Ezinye izilimi kule ndawo zingaguqulwa ngemishini futhi zingafaka amaphutha. Usizo lokuthuthukisa Funda isiNgisi esisemthethweni
I-Nile delta neCairo ikhanya ebusuku, ibonakala kusuka esiteshini sezulu samazwe omhlaba.
Green Initiative

Uhlu lwezinhlangano ezisebenza

Abantu abazigidi eziyisishiyagalombili babelana ngeplanethi eyodwa. Ukuthi siphila kanjani kahle kuyo kuxhomekeka ekutheni singabaphi, ukuthi sisebenzisa kanjani, nokuthi siyenza kanjani ngokuzimela. Inhloso ukulinganisa.

NASA

Seen from orbit at night, the Nile draws a line of light through the desert: tens of millions of people living along one river, as people have for seven thousand years. Umuntu udlule abantu 8 billion ku 2022 futhi i-United Nations ilindele ukuthi inani labantu lifike kuma 10.3 billion phakathi kwe-2080s ngaphambi kokuhla kancane. Indlela abantu abaningi abaphila ngayo kahle eplanethini eyodwa, ngegumbi, umoya ohlanzekile, izihlahla kanye nezimo ezimnyama ezishisayo, yimibuzo ebalulekile yekhulu elidlule. Le ncwadi ifundisa. Sihlonipha izinketho zazo zonke imindeni; okuthethwa ngaso yimfundo, impilo kanye nokukhethwa kweqiniso kwalowo wonke umuntu.

I-equation elula

Abacwaningi bavame ukuchaza imiphumela yomuntu ngegama elilula: Impact = Population x Affluence x Technology, noma IPAT. Inani labantu lisho ukuthi bangaki abantu. Ubuhle bubonisa ukuthi umuntu ngamunye usebenzisa kanjani. I-Technology ichaza ukuthi yini ethinta ukusetshenziswa kweyunithi ngayinye: ukukhishwa kwe-kilowatt-hour, indawo ngetoni lemikhiqizo, nokulahleka kwemikhiqizo. Ayikho imithetho yobukhona, kodwa ibonisa ukuthi yikuphi izintambo, futhi ukuthi zonke ezintathu zibalulekile.

P: bangaki phakathi kwethu

Ukukhula kwezigidi zabantu kuhamba kancane kuwo wonke amazwe, ngoba izizwe zikhetha ukuba nezingane ezincane njengoba ukuphila kwezingane, ukufundisa (okukodwa kwabesifazane), kanye nokuthola imali kukhula. Kungaphezu kwengxenye yezizwe zonke manje isilinganiso sokukhula singaphansi kokuguqulwa kwesibalo samantombazane angama-2.1 ngayinye. Ukukhula okuzokwenzeka ezwenikazi lase-Afrika nase-Asia kuhlobene nokukhula kwabantu; kwezinye izindawo, inani labantu likhula futhi, emazweni amaningi, lisencane.

A: ukuthi sisebenzisa kanjani ngasinye

Amanani kuphela akusho indaba, ngoba umuntu ezweni elinamandla asebenzisa iplanethi kangako kunalowo ohlala ezweni elibi. Uma wonke umuntu ephila njengendawo yokuhlala ephakathi kwe-United States, abantu bazodinga cishe izizwe eziyisithupha; njengokuhlala endaweni yokuhlala ephakathi kwe-India, mayelana nengxenye yesithathu yesinye (Global Footprint Network). Ingxenye eyisithupha enamandla kakhulu yomhlaba imele cishe inhlamvu yesithathu ye-emitting esekelwe ekusebenziseni, kanti ingxenye encane kakhulu imele inhlamvu yesishiyagalombili (Chancel, 2022).

Le yisizathu sokuthi ukukhula ezindaweni ezithuthukisiwe kuthinte kakhulu imvelo. Idolobhana elisha, indlela kanye nekhaya lokuphumula ezweni elinamandla liletha umthelela omkhulu, futhi izwe lithathwa kuphi naphi. Ucwaningo lwe-biodiversity yezwekazi le-UN libeka changes in land and sea use njengento ehamba phambili yokuncipha kwemvelo: amaphesenti amathathu wendawo yomhlaba ashintshiwe kakhulu ngabantu, futhi cishe one million species kuhlaselwa ukulahleka (IPBES, 2019). Iningi lalesi simo esingaphelinga nganoma yisiphi isikhathi esibalulekile kithi: uhlobo olufihliwe aluphinde lubuye, futhi imithi yakudala noma indawo emanzi ithatha iminyaka emikhulu ukuvuselelwa, uma kwenzeka kwenzeke.

Izwe lithola ngaphezulu kwe- 100 billion tons yamathuluzi ngonyaka, izikhathi ezintathu ezingaphezu kwezingu-1970 (UNEP International Resource Panel, 2024).

