Wasu harsuna a wannan shafin na iya zama an fassara su da injin kuma suna iya da kurakurai. Help improve it Read the English original
Deltar Nilu da Cairo suna haske a dare, an gani daga Tashar sararin samaniya ta Duniya.
Green Initiative

Population, consumption and resources

Mutane biliyan takwas suna raba wata duniyar. Yadda za mu yi rayuwa a kanta ya dogara da yawanmu, da yadda kowannenmu yake amfani da ita, da kuma yadda muke yin ta da hikima.

NASA

Idan aka gani daga orbit a cikin dare, Nile ya yi wani layin haske ta hanyar dajin: dubban mutane masu yawa suna zaune a kusa da kogin daya, kamar yadda mutane suka kasance a cikin shekaru dubu bakwai. Mutum ya wuce 8 billion mutane a cikin 2022 kuma Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na sa ran yawan jama’a zai kai ga kusan 10.3 billion a tsakiyar 2080s kafin ya fara raguwa. Yadda mutane da yawa za su iya rayuwa cikin kwanciyar hankali a kan wata duniyar daya, tare da wurin zama, iska mai tsabta, gonaki da wuraren daji da suka rage, shi ne ɗaya daga cikin tambayoyin da ke bayyana wannan karni. Lalle ne shi, abin karantãwa ne. Muna girmama zaɓuɓɓukan kowane iyali; abin da muke tattaunawa game da shi shine ilimi, lafiya da zaɓi na gaskiya ga kowa.

One simple equation

Masu kimiyya suna yawan yin nazarin tasirin dan Adam da wani asalin sauki: Impact = Population x Affluence x Technology, ko IPAT. Yawan jama’a shi ne adadinmu. Kuma, mafi alhẽri shi ne mafi yawan abin da kowa ke ci. Fasaha ita ce yadda tasirin kowace yunitar amfanin gona ke haifarwa: fitarwa a kowace kilowatti-hora, ƙasar da take cikin kowace tona abinci, gurɓataccen abu a kowace kasuwar. Kuma bã ya zama wani hukunci na halitta, amma yana nuna inda maɓallu suke, kuma dukkansu uku sunã da al’amari.

P: da yawa daga cikinmu

Ci gaban jama’a yana raguwa kusan a duk inda yake, saboda iyaye suna zaɓar su sami yara kaɗan kamar yadda rayuwar yara ke bunƙasa, ilimin (bisa ganin ‘ya’ya mata), da kuma samun kudin shiga. A yanzu haka, fiye da rabin kasashen duniya suna da yawan haihuwa a kasa da matakin maye gurbin na kusan yara 2.1 ga kowace mace. Ci gaban da za a samu a nan gaba ya fi karkata ne zuwa wasu sassan Afirka da Asiya; a wasu wurare kuma, yawan jama’a yana kara girma kuma, a cikin kasashe da yawa, yanzu haka yana raguwa.

A: yadda kowannenmu yake amfani da shi

Adadin kawai ba zai iya faɗar gaskiya ba, domin mutum a ƙasa mai arziki yana amfani da duniyar sama da yadda mutum ke amfani da ita a ƙasa talauci. Idan kowa ya zauna kamar mazaunin Amurka, to duniyar zata bukaci five Earths; kamar ma’abũcin ginshiƙin mazaunin India, game da kashi uku na huɗu na ɗaya (Global Footprint Network). Mafi arziki na dari na bil adama ne ke da alhakin kusan rabin fitarwa bisa ga amfani, yayin da mafi talauci na kashi ashirin yana wakiltar kusan kashi goma (Chancel, 2022).

Wannan shi ne dalilin da ya sa ci gaban kasashen da suka ci gaba ke shafar halitta. Duk wani sabon birni, hanya da gidan shakatawa a cikin yankin mai arziki yana kawo wata alama mai girma tare da shi, kuma ana karɓar ƙasa daga wani wuri. Taswirar duniyar halittu ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya tana nuna canje-canje a cikin amfani da ƙasa da teku kamar mafi girman mai tafiyar da dabi’a: kashi uku bisa huɗu na faɗin ƙasa an canza shi sosai ta mutane, kuma kusan mutumi miliyan ɗaya ana barazanar mutuwarsu (IPBES, 2019). Yawancin wannan lalacewa ba za a iya warware ta ba a cikin wani lokaci da ya dace da mu: nau’in da ya tafi ba zai dawo ba, kuma wata kauyukan ko ƙasa mai ruwa mai tsarki na bukatar shekaru da dama don dawowa, idan har ta taba yin haka.

Duniya tana fitar da fiye da 100 biliyan tan na kayan aiki a kowace shekara, sau uku kamar yadda aka yi a 1970 (UNEP International Resource Panel, 2024).

