Ezinye iilwimi kule ndawo zingaguqulelwa ngematshini kwaye zingaquka iimposiso. Uncedo lokuyilungisa Funda isiNgesi esibhaliweyo
INdlela yeNil neCairo ikhanya ngobusuku, ibonakala kwiSitishi seNdawo Yesibhakabhaka Sehlabathi.
Inkqubo yeGreen Initiative

Ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo

Abantu abazigidi ezisibhozo babelana ngeplanethi enye. Ubomi bethu bokwenyani buxhomekeke ekubeni sininzi kangakanani, sisebenzisa ntoni, kwaye siyenza njani ngokuzimeleyo. Injongo kukuzinzisa.

NASA

Ukubona ukusuka kwindlela yokuhamba ngelanga ngobusuku, iNil itsala umgca wokukhanya elwandle: amawaka amaninzi abantu abaphila phantsi komlambo omnye, njengoko abantu babesenza iminyaka emihlanu. Humanity passed 8 billion people in 2022 and the United Nations expects the population to peak at about 10.3 billion in the mid-2080s before slowly declining. Ukuba abantu abaninzi bangaphila njani kakuhle kwiplanethi enye, ngendawo, umoya ococekileyo, izityalo kunye neendawo ezifileyo ezisele zikhona, yenye yemibuzo echazayo yesiqingatha sekhulu. Le ncwadi ichazayo inokukunceda. Sihlonipha ukhetho lwabantwana bonke; sithetha ngokufunda, ubomi obusempilweni kunye nokukhetha okulungileyo kuwo wonke umntu.

I-equation elula

Abaphandi bavame ukuchaza ngokuthe ngcembe ifuthe lomsebenzi womntu ngegama elilula: Ifuthe = Ubuninzi beNdlu x Uqoqosho x Itekhnoloji, okanye i-IPAT. Ubukhulu belizwe luthetha ukuba bangaphi abantu. Uqoqosho lubonisa ukuba umntu ngamnye usebenzisa ntoni. Iteknoloji ithetha ukuba imeko-bume yeyunithi nganye yokusetyenziswa ibangela: ukukhishwa kwegesi ngekilowatt-iyure, umhlaba ngetoni yesonka, inkunkuma ngemveliso. Ayingomthetho wendalo, kodwa ubonisa ukuba zikhona na izibambo, kwaye ukuba zonke ezintathu zibalulekile.

P: sininzi kangakanani

Ukukhula koqoqosho kukhawuleza naphi na, kuba iintsapho zikhetha ukuba nezingane ezincinane njengoko ukuphila komntwana, uqeqesho (kubandakanya abantwana abasetyhini) kunye nokufumana imali kuphucula. More than half of all countries now have fertility below the replacement level of about 2.1 children per woman. Ukukhula kwexesha elizayo kuqokelelwe kwiindawo zaseAfrika naseAsia; kwezinye iindawo abantu bakhula bekhulu kwaye, kumalizwe amaninzi, sele bencinci.

A: ukuba sisebenzisa ntoni

Amaxabiso kuphela abonisa ntoni, kuba umntu ezweni elinomtsalane usebenzisa iplanethi ngokugqithisileyo kunendoda elizwe elinobuhlwempu. ukuba bonke abantu baphila njengendawo ephakathi yabahlali baseMelika, uhlanga lwabantu luza kufuna malunga ne- i-Five Earths; njengendawo ephakathi yokuhlala yaseIndiya, malunga neentsuku ezisibhozo zesinye (Inethiwekhi yeFootprint Global). Ishumi elininzi lehlabathi linomtsalane lulawula malunga nengxenye ye-emitting esekelwe kukusetyenziswa, ngelixa ishumi elincinci lisebenza malunga neshumi (Chancel, 2022).