8.2 billionabantu e 2024, phezulu ngaphesheya 10.3 billion phakathi-2080s (UN WPP 2024)
30 JulyIzinsuku Zokudlula Kwelanga 2026 (Inethiwekhi ye-Global Footprint)
izigidi ezingu-1izilwane eziphilayo ezidlalwa kakhulu,IPBES 2019)

Izinhlanzi zifundisani

Isiqhingi siplanethi encane: imbewu yayo, izihlahla, amanzi namaminerali yilokho okukhona konke, futhi akukho lutho oluzodlula khona. Lokhu kwenza iziqhingi zibe yilabobhothi ezicacile kakhulu esizitholayo mayelana nokuthi kwenzekani uma ukufuna kudlula okukwazi ukuvuselelwa yindawo. Bafundisa futhi ukubekezela, ngoba izindaba ezidumile azikho ngokugcwele lokho okubukeka kungathi.

Rapa Nui (Isiqhingi se-Easter) sivame ukushiwo njengesivivinyo: abantu baseziqhingini basusa wonke umnqumo ukuze bahambisane nezithombe zabo ezinkulu, futhi iqembu labo labulala ngokwalo. I-Collapse kaJared Diamond (2005) yakwenza le akhawunti ithandwa. I-forest yaphela. Kodwa-ke, ucwaningo kusukela lapho lubonisa isithombe esinzima kakhulu. Abantu babonakala befika ngemuva kokuqala, cishe ngo-1200 (Hunt noLipo, 2006). Izinkomo zasePolynesia ezifika nazo zadla izithelo zepulazi futhi zamisa ukukhula kabusha komfula (Hunt and Lipo, 2009). Imodeli ye-radiocarbon ikhombisa ukuthi inani labantu likhule ngokuqhubekayo kuze kube yilapho ama-Europeans efika ngo-1722, hhayi ukuwa phambi kwabo (DiNapoli et al., 2021), futhi izihlahla zetshe zasesiqhingi zingadla inani labantu lamawaka ambalwa (Davis et al., 2024). Abanye abacwaningi babheka isimo sezulu kanye nesimo semvelo esinzima eqenjini (Lima et al., 2020). Okungaba khona umbuzo wukuthi yini eyavela ngemuva kokuxhumana: ngo-1862 no-1863, abahlaseli bezinhlanzi bathatha abantu abangama-1400 ePeru, isifo salandela, futhi ngokuphela kuka-1870s kwaba yi-111 kuphela yabaseziqhingini abasele.

Ezinye iziqhingi zinikeza isiqiniseko esicacile sokuthi abantu basebenzisa izwe labo. Iyasebenza i-Mangareva, ukususwa kwemithi ezindaweni eziphakeme kwaholela ekuhlaselweni yimvula, ukulimala kwezitshalo zezithelo kanye nemithi yokuzingela, kanye nonyaka onzima (I-Kirch, 1997). Umngane wayo I-Island ye-Henderson ilahlekile izinhlobo eziningi zezilwane ezifuywayo ukufakelwa futhi yashiyana lapho ukuthengiswa okuqhubekayo kwahluleka (U-Weisler, 1995). Iyasebenza i-Nauru, ikhulu le-phosphate mining for farms abroad lishiye i-central plateau, cishe amaphesenti amane esiqhingi, ngokuyinhloko liminywe futhi alihlali (i-Republic ye-Nauru). futhi isi-Greek ibonisa ukuthi ucindezelo olukhulu ezindaweni ezincane zokutshala impahla luhlobene kanjani nesimo sezulu esimanzi (Zhao et al., 2022) kanye nokuvalwa komnotho wezinkomo ukuyeka iminyaka emihlanu yokufuduka.

I-row yamatshe amakhulu ayizinkulungwane eziyisishiyagalombili esitezi eside setshe esiluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, nesithombe esisodwa esimnyama esihlala sihlala icala.
I-moai yaseAhu Tongariki eRapa Nui (isiqhingi se-Easter), ne-moai ehambayo kuphela ngaphambili. Photo: Bjørn Christian Tørrissen, CC BY-SA 3.0

Iziqhingi zihlala zingafa ngenxa yesizathu esifanayo. Kodwa lapho izwe lisetshenziswa kaningi, yonke enye inhlekelele yayinzima ukuqhubeka.

Ukulingana, hhayi ukunqoba

Akunalutho kulezi zinto okusho ukuthi abantu bayizingozi. Ithi izinkinga zokulinganisela: inani labantu ukuthi umhlaba, amanzi kanye nesimo sezulu salesi sifundazwe singasiza kahle, ngendawo yokuphila ephakeme yalowo wonke umuntu. Ezweni lonke, njengoba izinhlangano zikhula zibe ngcono, zifunde kahle futhi ziphephile, izimindeni ikhetha ukuba nezingane ezincane, futhi inani labantu lihlala liqinile.