8.2 biliyanmutane a 2024, da kuma kusan biliyan 10.3 a tsakiyar shekarun 2080 (United Nations WPP 2024)
30 JulyEarth Overshoot Day 2026 (Global Footprint Network)
1 miliyanda ake barazanar mutuwarsu, mafi yawansu ta hanyar canjin amfani da ƙasa (IPBES 2019)

Abin da tsibirai ke koyar

Girka ta kasance ƙasa mai tsarki, mai albarka da kuma mai arzikin ruwa, amma a yanzu tana cikin mawuyacin hali. Wannan ya sa tsibirai su zama mafi bayyanannin ma’aikatu da muke dasu na abin da ke faruwa idan bukata ta wuce abin da ƙasar take iya sake samarwa. Sunã sanar da ku, kuma, ƙasƙanci, dõmin mafi yawan lãbãrin bã shi da kyau ga abin da ya bayyana.

Rapa Nui (Easter Island) ana yawan faɗar shi a matsayin gargaɗi: mutanen tsibirin sun yanka kowace itãciya don su motsa manyan duwatsunsu, kuma al’ummarsu ta halaka kanta. Collapse na Jared Diamond (2005) ya sanya wannan asusun ya zama sananne. Lalle ne, itãcen ya ɓace. Amma bincike daga baya ya nuna wani hoton da ya fi wahala. People seem to have arrived later than once thought, around 1200 (Hunt and Lipo, 2006). Polynesian kifi da suka zo tare da su ci tumatir ƙwai kuma ya hana itãcen marmari sake (Hunt da Lipo, 2009). Radiocarbon modeling ya nuna cewa yawan jama’a ya karu da sauri har zuwa lokacin da Turawa suka isa a cikin 1722, ba tare da fadada ba kafin su (DiNapoli et al., 2021), kuma gonakin dutsen tsibirin na iya cinye mutane dubu kaɗan (Davis et al., 2024). Wasu masana kimiyya na ganin yanayin yanayi da kuma matsalolin albarkatu a cikin rahoton (Lima et al., 2020). Abin da ba a shakka ba shi ne abin da ya zo bayan haɗuwa: a cikin 1862 da 1863, ‘yan fashi sun ɗauki fiye da mutane 1,400 zuwa Peru, cutar ta biyo baya, kuma a ƙarshen shekarun 1870 kawai kusan mutanen 111 suka rage.

Wasu tsibirai suna da ãyõyi mafi bayyanãwa na mutãnen da suke shafar ƙasarsu. A Mangareva, tsaftace daji a kan duwãtsu ya haifar da lalacewa, asarar shuka da kuma kayan lambu don tafiyar da kano, da kuma wani lokaci mai tsawo na wahala (Kirch, 1997). Kuma maƙwabcinsa Henderson Island ya rasa nau’ikan tsuntsãye da yawa dõmin yin farauta kuma an bar shi a lõkacin da cinikin da ya ci gaba da shi ya yi nasara (Weisler, 1995). A Nauru, wani karni na phosphate mining ga gonaki a waje ya bar tsakiyar plateau, kusan kashi huɗu cikin biyar na tsibirin, da yawa mined out kuma ba za a iya zama (Republic of Nauru, NBSAP). Kuma Norse Greenland ya nuna yadda matsin lamba kan gonaki masu rauni ya hada da yanayi mai tsananin zafi (Zhao et al., 2022) da kuma asarar kasuwancin ivory don ƙarshe shekaru hamsin na zaman lafiya.

An yi wa wannan wurin suna "Baitul-Muqaddas" (Madina ta tsakiya) saboda girman sa da kuma gininsa na musamman, wanda ya kasance a kan wani dutse mai tsayi.
Moai na Ahu Tongariki a Rapa Nui (Isle of Easter), tare da moai mai tafiyar da kai a gaba. Photo: Bjørn Christian Tørrissen, CC BY-SA 3.0

Koguna na mutuwa ne daga dalili guda. Amma inda ƙasar ta kasance an yi amfani da ita a baya, duk wani girgiza ya fi wuya a tsira.

A daidaita, ba wani gasa

Kuma bãbu wani abu daga wannan da yake nufin mutãne ne matsalar. Wannan ya nuna cewa, akwai bukatar daidaito: jama’a da ƙasarsu, ruwa da tsarin halittu na yankin za su iya tallafawa yadda ya kamata, tare da wurin rayuwa mai kyau ga kowa. A fadin duniya, yayin da al’umma ke samun lafiya, ilimi mai kyau da kuma tsaro, iyalai na canzawa zuwa da yara kaɗan, kuma yawan jama’a ya daidaita.