Le yisizathu sokuba ukukhula kwilizwe elinobuchule buyibambe ngokuqinileyo indalo. Idolophu entsha, indlela kunye nekhaya lokuphumla kwiphondo elinomtsalane lizisa umkhondo omkhulu kunye nalo, kwaye umhlaba uthathwa esinye indawo. The UN’s global biodiversity assessment ranks changes in land and sea use as the biggest direct driver of nature’s decline: three quarters of the land surface has been significantly altered by people, and around one million species are threatened with extinction (IPBES, 2019). Ininzi le ngozi ayikwazi ukubuyiselwa kwixesha elibalulekileyo kuthi: iindidi ezilahlekileyo azibuyanga, kwaye umthi omtsha okanye indawo emanzi ithatha iminyaka emininzi ukuphinda iphinde isebenze, ukuba iyaqhubeka.

The world extracts more than 100 billion tonnes of materials every year, three times as much as in 1970 (UNEP International Resource Panel, 2024).

8.2 yezigidigidi2024, esiya kuthi sifike kwizigidi ezili-10.3 phakathi kwee-2080 (i-I-UN WPP 2024)
30 JulayiEarth Overshoot Day 2026 (Inethiwekhi yeFootprint Global)
1 yezigidiezichaphazelayo, kuquka iindidi ezityebileyoIPBES 2019)

Iindawo eziphakamileyo

Isiqithi siplanethi encinci: umthi wayo, imilambo, amanzi kunye nezinto eziphilayo zonke zikhona, kwaye akukho ndawo enye yokuya kuyo. Oku kwenza ukuba iziqithi zibe ziilaboratory ezicacileyo esizifumanayo malunga nokuba kwenzeka ntoni xa iimfuno zidlula oko umhlaba ungawuhlaziya. Zifundisa nokuzinikela, kuba intliziyo eyaziwayo ayiyiyo into ebonakala ngathi injalo.

Rapa Nui (Isiqithi sePasika) sithethwa njengesilumkiso: abantu baseziqithi baphula umthi wonke ukushenxisa imifanekiso emikhulu yabo, kwaye isizwe sabo sashiyana. I-Collapse* kaJared Diamond (2005) yayenza le akhawunti ithandwa. Umthi wawungenakususwa. Kodwa ukukhangela ukusukela ngoko kubonisa umfanekiso onzima kakhulu. Abantu babonakala befika kamva kunale yathi, malunga ne-1200 (Hunt noLipo, 2006). Iintaka zasePolynesia eziza nazo zadla iziqhamo zepalem kwaye zamisa ukukhula kwakhona komthi (Hunt noLipo, 2009). Imodeli ye-radiocarbon ibonisa ukuba inani labantu likhule ngokuzinzileyo de bafike abaYuropu ngo1722 kunokuba lihla phambi kwabo (DiNapoli et al., 2021), kwaye izityalo zesixeko zingadla inani lezigidi ezimbalwa (Davis et al., 2024). Abanye abaphandi baqhubeka bebona uxinzelelo lwemozulu kunye nezixhobo kwirekhodi (Lima et al., 2020). Into engakhange ikhathazeke kukuba oko kwavela emva koqhagamshelwano: ngo1862 no1863 abahlaseli bemikhosi yabasetyhini bathathe abantu abangama-1400 ukuya ePeru, ubhubhane walandela, kwaye ngokuphela kweminyaka engama-1870s kwabakho kuphela malunga nezigidi ezili-111 zabahlali basezilwandle abaseleyo.

Ezinye iziqithi zinika ubungqina obucacileyo bokuba abantu basebenzisa umhlaba wabo. I-On MangarevaCity in Madagascar, ukususwa kwemithi emihleni kwabangela ukulimala, ukulahleka kwezityalo kunye netywina lokuqhuba iinqanawa zokuloba, kunye nexesha elide lobunzima (I-Kirch, 1997). Umhlobo wayo I-Henderson Island ilahlekile iintlobo ezininzi zeentaka ngenxa yokubulala ukhula kwaye yashiyana xa umrhwebo owenza ukubaI-Weisler, 1995). I-On NauruName, ikhulu lemigodi yephosphaty esetyenziswa ziifama zangaphandle lishiye indawo esembindini yeplateau, malunga nesihlanu sesine sesiqithi, sithe satshisa kwaye asihlali (IRepublic ye Nauru, NBSAP). And Norse Greenland shows how pressure on fragile pastures combined with a drying climate (Zhao et al., 2022) and a collapsing ivory trade to end five centuries of settlement.