Lezo zikhathi ezizayo ziphakamisa umbuzo ofanele ukulungiselelwa: inani elihlala likhona lezinhlanga ezincane kuzobe lineminyaka eminingi. Sifuna ukuthi leminyaka engaphezulu ibe nesifo, isebenze futhi ibe nekhono lokuhlela, ukuze abantu abancane, abanemfundo engcono baqhubeke nokufundeka nokwenza umsebenzi wabo isikhathi eside. Lokhu kuyisizathu sokuthi i Local Solar System Foundation ilandele isifundo se-ukunciphisa nokubuyisela emuva ukukhuluphala, futhi ichaza ngokucacile nokuthi yini eqinisekisiwe yimibiko yocwaningo mayelana nokukhula kweminyaka kanye nokuthi yini engaqiniseki. Namhlanje, abantu emhlabeni wonke bachitha cishe ten years yempilo yabo ephephile: ku 2021 ukulindeleka kokuphila kwamazwe omhlaba kwakuyiminyaka 71.4, futhi ukulindeleka kokuphila okunempilo 61.9 (WHO, 2024). Akukho kwelashwa okwamanje okuvimbela noma kubuyisela emuva ukukhuluphala; ukuvala ibanga ngokuvikela nocwaningo kuyinhloso efanele ukwenziwa.

Ucwaningo luyisisekelo

Indlela enamandla kakhulu neyomuntu yokufinyelela ekulinganiseni yimfundo, ngaphezu kwazo zonke lapho ukufundisa kungakafiki khona. Abafazi abahlala esikoleni bavame ukushada ngemuva, bazalwa izingane ngemva, futhi bakhulela izingane ezincane nezihle, ngokukhetha kwabo. I-World Bank ilinganisela ukuthi ukufundisa okuncane kwabesifazane kwenza amazwe aphakathi kuka $15 and $30 trillion alahlekelwa yimali etholakele ngesikhathi sokuphila, futhi ukuthi ukufundisa okuphakeme kwabesifazane kunganciphisa ukukhulelwa nokuncipha kwengqalasizinda yokukhula kwabantu (Wodon et al., 2018).

Izindleko zomndeni omkhulu

Ukuthuthukisa ingane kuthatha imali, isikhathi kanye nokuqaphela, futhi abazali banesibopho esincane sokunikeza zonke lezi zithathu. Abacwaningi bezomnotho babiza lokhu ngokuthi ubukhulu-ubunjani bokuthengiswayo: uma kunezingane eziningi, ingane ngayinye ivame ukuthola inkontileka encane yezinto zomndeni (Becker noLewis, 1973). Umndeni ophila ngemali encane, uma ukhula ungaba nomthwalo omkhulu wezimali, futhi kuvame ukuba yizingane ezikhulu, ikakhulukazi izingane zesilisa, ezishiya isikole kuqala ukuze zisize.

Ubufakazi bukhona kodwa buxhomekeke endaweni. Esifundazweni saseChina, ucwaningo lwama-twins luthole ukuthi ingane engeziwe ikhuphula ukuqeqeshwa kwabanye izingane (Li, Zhang noZhu, 2008; Rosenzweig noZhang, 2009). Ezindaweni ezinobunikazi obuningi nezikole ezimahhala kanye nokunakekelwa kwempilo, njengeNorway ne-Israel, abacwaningi bathola ukuthi ubukhulu bemindeni buncane noma abukho lutho obungathinta ubuholi bezizingane (Black, Devereux and Salvanes, 2005; Angrist, Lavy and Schlosser, 2010). Isibonelo, uma umndeni omkhulu ungekho, kodwa lapho ukuxhaswa kwezwe kuncane, wonke umntwana ongeziwe uqinisa imindeni, futhi izikole ezingcono zomphakathi kanye nokunakekelwa kwezempilo kwenza umehluko omkhulu.

Uwesifazane wesikole ocebile egqoke i-uniform ebomvu ehlala embhedeni esikhunjeni segumbi lokufundela, nabangane bakhe bekilabhu abagqoke i-uniform ebomvu behlala emuva kwakhe.
Igumbi lokufundela ephrojekthi yokufundisa izingane ezincane ye-Oxfam eBahr el Ghazal, eMpumalanga yeSudan. Photo: Oxfam East Africa / Laura Pannack, CC BY 2.0

Uhlelo lokuhlela umndeni luyilungelo

Ukuhlela umndeni kusho ukuthi abantu bakhetha ngokukhululekile ukuthi bangaba kanjani, nini nabani izingane abazozithola, ngemininingwane nezindlela zokukwenza. Kudingeka ukuthi kube njalo ngokuzithandela futhi kusekelwe emalungeloni: amaphoyisa acindezelayo omphakathi abangela ukulahlekelwa okukhulu futhi awunandawo kuwo wonke umxazululo. Ukufinyelela kuncane. About 164 million women worldwide had an unmet need for family planning in 2021 (UN DESA, 2022), and in low- and middle-income countries tens of millions of women who want to avoid pregnancy lack modern contraception (Guttmacher Institute, 2024). Ukuvala le nkinga kulondoloza impilo yabazali nabantwana futhi kunikeze izisebenzi ithuba lokutshala imali empilweni yazo zonke izingane.