Wannan makoma na haifar da wata tambaya mai kyau ga shirin: adadin jama’a mai daidaituwa tare da yawan haihuwa mai yawa zai zama mafi tsufa. Muna so wadannan shekarun da suka rage su kasance masu lafiya, masu aiki da kuma masu yin kwazo, don haka jama’a masu yawa da suke da ilimi mai kyau za su ci gaba da karatunsu da bayar da gudummawarsu na tsawon lokaci. Wannan shi ne dalilin da ya sa Local Solar System Foundation kuma ta bi kimiyya na dakatar da da kuma mayar da haihuwa, kuma ta bayyana a bayyane da hankali abin da bincike kan haihuwa ya tabbatar da shi da abin da bai yi ba. A yau, mutane a duk duniya suna kashe kusan ten years na rayuwarsu cikin rashin lafiya: a cikin 2021 tattalin arzikin rayuwa ya kasance 71.4 shekaru, kuma tattalin arzikin rayuwa mai lafiya 61.9 (WHO, 2024). Babu wata magani a yau da zai hana ko kuma ya mayar da yanayin tsufa; rage wannan bambanci ta hanyar hanawa da bincike shi ne burin da ya cancanci aiki.

Ilimi shi ne mafita

Hanya mafi karfi da kuma mai zaman kanta ta samun daidaito ita ce ilimin, musamman a wuraren da karatu ke ci gaba da zama babbar matsala. Matasa mata da ke karatu suna iya aure a wani lokaci, su sami yara a wani lokaci, kuma su yi yara kaɗan amma masu lafiya, bisa ga zaɓinsu. Bankin Duniya ya kiyasta cewa ilimi mai iyaka ga ‘ya’yan mata yana kashe kasashe tsakanin $15 and $30 trillion a cikin kudaden da aka rasa a rayuwarsu, kuma cewa ilimi na sakandare na duniya don ‘ya’yan mata zai iya rage yawan haihuwa da haɓaka tattalin arzikin jama’a (Wodon et al., 2018).

Kudin iyali mai girma

Rayuwa da yaro na bukatar kudi, lokaci da hankali, kuma iyaye suna da isasshen abin da za su bayar daga dukkanin wadannan. Masu kimiyya na tattalin arziki suna kiran wannan da farashin ingancin inganci: tare da yara da yawa, kowane yaro yana samun rabon rarraba kayan aikin iyali (Becker da Lewis, 1973). Ga iyalai da suke rayuwa da kasa, iyali mai girma na iya zama nauyin tattalin arziki mai nauyi, kuma a kan iyaye maza ne, musamman ma ‘ya’ya mata, ke barin makarantar da wuri don taimakawa.

Shirin ya kasance mai gaskiya ne, amma yana dogara da wuri. A cikin ƙauyukan Sin, bincike kan ‘ya’yan biyu ya gano cewa wani yaro na ƙarshe ya rage karatun sauran yara (Li, Zhang da Zhu, 2008; Rosenzweig da Zhang, 2009). A cikin kasashen da suka fi arziki tare da makarantu masu kyauta da kulawa da lafiya, kamar Norway da Isra’ila, masana sun gano cewa girman iyali yana da tasiri kadan ko babu shi a kan ilimin yara (Black, Devereux da Salvanes, 2005; Angrist, Lavy da Schlosser, 2010). Koyarwar ba ita ce iyaye masu yawa sun yi kuskure ba, amma a inda goyon bayan jama’a ya yi kauri, duk wani yaro da aka kara yana kara tsananta wa iyayen, kuma makarantu na gwamnati mai kyau da kulawa da lafiya suna haifar da bambanci mafi girma.

Wata yarinyar makaranta mai murmushi a cikin tufafi masu launin ruwan kasa tana zaune a kan wani gado a gaba da wata makaranta, tare da abokan karatunta masu tufafin launin ruwan kasa suna zaune a bayanta.
Darussan makaranta a cikin shirin Oxfam na koyar da 'ya'ya mata a Bahr el Ghazal, Sudan ta Kudu. Photo: Oxfam East Africa / Laura Pannack, CC BY 2.0

Tsarin iyali hakki ne

Tsarin iyali yana nufin cewa mutane za su yanke shawara cikin ‘yanci ko, yaushe da kuma adadin yara da za su haifa, tare da bayanai da hanyoyin yin hakan. Ya kamata a yi shi da son rai kuma ya dogara ne akan haƙƙi: manufofin jama’a masu tilastawa sun haifar da illa mai girma kuma ba su da wuri a cikin kowane mafita. Cire A kan 164 million mata a duk duniya sun kasance da bukatar da ba a cika ba na shirin iyali a cikin 2021 (UN DESA, 2022), kuma a cikin ƙasashe masu ƙarancin kuɗi da matsakaicin kudin shiga dubban miliyoyin matan da suke so su guje wa ciki suna da rashin maganin hana haihuwa na zamani (Guttmacher Institute, 2024). Cika wannan ɓangaren zai ceto rayukan uwaye da jarirai kuma ya ba iyalai damar zuba jari a cikin kowane yaro.

