nechokwadi icho isu tichishandisa pano.

Vamwe vatungamiri vesangano iri vanogona kunge vane vanhu vanoita kuti vazive zvauri kutaura. Kuti iite, pfungwa inofanira kunge iri kushanda, real-life model iyo inenge ichigadzira simba, nemhedzisiro yayo yakaenzana nechigadzirwa, kwete kutaurwa; izvo ndizvo chaizvo nei iyi peji ichipera mumhepo tunnel uye a rooftop pilot kupfuura drawing. Ipfungwa dzepapepa dziri kutarisirwawo: kana physics uye mazita ari nyore, tinogona kuzviburitsa pano pawebsite. Asi kusimudzira mari pasina kushanda model iri nyore, uye hapana pano ndiro mashoko emari, kudzoka kana kutsvagisa. Chiyero ichi ndechekuti iyi peji inoita kuti zvive nyore: ratidza mazita, ita shuwa kuti unotaura zvakaipa uye kumbira kuti uongororwe nemari shoma.

Maitiro ekubatsira

• Bring your expertise. Kana iwe uchishanda muimwe yenzvimbo dzakapfuura, pamwe nebasa. Kunyangwe neawa imwe chete yekuongorora yedu model inobatsira.
• Offer a windy roof. A tall building on a coast, hill or open plain with safe roof access could host the pilot. Tiudzai kuti ndeipi nzvimbo uye kuti uswa hunofamba sei.
• Share wind data. A year of wind measurements from a roof, bridge or coastal mast helps us choose the pilot site.
• Cheka yedu maths. The model is open. Kana iwe ukawana dambudziko, tiudzai: isu tinogona kunge takagadzirirwa ikozvino kupfuura mushure mekuongorora.
• Kupa zano rakanaka. Kutumira necontribution form pamwe nematambudziko ayo anogadzirisa, physics cheki, yakaderera mutengo pa kWh uye yakachipa bvunzo iyo inogona kuratidza kuti haisi yakakwana.

Zvinyorwa

1. Mudzingwa, M., Chibwe, A., Madzoka, M. and Mudzai, W. (2007). Air cavities behind claddings: what have we learned? Buildings X Conference.
2. Lissaman, P.B.S. (1983). Low-Reynolds-nhamba airfoils. Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 15, 223-239.
3. Howey, D.A., Bansal, A. and Holmes, A.S. (2011). Dhizaini uye kuoneka kweiyo centimeter-scale shrouded wind turbine yekushandisa simba. Smart zvinhu uye zvivakwa 20, 085021.
4. Federspiel, C.C. and Chen, J. (2003). Air-powered sensor. Proceedings of IEEE Sensors 2003, 22-25.
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