Ukufunda kuyindlela yokukhula kwabantu: hhayi ngenombolo, kodwa ngolwazi nokwenza umuntu ngamunye.

I-Mars iyisibonelo

Konke okuphezulu kubhekisa ezweni, iplanethi egcwele abantu enesihlabathi esincane. Ukuhlala eMars kuzobhekana nenkinga ehlukile. Iqembu elincane lamakhulu ambalwa noma amawaka ambalwa abantu lizodinga ukukhula, ukuze libe nemindeni eminingi yekhono elisha lenkampani kanye nokuhlala kahle ngokwezenhlalo. Kulapho, izihlobo ezinkulu zingaba yingxenye yezinhlelo. Lokhu kuyizwe elisha, linemithetho ehlukene, futhi kukhona kuphela.

I-Martian ridge eyisihlabathi ngaphansi kwezulu elikhanyayo kusuka ku-orange kuya ku-blue, nedekhi ye Curiosity rover engaphambili kanye namahlathi emgwaqweni.
Ikhadi leposi elisuka eMount Sharp eMars. Ikhamera emnyama nemhlophe ye-Curiosity yathatha isithombe se-ridge ekuseni nakusihlwa ngomhla ka-18 Novemba 2025; NASA yahlanganisa lezi ezimbili futhi yafaka umbala, oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ekuseni nogolide kusihlwa. Photo: NASA/JPL-Caltech (public domain)

T: lapho unjiniyela esiza kakhulu

I T yilapho ukuthuthukiswa kukhokhelwa khona. Ugesi ovela emoya naselanga, amakamelo asebenza kahle kanye nezimoto, ukulima okunembile, ukukhishwa kabusha nokuhlelwa kokugeleza konke kuvimbela imiphumela yeyunithi ngayinye yokusetshenziswa. Imbali ibonisa ukuthi le liphuzo lingaba likhulu kakhulu: amandla adingekayo ukukhiqiza iyunithi yemikhiqizo yezomnotho kuhla ngokuqhubekayo eminyakeni eminingi, futhi ezizweni eziningi ezicebile ukukhishwa kwegesi kuhla kanti imali engenayo ihlala ikhula. Lokhu kuholela ekutheni simeme abantu ukuba kufaka phakathi.

Ukudla: inyama ngaphandle kokulimala

Abantu badla konke. Abangane bethu badla inyama iminyaka ezigidini: amathuluzi etshe kanye namathambo enyama aphawulwe ngokucishwa buyela emuva eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingu-2.6, futhi kungase kube yizigidi ezingama-3.4 (Semaw et al., 1997; McPherron et al., 2010). Ukudla kwenyama nenyama yezilwane kwasiza ukuthuthukisa ukukhula kwengqondo yethu enkulu (Aiello noWheeler, 1995; Pobiner, 2013). Siyinyamakazi ephilayo, sifana nekati, elidinga ukudla inyama; siyazishintsha futhi sidla inyama, futhi inyama iyisiqephu sempilo yabantu kanye nomlando wethu. Akukho muntu omele azive ephindwe ngenxa yokudla kwayo.

Inkinga ukuthi ikhiqizwa kanjani. Livestock supply chains account for about 12 percent of human-caused greenhouse gas emissions (FAO, 2023), need a large share of the world’s farmland, and industrial farming raises serious questions about animal welfare. Isinqumo esifuna ukusithola akuyona ukuthatha inyama, kodwa ukuyikhiqiza kahle: ngendawo encane kakhulu futhi ngaphandle kokuhlupheka kwezilwane.