Ilimi shi ne yadda al’umma take girma: ba a cikin adadi, amma a cikin abin da kowane mutum zai iya sani da kuma yi.

Mars ne ke da bambanci

Dukkan abin da ke sama game ne da ƙasa, wata duniya ce mai yawan jama’a da wani sashi mai rauni na rãyuwa. Wani mazaunin Mars zai fuskanci matsala mai nisa. Wani gari mai ƙarancin mutane ɗari da yawa ko dubu da dama zai buƙaci ya girma, don samun mutane da yawa ga ƙwarewa da ake buƙata a cikin al’umma da kuma zama lafiya ta halitta. A can, iyalai masu yawa za su iya zama wani bangare na shirin. Wannan wata duniya ce daban da dokoki daban, kuma kawai a can.

Wani tsauni na Mars mai dutse a ƙarƙashin sama mai launin toka zuwa rawaya, tare da rufin jirgin Curiosity a gaban fuskar ƙasa da duwatsu a gefe.
Katin imel daga dutsen Sharp a Mars. Curiosity's black-da-fatar kamara hoto na ridge a daren da kuma bayan dare na 18 ga Nuwamba, 2025; NASA hada biyu da kuma kara launin, blue domin safe da kuma zinariya ga bayan dare. Photo: NASA/JPL-Caltech (public domain)

T: inda injiniya ke taimakawa mafi yawa

T shi ne inda ƙirƙira ke biya. Wutar lantarki daga iska da rana, gine-gine masu inganci da motoci, noman noma mai kyau, sake amfani da shi da kuma zane na kwance duk sun rage tasirin kowane bangare na ci gaba. Tarihi ya nuna cewa wannan mataki na iya zama mai karfi: makamashi da ake buƙata don samar da yunitar fitarwa ta tattalin arziki ya yi kasa da yawa a cikin shekaru, kuma a cikin ƙasashe masu arzikin da dama, fitarwa ta yi kasa yayin da kudaden shiga ke ci gaba da tashi. Kuma lalle ne, haƙĩƙa, Munã kiran mutãne zuwa ga gaskiya. Ƙara ra’ayoyi game da makamashi.

Abinci: nãku ba tare da wata cũta ba

Lalle ne mutãne sun kasance mãsu ci ga dukan kõme. An yi amfani da kayan aikin dutse da kuma ƙananan ƙwayoyin dabbobi masu alamun yanka don dawo da shekaru miliyan 2.6, ko kuma kusan miliyan 3.4 (Semaw et al., 1997; McPherron et al., 2010). Abincin nama da na dabbobi sun taimaka wajen bunkasa kwakwalwarmu mai girma (Aiello da Wheeler, 1995; Pobiner, 2013). Ba mu zama masu cin nama ba a cikin ma’anar halitta, kamar karnuka, waɗanda dole ne su ci nama; muna da masu cin abinci masu daidaitawa, kuma naman ya kasance ɓangare na abincin mutum da al’adu a duk faɗin tarihinmu. Kuma bãbu laifi a kanku ga ku ci daga gare shi.

Amma abin da ya fi wahala shi ne yadda za a yi amfani da ita. Livestock supply chains account for about 12 percent of human-caused greenhouse gas emissions (FAO, 2023), need a large share of the world’s farmland, and industrial farming raises serious questions about animal welfare. Amsar da muke so ba ita ce mu bar namanmu, amma mu samar da shi yadda ya fi kyau: da ƙasa mai yawa kuma ba tare da dabbobi suna jin zafi ba.

  • Cultivated meat ita ce nama ta gaskiya da aka girma daga kwayoyin halittar dabba a cikin mai sarrafa halittu, ba tare da ciyar da dabbobi ba kuma ba su kashe su ba. Singapore ce ta farko da ta amince da ita, a watan Disamba na shekarar 2020. Amurka ta bi a cikin 2023 tare da kifi mai shuka daga UPSIDE Foods da GOOD Meat, kuma bayan haka ta shuka salmon da nama na naman alade; Isra’ila ta amince da kifin da aka shuka daga Aleph Farms a watan Janairu na shekarar 2024, kuma Australia da New Zealand sun amince da kwai mai shuka daga Vow a shekarar 2025 (FSANZ, 2025). Wasu wurare, ciki har da Italiya, Florida da Alabama, sun hana shi.
  • Bai da kyau ba. Samun kwayoyin halitta a ma’aunin abinci yana buƙatar bioreactors masu tsabta, kafofin watsa labarai na abinci da makamashi, kuma wani nazarin da ke da tasiri ya yanke shawarar cewa, ba tare da manyan ci gaba ba, farashin zai kasance mai tsayi ga abincin yau da kullun (Humbird, 2021). Harkar zuba jari ta ragu sosai tun daga shekarar 2021 (GFI, State of the Industry). Wannan shi ne inda bincike mai bude ido zai iya taimakawa: masu rarrabawa masu rahusa ba tare da jinin dabbobi ba, bioreactors masu girma da sauƙi, kayan aiki na abinci don yankan duka, da kuma binciken rayuwar rayuwa ta gaskiya.
  • Precision fermentation yana amfani da kwayoyin cuta don samar da wasu irin protocin dabbobi, kamar su protocin whey a cikin nono ko kuma haem wanda ke ba nama dandanonsa; Waɗansu irin kayan haɗi sun kasance an sayar da su.
  • Tsarin noma mai kyau Yanzu, ga biliyoyin dabbobin da ake haifa a yau: mafi girman ƙa’idodin zaman lafiya, abinci mai kyau da kuma haihuwa, kayan haɗin abinci waɗanda ke rage methane daga dabbobi, girbe-girbe na juyawa, da ƙarancin gurɓatattun abubuwa daga gona zuwa kwano.
Wani mutum mai rigar rawaya yana dauke da wani kwalba tare da wani burger patty a hannunsa daya da kuma saman kwalban a hannunsa na biyu.
Mark Post tare da hamburger na farko wanda aka girma daga kwayoyin halittar shanu, an dafa shi kuma an ɗanɗana shi a wani taron kafofin watsa labaru a birnin London a shekarar 2013. Photo: Mosa Meat, CC BY 4.0

Idan kana wani masanin halittu, injiniya ko dalibi, naman da aka noma shi ne daya daga cikin mafi buɗewa a kan iyakokin bincike a cikin abinci. Munã nufin Ka ji daga gare ku.

Ƙaramin da za a zauna: sarari, gonaki da kuma iska mai buɗewa

Akalla rabin al’ummar duniya suna zaune a birane, kuma Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na sa ran kashi biyu cikin uku na wannan adadin zai karu zuwa shekarar 2050. Garuɓɓukan da suka yi kyau, waɗanda aka tsara su da kyau za su iya zama masu inganci sosai: tafiya mai tsawo, bango na rabawa, jigilar jama’a da sabis na rabawa. Amma yawan jama’a yana da iyaka, kuma a cikin birane da yawa mutane suna zaune a gidaje masu girman kai.

Masana'antu na gidajen da ke kusa da wani fili mai nisa a Hong Kong.
Ginin Yick Cheong na Hong Kong, wani bangare ne na daya daga cikin manyan gidajen da ke duniya. Photo: Steven Wei, CC0

A Hong Kong, inda gidan matsakaici ke ba da 16 square metres ga mutum, kusan 215,700 people ya zauna a cikin 2021 a cikin shirye-shiryen subdivided, gidajen da aka raba su zuwa wasu ɗakuna masu ƙarancin girma, yawanci tare da kitchen ko wanka da haske na rana. The median subdivided unit measured 11 square metres, giving each resident about 6 square metres, about half the size of a parking space (Hong Kong Census and Statistics Department, 2021). Kamar yadda farashin gidaje ke tashi, gidaje masu girman kai suna zama al’ada a cikin birane da yawa.

Wannan yana da muhimmanci ga lafiya. Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya ta yi shawara mai ƙarfi cewa gwamnatocin su hana da rage yawan jama’ar gida, saboda gidaje masu yawa suna yaduwa cututtukan kamuwa da cuta kuma suna da alaƙa da rashin lafiyar hankali (WHO Housing and Health Guidelines, 2018). Yawancin mutane suna da alaƙa da rashin jin dadin hankali, jin daɗin damuwa, rikicin iyali da rashin barci, kuma a cikin binciken 1,194 masu zama a Hong Kong, waɗanda ke da ƙarfin goyon baya na zamantakewa sun ba da rahoton cewa suna da ƙarancin wahalar rayuwa, damuwa, damuwa da matsin lamba, wani ambato ne cewa sararin samaniya da al’umma suna da mahimmanci lokacin da sararin samaniya na sirri yake da yawa (Chan et al., 2026). Yara ne suke fama da mafi yawa: ba su da wuri mai kwanciyar hankali don karatu, kuma gidaje masu yawan jama’a suna da alaƙa da rashin samun nasara a makaranta da matsalolin halaye (Evans, 2006; Solari da Mare, 2012).