  • Inyama ekhulayo yinyama ephilayo ekhula kusuka eziseli zezilwane ku-bioreactor, ngaphandle kokuthuthukisa noma ukudlwengula inhlanzi. ISingapore yayiyizwe lokuqala eligunyaza lokhu, ngoDisemba 2020. I-United States yalandela ngo-2023 ngengulube ekhulayo evela ku-UPSIDE Foods neGOOD Meat, futhi ngemuva kwalokho ikhule isilimo se-salmon kanye noshukela wengulube; i-Israel yavuma inyama yenkomo ekhulayo evela ku-Aleph Farms ngoJanuwari 2024, futhi i-Australia neNew Zealand yavuma inkukhu ekhulayo evela ku-Vow ngo-2025 (FSANZ, 2025). Ezinye izindawo, kufaka phakathi i-Italy, Florida neAlabama, ziyivimbele.
  • Akusiyo intengo ephansi. Ukukhula kweziseli ezincane ezincane kudinga ama-bioreactors aphephile, izithako zokudla kanye ne-energy, futhi ucwaningo olunamandla lusho ukuthi, ngaphandle kokuthuthukiswa okukhulu, izikweletu zizohlala ziphezulu kakhulu ngemikhiqizo yemihla ngemihla (Humbird, 2021). Ukutshala imali kuhla kakhulu kusukela ngo-2021 (GFI, State of the Industry). Le yindawo lapho ucwaningo oluvulekile lungasiza khona: ukuthuthukiswa kwemidiya ebiza kakhulu ngaphandle kokudla kwezilwane, ama-bioreactors amakhulu futhi alula, izitsha ezidlakayo zokugaya okuphelele, kanye ne-lifecycle studies ethembekile.
  • Ukulungiselela ngokucophelela isebenzisa amagciwane ukwenza amaprotheni athile wenyama, njenge-whey protein emlilweni noma i-haem enikeza inyama umbala wayo; ezinye zezithako ezinjalo zithengiswe.
  • Ukudla kwezilwane Izinto ezibalulekile manje, kubabililione bamazinyo akhulele namuhla: ama-standards okunakekelwa okuhle kakhulu, ukudla okungcono nokuzala, ukudla okungezayo okususa i-methane kusuka ezinkukhuni, ukugaya okujikelezayo, kanye nokusetshenziswa okungapheli kusuka ezindaweni zokutshala kuya esigabeni sokudla.
Umuntu ogqoke i-shirt eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ubambe isidlo esincane esine-burger patty ethosiwe ngalinye isandla futhi phezulu kwe-bun ngalinye.
UMark Post no-hamburger wokuqala okhula kusuka ezithonjeni zengulube, ephekwe futhi ephuzwe emcimbini wemidiya eLondon ngo-2013. Photo: Mosa Meat, CC BY 4.0

Uma uyisisebenzi sezobudokotela, umnjiniyela noma umfundi, inyama ekhulayo iyinye yezindawo ezivulekile kakhulu zocwaningo lwezitsha. Sifuna thola kusuka kuwe.

Igumbi lokuphumula: indawo, izihlahla kanye nezulu elivulekile

Okungaphezu kwengxenye yabantu basezifundazweni, futhi i-UN ilindele ukuthi cishe izithathu zazo zifike ngo-2050. Izifunda ezincane, ezilungisiwe kahle zingaba nemiphumela emihle kakhulu: izindiza ezincane, amadonga ahlukanisiwe, ukuthutha kwabantu kanye nezisebenzi ezihlukanisiwe. Kodwa ukuphakama kwezindawo ezihlala abantu kunomkhawulo, futhi emizini eminingi abantu bacindezelwa emakhayani ancane.

Amatafula ancane efulethini aqoqa abantu endaweni encane yaseHong Kong.
Isakhiwo seYick Cheong eHong Kong, ingxenye yesinye sezindlu ezincane kakhulu emhlabeni. Photo: Steven Wei, CC0

EHong Kong, lapho ikhaya eliphakathi linikeza khona 16 square metres umuntu ngamunye, cishe 215,700 people behlala e2021 ezindlini ezihlukanisiwe, amafulethi ahlukaniswe zibe izindlu eziningi ezincane, njalo nekhishi noma igumbi lokugezela elihlukaniswe futhi likhanya kancane. Iyunithi ephakathi nendawo ehlukaniswe ngezigaba ilinganiselwa kumamitha ayi-11 amamitha, enikeza wonke umuntu ohlala khona cishe ama-6 amakhilomitha, cishe inhlamvu yesayizi yendawo yokupaka (Inhlangano Yokucwaninga Nokubalwa Kwezimali yaseHong Kong, 2021). Ngokunyuka kwezinkokhelo zokuqasha, izindlu ezincane ziye zaqala ukubonakala ezindaweni eziningi.

Le nto ibalulekile ekunakekelweni kwempilo. I-World Health Organization inikeza isiphakamiso esiqinile sokuthi izinhlangano zombuso zivimbele futhi zinciphise ukuguquguquka kwezindlu, ngoba izakhiwo eziguquguqukayo zisakaza izifo zokutheleleka futhi zixhunywe nokunakekelwa kwengqondo okubi (WHO Housing and Health Guidelines, 2018). Umphakathi ogcwele uxhunywe nobuhlungu bengqondo, ukukhathazeka, izinkinga zemindeni kanye nokuphumula okubi, futhi kuphenyo lwabahlali abangu-1,194 abahlukaniswe ngezigaba eHong Kong, labo abanesizotha somphakathi babike ukuthi bancane kakhulu ubulili, ukungakhululeki, ukukhathazeka nokucindezeleka, kufakazela ukuthi indawo ehlukanisiwe nendawo yomphakathi ziyinkinga uma indawo yangaphandle ingafinyeleleki (Chan et al., 2026). Abantwana bahlupheka kakhulu: asikho indawo ekhululekile yokufundela, futhi izindlu ezigcwele abantu zihlobene nokunqoba okuphansi kwesikole kanye nezinkinga zokuphatha (Evans, 2006; Solari noMare, 2012).

Kungani izihlahla nezimo zezulu ezivulekile zibalulekile

Isikhala esiluhlaza akuyona into ebiza kakhulu. In a study of nearly one million Danes, children who grew up with the least green space around their homes had up to 55 percent higher risk of developing a psychiatric disorder later in life (Engemann et al., 2019). Abantu abachitha cishe two hours a week emvelo bakhombisa impilo enhle nokunethezeka (White et al., 2019). Ngesikhathi se-COVID-19, abantu baseBrithani abanegadi elinokuthula noma ipaki elifinyeleleka kalula babike ukuthi baphile kahle futhi babe nempilo enhle (Poortinga et al., 2021). Ukuhlolwa kwezifundo ezingaphezu kuka-140 kuxhumana nendawo eluhlaza ukuze kuphansi ama-hormone we-stress, umfutho wenhliziyo kanye nokuphazamiseka kwegazi, kepha ababhali baphoqeleka ukuthi izifundo eziningi zinamandla (Twohig-Bennett and Jones, 2018). Abaguli basezibhedlela ababona izihlahla bavuselelwa ngokushesha kunalabo ababhekene nodonga lwesibhakabhaka (Ulrich, 1984). I-WHO ibuyekeze isivivinyo esixhuma indawo eluhlaza yasedolobhaneni nokunciphisa ukucindezeleka, ukwenziwa kwemisebenzi eminingi yezocansi, impilo yomuntu engcono kanye nezulu elipholile, elihlanzekile (i-WHO Europe, 2016).

Ukubuka okuvela elwandle kwegadi elibekwe endaweni ehlotshiswe yimithi eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka engxenyeni yedolobha laseFinland.
Izihlahla ezibekwe endaweni eVantaa, eFinland, lapho abantu basedolobhaneni bekhula khona ukudla nezimbali eduze kwehlathi. Photo: Petteri Järveläinen, CC BY 4.0

Izinga elifanele lokuphila kwabantu lifaka ukukhanya kwelanga, indawo eyaneleyo yomndeni ukuhlala nokufundela, kanye nokungena ezigadini, emigwaqweni, emithini nangaphandle. Lokhu kuyingxenye yokuthi kungani ukulinganisela kubaluleke: iplanethi lapho wonke umuntu angathola khona indlu efanele enesihlabathi esincane eduze kwayo yiplanethi lapho inani labantu, ukusetshenziswa kanye nezwe lilingana.

Izixazululo eziqinisekisiwe

Akunalutho olunjalo. Izizwe, imiphakathi kanye nabakhiqizi emhlabeni wonke bandise kakhulu ubunzima bomhlaba kanye nezitshalo, abanye babo ngaphakathi kwekhulu elilodwa. Lapha yilokho abakwenzayo, nokuthi yini eshintshile.

Ukufundisa izingane kanye nokuhlela umndeni ngokuzithandela

  • Bangladesh. Ekuqalani kwekhulu le-1970, indodakazi yaseBangladesh ineminyaka eyisithupha yobudala; manje iyizingane ezimbili (World Bank). Kuhlelo lweMatlab, oluqalwa ngo-1977, abasebenzi bezempilo bavakashela abesifazane ekhaya ukuze babe nempilo yomama nomndeni kanye nokuvimbela ukukhulelwa. Ukukhula kwezinsana ezifundeni ezihlobene nezinhlelo kwahla ngo-17% uma kuqhathaniswa nezifundazwe ezifana nazo, futhi izingane nabesifazane baphila isikhathi eside ngemuva konyaka owodwa (UJoshi noSchultz, 2013). Ngo-1994, kwafakwa izimali zomphakathi ezikhokhelwa izingane ukuze zihlale esiteshini semfundo. Ukungena kwezintombazane kwakhula ngamaphesenti angama-13 ngonyaka futhi kwadlula amantombazane, futhi iphrojekthi yamisa umtshali-zimali, yakhuphula ukusetshenziswa kwemithi yokuvimbela ukukhulelwa kanye nokuncipha kokubeletha, ngenzuzo elinganiselwa yisayensi ukuthi ingaphezu kakhulu kwezindleko zayo (Khandker et al., 2021).
  • Iran. Fertility fell from more than six children per woman in the mid-1980s to about two by 2000: by two thirds in fifteen years (World Bank). Uhlelo lwezindlu zokunakekelwa kwempilo eziseduze nedolobhana lwaletha ukunakekelwa kwezempilo okuyinhloko, kufaka phakathi ukuhlela imindeni ngokuzithandela, ezindaweni zasendaweni. Ukufa kwezingane kuhla, futhi inani lamabhinqa ashadayo asebenzisa amaphilisi okuvimbela ukukhulelwa likhuphuke kusuka kumaphesenti angama-55 ngo-1990 kuya kumaphesenti angama-81 ngo-2021 (Corker et al., 2024; Abbasi-Shavazi, McDonald noHosseini-Chavoshi, 2009).
  • Thailand. I-Thailand yaqala uhlelo lokuhlela umndeni ngosizo lwayo ngo-1970. Ukukhula kwengane kwahla kusuka kubantwana abahlanu ngabesifazane kuya ngaphansi kohlelo lokushintshana ngo-1990, okuholela ekunakekelweni okuhle kweziguli, ekufundeni kwabaseshadile kanye nezinhlelo (Yeung noAbalos, 2025; Ibhange Lezwe).
  • Kerala. Le sifundazwe sase-India safinyelela ngaphansi kokushintshana kokudla ngo-1990, ngenkathi iningi le-India lihlala linemindeni eminingi. Abacwaningi bakholelwa ukuthi kuthuthukiswe impilo nokukhula kwezenhlalo, kanye nembali ende yokufundisa nokukhuthaza abesifazane (Nair, 2010).