Don me gonaki da sararin sama suke muhimmanci

Lalle ne, haske da tsarki sunã tãre da shi. A cikin wata nazari da aka yi kan kusan mutane miliyan daya na Denmark, yara waɗanda suka girma tare da mafi ƙarancin sararin samaniya a kusa da gidajensu sun kasance suna da 55 percent haɗari mai girman gaske na samun ciwon zuciya a ƙarshe (Engemann et al., 2019). Mutanen da ke kashe sa’o’i biyu a mako a cikin yanayi sun yi rahoton lafiyar da kuma jin dadi (White et al., 2019). A lokacin kulle-kulle na COVID-19, mutane a Birtaniya da ke da lambu ko filin shakatawa na sirri cikin sauƙi sun ba da rahoton jin dadi da lafiya mafi kyau (Poortinga et al., 2021). Wani bincike na fiye da 140 ya danganta sararin shuɗi zuwa rage hormones na zafi, gudun zuciya da kuma zafin jini, kodayake marubucin ya gargadi cewa yawancin binciken sun yi rauni (Twohig-Bennett da Jones, 2018). Masu jinya a asibitoci da ke ganin itãcen suna warkewa cikin sauri fiye da waɗanda suke fuskantar wani bango na lambu (Ulrich, 1984). Taswirar WHO ta shaidar tana danganta sararin samaniya mai launin shuɗi na birni da rage zafi, da zirga-zirgar jiki, da lafiyar hankali mai kyau da kuma iska mai sanyi da tsabta (WHO Europe, 2016).

An yi wannan hoton ne a kan wani kauye na kasar Finland.
Gidajen shakatawa a Vantaa, Finland, inda mazauna birni ke noman abinci da furanni kusa da daji. Photo: Petteri Järveläinen, CC BY 4.0

Yanayin rayuwa mai kyau ga mutane ya kunshi haske na rana, da wuri mai yawa don iyali su zauna da karatu, da damar shiga gonaki, wuraren shakatawa, itãce da kuma iska a waje. Wannan shi ne dalilin da ya sa daidaito yake da muhimmanci: wata duniyar da kowa zai iya samun gida mai kyau tare da shuɗi a kusa ita ce wata duniyar da yawan jama’a, amfani da ƙasa suke cikin daidaito.

Proven solutions

Bãbu wani abu daga wannan da yake iya zama ba. Kasashe, birane da manoma a fadin duniya sun rage yawan tasirin da ake yi wa ƙasa da albarkatu, wasu daga cikinsu a cikin wani zamani guda. Wannan shi ne abin da suka aikata, kuma abin da suka canja.

Ilimi ga ‘ya’ya mata da shirin iyali na kwarai

  • Bangladesh. A farkon shekarun 1970 mace a Bangladesh tana da kusan yara bakwai a kan matsakaici; yau akwai biyu (Bankin Duniya). A cikin shirin Matlab, wanda aka fara a shekarar 1977, ma’aikatan kiwon lafiya sun ziyarci mata a gida tare da kula da lafiyar uwa da jariri da hana haihuwa. An samu raguwar yawan haihuwa a kananan hukumomin shirin da kashi 17 bisa dari idan aka kwatanta da kananan hukumomi masu kama da su, kuma mata da yara sun fi lafiya shekaru biyu bayan haka (Joshi da Schultz, 2013). Daga 1994 an biya wata kyautar kasa ga ‘ya’yan mata don su zauna a makarantar sakandare. An samu karuwar yawan ‘yan mata da kashi 13 cikin dari a kowace shekara, kuma an fi yawaitar maza, kuma shirin ya dakatar da aure, ya kara amfani da maganin hana haihuwa da rage yawan haihuwa, tare da samun riba da binciken ke kiyasta cewa sun fi kudinsa yawa (Khandker et al., 2021).
  • Iran An samu karuwar yawan haihuwa daga fiye da yara shida ga kowace mace a tsakiyar shekarun 1980 zuwa kusan biyu a shekarar 2000: ta kashi uku cikin huɗu a cikin shekaru goma sha biyar (Bankin Duniya). A cikin shekarun da suka gabata, an samu ci gaba a fannin kiwon lafiyar matasa, musamman ma a jihohin arewa maso gabashin kasar nan. An samu raguwar mutuwar yara, kuma kashi na matan aure da ke amfani da maganin hana haihuwa ya karu daga kashi 55 cikin dari a shekarar 1990 zuwa kashi 81 cikin dari a shekarar 2021 (Corker et al., 2024; Abbasi-Shavazi, McDonald da Hosseini-Chavoshi, 2009).
  • Thailand. Thailand ta kaddamar da shirin shirya iyali na kwarai a shekarar 1970. Yawan haihuwa ya ragu daga kusan yara shida ga kowace mace zuwa kasa da matakin maye gurbin a cikin 1990, wanda aka haifar da shi ta hanyar ingantacciyar lafiyar farko, karatun ‘ya’ya mata da shirin kansa (Yeung da Abalos, 2025; Bankunan Duniya).
  • Kerala. Wannan jiha ta India ta kai ga yawan haihuwar da ke kasa da na sake maye gurbin a cikin shekarun 1990, yayin da mafi yawan kasar India ke da iyalai masu yawa. Masu bincike sun yi imani da ci gaba a fannin lafiya da bunkasuwar al’umma, da kuma tarihi mai tsawo na ilimi mai yaduwa da karfafawa mata karfi (Nair, 2010).