Kuzo zonke izimo, abazali bakhetha ukuba nezingane ezincane uma izingane ziphila, izingane zabesifazane ziye esikoleni futhi amadoda angathola ukunakekelwa kwempilo nokuvimbela ukukhulelwa ngokukhululekile. Akukho kuphikisa okudingekayo.

Ukulahleka kokudla okuncane

  • United Kingdom. Inhlangano yobuciko iWRAP isebenza nama-supermarket, amankampani emikhiqizo yekudla, izikhulu kanye nezindlu, futhi iqhuba inkulumo ethi Uthando Lokudla Ludla Ukulahleka. Ukudla okulahlekile emndenini ngamuntu, okulinganiselwa kuma-bins wesifundazwe, kwahla ngokwamashumi amane phakathi kuka-2007 no-2018, kusuka ku-91 kuya ku-67 amakhilogremu ngonyaka, futhi ukudla okungenani kwe-UK ngamuntu kwakuyiphesenti le-22 ngaphantsi ngo-2021 no-2022 kunalokho okwenzeka ngo-2007. Udoti wekhaya ukhule ngokuqhubekayo kusukela ngo-2018, okubonisa ukuthi umsebenzi awupheli (WRAP, 2025).
  • South Korea. Ukulahleka kwezinhlanzi kuvunyelwe ezindaweni zokulahla izilwane ngo-2005, futhi kusukela ngo-2013 izindlu zikhokhela ukulahleka kwezinhlanzi eziboshwe, sebenzisa amaphakethe akhethekile noma, eSeoul, amabhokisi alinganisela i-deposit ngayinye bese ukhokha ngekhadi lomuntu ohlala kulo. The share of food waste recycled into fertiliser and animal feed rose from 2 percent in 1995 to about 95 percent, and Seoul’s weighing bins cut the city’s food waste by 47,000 tonnes in six years (Broom, 2019).
Izitsha ezimbili ezibomvu nezimhlophe zokulahla ukudla ezibekwe endaweni yokupaka, ngayinye inekhadi lokufundwa, isithombe kanye nezithombe zezinhlamvu ezimnyama ebusweni.
Izitolo zokulahla ukudla e-South Korea ezilinganisa ukuthi yini okuthiwa ikhishwa yimindeni ngayinye futhi zikhokhisa kukhadi lomuntu ohlala kulo. Photo: revi, CC BY 2.0 KR

Ukuzilungisa kwezulu nezwe

  • I-ozone layer. Ngesivumelwano seMontreal Protocol, esiqinisekisiwe ngo-1987, izwe lisuse cishe amaphesenti angama-99 wezinto eziphilayo ezibulala i-ozone layer. I-layer manje ihamba phambili ukubuyela ezweni layo lika-1980 ngo-2040 ngaphesheya kwezwe, ngo-2045 ngaphesheya kwe-Arctic no-2066 ngaphesheya kwe-Antarctica (I-WMO ne-UNEP, ngo-2023). Kuye kwaveza ukuthi izinkinga zezinto eziphilayo emhlabeni wonke zingaxazululwa uma zonke izizwe zisebenza.
  • Izihlahla zeCosta Rica. Ngo-1997 iCosta Rica yaba yizwe lokuqala ukukhokha abanikazi bendawo, emhlabeni wonke, ukuze bavikele futhi bakhule kabusha izihlahla (Pagiola, 2008). I-forest ifaka amaphesenti angama-60 ezwe, isuka kumaphesenti angama-56 ngo-2000 (I-FAO, nge-World Bank), kanye nokurekhodwa kusuka ezindlini ezikhokhelwe ngaphansi kwephrojekthi ibonisa amazwana okuphila kwezilwane zasendle ezibuyayo (Delgado et al., 2026).
  • Indawo yokutshala ekhula kabusha yaseNiger. Ngezansi kokususa wonke amaqabunga ezimbonini zabo, abakhiqizi ezindaweni zaseMaradi neZinder baqala ukuvimbela nokuvuna izihlahla ezikhula kabusha kusuka emithonjeni yazo edlule. Over two decades from the mid-1980s, about 200 million trees returned on 5 million hectares of land, and they now help secure the livelihoods of about 4.5 million people (Sendzimir et al., 2011).

Izinhlangano ezisebenza kulolu msebenzi

Lezi zinhlangano ezingathola inzuzo zisebenza ngezinkinga ezichazwe ngenhla futhi zishicilela izimpendulo zabo. Bonani ukuthi yini abayenzayo futhi, uma umsebenzi wabo uqinisa wena, cabanga ukunikela kubo ngokuqondile. I Local Solar System Foundation ayisebenzisi noma iyiphi yazo futhi ayitholanga lutho kuzo. Phambi kokuba ukhokhe, funda izibalo nezimali zenhlangano ngayinye bese ubheka ukuthi ilinganisela kanjani izinzuzo zayo. Izibalo ezingezansi ziyizinto ezisemthethweni zezinkampani.

  • CAMFED (I-Campaign for Female Education, inhlangano yobuciko ebhaliswe e-UK 1029161) ikhokhela imali yemfundo futhi ixhase izingane ezincane ngemfundo yesikole esiphakathi eGhana, eKenya, eMalawi, eTanzania, eZambia naseZimbabwe. I-UNAIDS iphinde yaveza ukuthi le nhlangano yasiza izingane ezizigidi ezingama-9.3 ukuba zifunde phakathi kuka-1993 no-2025. Its network of former students, the CAMFED Association, has more than 355,000 members who in turn support girls in their own communities.
  • Room to Read (inhlangano engathola inzuzo yase-US) iqhuba amaphrojekthi wokufunda nokufundiswa kwezingane e-Asia nase-Afrika. Iphrojekthi yayo ye-Girls’ Education Program, esiza izingane ezincane ukuba zihlale ezikoleni, ixhase izingane ezingaphezu kukazigidi ezingama-4.5 ezisuka emazweni angama-14, kufaka phakathi iBangladesh, iIndia neNepal.
  • MSI Reproductive Choices (UK registered charity 265543) inikeza ukuvimbela ukugula nokukhulelwa, esebenza emazweni angama-36. I-UN Women ikhombisa ukuthi isiza abesifazane abangaphezu kuka-100,000 kanye nezingane ngosuku.
  • Izinsizakalo Zomphakathi Zamazwe Omhlaba (PSI) (i-US non-profit, yasungulwa ngo-1970) isebenza namaqembu asendawoni ekubalweni kwemindeni, impilo yocansi nezokukhulisa izingane, i-malaria, i-HIV nezinye izinkonzo zezempilo.
  • WRAP (inhlangano yosizo ebhalisiwe e-UK) isebenza nabaphathi, izinhlangano kanye nezindlu zokucisha udoti wekudla, amaplastikhi namagqomo, futhi ilinganisela udoti wekudla e-UK ngokuya ngesisekelo sayo se-2007, njengoba kuchazwe phezulu.
  • Project Drawdown (i-US engathola inzuzo) ishicilela ucwaningo olusekelwe esayensini, olumahhala lwezindlela zokuxazulula isimo sezulu, kusukela ekucisheni ukudla okulahlekile kuya kokubuyisela indawo, ukwenza okungcono kakhulu, ukuze abantu nalabo abaxhasayo babeke izinyathelo zabo lapho kubhekwa khona.

Ungasiza kanjani

  • Usizo lokufunda, ikakhulukazi ezincane kanye nalapho ukungena emfundo kunzima kakhulu; ithuthukisa impilo futhi inikeza izihlobo izenzo zokukhetha. amaqembu aphezulu yindawo yokuqala.
  • Usizo lokuhlela umndeni ngokuzithandela kanye nezinsizakalo zempilo yokukhula, zihlala zisekelwe ezindleleni nokukhetha okukhululekile.
  • Khusela indawo eluhlaza lapho uhlala khona: hlanganisana nezingqungquthela zokuhlela, vikela izihlahla nezigadi, futhi ucele izinhlamvu kanye nendawo evulekile ezindaweni ezintsha zokuhlala.
  • Sebenzisa izinto isikhathi eside. Sebenzisa, thenga ngesandla esisha, uthathe imali ngosizo futhi udibanise amathuluzi; izinto ezikhona ziyizinto ezibiza kakhulu.
  • Ukudla okuncane. Kulinganiselwa ukuthi ingxenye yesithupha sokudla esitholakalayo kubasebenzisi silahleka; hlela ukudla, gcina ukudla kahle futhi sebenzisa okunye okusele.
  • Buyisela ucwaningo lweziphuzo olungcono. Qhathanisa nokusiza umsebenzi wokutshala inyama, ukulungiselela ngokucophelela nokutshala okusezingeni eliphakeme; abacwaningi banga letha imibono yabo.
  • Umbuzo mayelana nemithetho ejikelezayo: ilungelo lokuvuselelwa, iziqinisekiso ezide, ama-schemes wokukhokha kanye nama-standards wezinto ezisetshenziswa kabusha.
  • Xhuma kuxoxwa futhi usize ukuhumusha lesi sichazamazwi nge ibhodi lokuxhasa.

Izinsizakusebenza