A kowace al’umma iyaye suna takarar samun yara kaɗan idan sun haifi yara da suka yi rai, yaran mata su je makaranta kuma matan su samu kulawa ta kiwon lafiya da hana haihuwa kyauta. Bãbu tĩlastãwa.

Kuskure mai yawa

  • United Kingdom. Hukumar bada tallafi ta WRAP tana aiki tare da shagunan sayar da abinci, kamfanonin abinci, majalisar dokoki da gidaje, kuma tana gudanar da kamfen din “Kauna da Abinci Kashe-kashen”. Kudin abincin gida ga mutum, an kiyasta shi a cikin kwandon majalisar, ya ragu da kashi daya bisa uku tsakanin 2007 da 2018, daga kilogiram 91 zuwa 67 a shekara, kuma yawan kuɗin abincin UK ga mutum ya kasance kashi 22 cikin dari mafi ƙaranci a cikin 2021 da 2022 fiye da 2007. Kudin da ake kashewa a gida ya karu daga shekarar 2018, wanda hakan ke nuna cewa aikin ba zai iya ƙarewa ba (WRAP, 2025).
  • Koriya ta Kudu. An haramta fitar da gurɓataccen abinci daga wuraren da ake ajiye shi a shekarar 2005, kuma tun daga shekarar 2013 iyalai na biyan kudin gurɓataccen abincin da suke jefawa, suna amfani da manyan kwalban ko kuma, a Seoul, akwatunan da ke auna nauyin kowane ajiyar kuma su biya kudinsa ga katin mai zama. Yawan abincin da ake amfani da shi a matsayin magani da kuma abincin dabbobi ya karu daga kashi 2 cikin dari a shekarar 1995 zuwa kusan kashi 95 cikin dari, kuma kwandon gwajin Seoul ya rage yawan abincin da ake amfani da shi a birnin da tan 47,000 a cikin shekaru shida (Broom, 2019).
An yi amfani da kayan abincin a matsayin kayan aiki na musamman, wanda aka yi amfani da shi wajen yin ado da gidaje da wuraren zama.
Kwayoyin da ake amfani da su wajen kwashe abinci a Koriya ta Kudu, wadanda suke auna abin da kowace gida ke fitarwa kuma suna biyan kudinsa daga katin mai zama. Photo: revi, CC BY 2.0 KR

Mai warkar da sama da ƙasa

  • Layin ozone. A karkashin yarjejeniyar Montreal, da aka amince a cikin 1987, duniya ta cire kusan kashi 99 na sinadaran da ke halaka layin ozone. Wannan sassa na yanzu yana kan hanyar dawowa zuwa 1980 halinsa da kusan 2040 a kan mafi yawan duniya, 2045 a kan Arctic da 2066 a kan Antarctica (WMO and UNEP, 2023). Wannan shi ne shaidar cewa ana iya warware matsalar albarkatun duniya idan dukkan kasashe suka yi aiki tare.
  • Kauyukan Costa Rica. A shekarar 1997, Costa Rica ta zama kasa ta farko da ta biya masu mallakar gonakinsu kudi, a fadin kasar nan, domin kare su da kuma sake noman kauyukan (Pagiola, 2008). Karkara yanzu tana rufe kashi 60 cikin dari na kasar, daga kashi 56 cikin dari a shekarar 2000 (FAO, ta hanyar Bankin Duniya), kuma waƙoƙin da aka yi daga wuraren da aka biya a karkashin shirin sun nuna sauti na dawowar dabbobin daji na karkara (Delgado et al., 2026).
  • Kasuwar gona ta Niger da ta sake bunkasa. A maimakon a cire duk wani danyen itãce daga gonakinsu, manoma a yankunan Maradi da Zinder sun fara karewa da kuma yanka itacen da ke dawowa daga ganyen da suka yi shekaru da yawa. A cikin shekaru biyu daga tsakiyar 1980s, kusan bishiyoyi miliyan 200 sun dawo kan hekta miliyan 5 na ƙasa, kuma yanzu suna taimakawa wajen tabbatar da rayuwar mutane miliyan 4.5 (2011).

Organizers doing this work

Waɗannan kungiyoyi masu neman riba suna aiki kan matsalolin da aka bayyana a sama kuma suna wallafa sakamakonsu. Ka dũba abin da suke aikatãwa, kuma idan aikinsu ya bã ka sha’awa, to, ka yi tunãni ga kyautatãwar zuwa gare su. Dakata Local Solar System Bã ya da wata zumunta da kõwa daga gare su. Kuma bã ya karɓar kõme daga gare su. Kafin ka ba da, ka karanta rahoton kowace kungiya da kuma asusunta kuma ka duba yadda take auna sakamakonta. A cikin wannan rahoton, an yi amfani da bayanan da aka samu daga hukumar.

  • CAMFED (Kamfanin Koyar da Mata, Kamfani mai rajista a Birtaniya 1029161) yana biyan kudin makaranta kuma yana goyon bayan ‘ya’ya mata ta hanyar makarantar sakandare a Ghana, Kenya, Malawi, Tanzania, Zambia da Zimbabwe. Ta ce ta taimaka wa yara miliyan 9.3 zuwa makaranta tsakanin shekarar 1993 da 2025. Yanar gizo na dalibanta na baya, kungiyar CAMFED, tana da fiye da mambobi 355,000 wadanda a lokaci guda suke goyon bayan ‘yan mata a cikin al’ummominsu.
  • Room to Read (US non-profit) tana gudanar da shirin karatun yara mata da kuma karatun yara ‘ya’ya a Asiya da Afirka. Taron karatun ‘yan mata na kungiyar, wanda ke taimakawa yaran da su ci gaba da karatu a makaranta, ya tallafawa sama da yara 4.5 miliyan a kasashe 14, ciki har da Bangladesh, India da Nepal.
  • MSI Reproductive Choices (UK registered charity 265543)) tana bayar da kulawa ta hana haihuwa da lafiyar haihuwa, tana aiki a kasashe 36. Ta ce tana tallafawa mata da ‘ya’ya mata sama da 100,000 a kowace rana.
  • Population Services International (PSI) (US non-profit, founded 1970)) tana aiki tare da kungiyoyi na gida kan shirin iyali, lafiyar jima’i da haihuwa, ciwon sankara, HIV da sauran ayyuka na kiwon lafiya.
  • WRAP (UK registered charity) tana aiki tare da gwamnati, kamfanoni da gidaje don rage asarar abinci, plastik da tufafi, kuma tana auna asarar abincin UK bisa ga mataki na 2007, kamar yadda aka bayyana a sama.
  • Project Drawdown (US non-profit) ta wallafa nazarin kyauta, da aka gina a kan ilmi na waɗanne hanyoyin magance yanayi, daga rage gurɓatattun abinci zuwa dawo da ƙasa, suna da mafi kyawun aiki, don haka mutane da masu bada tallafi za su iya sanya ƙoƙarinsu inda yake da mahimmanci.

Yadda zaka iya taimaka

  • Suka tallafawa karatu, musamman ga ‘ya’yan mata da kuma a wuraren da karatu yake da wahala a samu; yana inganta rayuwar mutane kuma yana ba iyalai damar yin zaɓuɓɓuka na gaskiya. Ƙungiyoyin da ke sama suna da wuri don farawa.
  • Takardar tallafawa shirin shirya iyali na kwarai da kuma kiwon lafiyar haihuwa, duk da haka bisa ga haƙƙi da zaɓi.
  • Ka kare sararin da ke cikin gida inda kake zaune: ka shiga tattaunawar shirin yanki, ka kare wuraren shakatawa da gonaki, ka nemi shuka da sarari a gidajen da aka gina.
  • Ka yi amfani da abubuwa na tsawon lokaci. Ka gyara, ka saya kayan aiki na biyu, ka karɓa kuma ka raba; kayan aikin da suke cikin zirga-zirga sune mafi arha daga dukkansu.
  • Yana da kyau a yi amfani da abincin da aka rage. Akalla kashi biyar na abincin da ake samu ga masu amfani ana kashewa; yi shirin cin abinci, a adana abinci yadda ya kamata kuma a yi amfani da abin da ya rage.
  • Bayan bincike mafi kyau na abinci. Bi da kuma goyon bayan aikin noma naman dabbobi, sarrafawa da kuma noman da ke samar da mafi girman arziki; masu binciken za su iya dauke da ra’ayinsu.
  • Tambayar dokoki masu juyawa: hakkin gyara, garanti mai tsawo, shirye-shiryen ajiya da ƙa’idodin abun ciki na sake amfani da shi.
  • Ka shiga cikin tattaunawa kuma ka taimaka wajen fassara wannan bayani ta hanyar taswirar gudummawa.

Sources and further reading