Umgca weemifanekiso engumthi elishumi elinambini enkulu yentsimbi kwibhodi ende yentsimbi kwindlela yomgangatho oluhlaza, enemifanekiso engumthi emnyama ehlala isoloko ikhona phambi kwendawo.
Imoai kaAhu Tongariki kwiRapa Nui (isiqithi sePasika), nemoto ehambayo encinci ngaphambili. Photo: Bjørn Christian Tørrissen, CC BY-SA 3.0

Iziqithi zihlala zingafa ngenxa yesizathu esinye. Kodwa apho umhlaba sele usetyenziswe kakhulu, yonke enye intlungu yayinzima ukuphila.

Ukulingana, hayi umjikelo

Akukho nto ithetha ukuba abantu babangela ingxaki. Ithetha ukuba ukulingana kubaluleke kakhulu: abantu abathi umhlaba, amanzi kunye nenkqubo yendalo yomhlaba wendawo ingaxhasa kakuhle, enethuba lobuhle bendalo kunye nomgangatho ophezulu wokuphila kuwo wonke umntu. Kwihlabathi liphela, xa amaqela ehlabathi ekhula asempilweni, eqeqeshiweyo kwaye ekhuselekileyo, iintsapho zikhetha ukuba nezingane ezincinci, kwaye inani labantu lihlala lizinzile.

Le minyaka izayo iphakamisa umbuzo ofanele ukucwangciswa: inani elizinzileyo losapho olunabantwana abancinci liza kuba likhulu. Sifuna ukuba loo minyaka ingaphezulu ibe nesifo, isebenze kwaye ikhule, ukuze abantu abancinci, abanemfundo engcono baqhubeke nokufunda nokunikwa ingqalelo ixesha elide. That is why the Local Solar System Foundation also follows the science of slowing and reversing ageing, and explains openly and carefully what research on ageing has confirmed and what it has not. Today, people worldwide spend about ten years of their lives in poor health: in 2021 global life expectancy was 71.4 years, and healthy life expectancy 61.9 (WHO, 2024). Akukho nyango lukhoyo namhlanje oluthintela okanye lubuyisela umva ukukhuluphala; ukucotha loo mngcipheko ngokunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo zokuzikhusela kunye nokwenza uphando kubaluleke kakhulu.

Uqeqesho luyimfuneko

Indlela enamandla nentle yokufikelela kuthelekiso kukuba ufunde, ngakumbi apho ukufundiswa kwemfundo kuqhubeka kungafikeleli khona. Abafazi abahlala esikolweni bavame ukumtshata kamva, bazalwana kamva, kwaye bazalwana nabantu abancinci nabasetyhini abanempilo engcono, ngokuya ngezinto abazikhethayo. I-World Bank iqikelela ukuba uqeqesho olukhawulezayo lwamantombazana lubiza amazwe phakathi kwe- $15 and $30 trillion kwimali elahlekile yokuphila, kwaye ukuba uqeqesho lwesikolo esiphakamileyo samadoda anganciphisa ukuqhawula umtshato nokunciphisa ukukhula koqoqosho (Wodon et al., 2018).

Ixabiso losapho olukhulu

Ukuzala umntwana kuthatha imali, ixesha kunye nokuzinikela kwaye abazali banokufikelela ngokuthe kratya kuzo zonke ezi zinto. Abaphandi bezoqoqosho babiza oku ngokuba yi urhwebo lobungakanani-bumgangatho: xa kukho abantwana abaninzi, umntwana ngamnye ufumana inxenye encinci yezinto ezifumanekayo kusapho (Becker noLewis, 1973). Kwiintsapho eziphila ngemali encinci, usapho olukhulu lunokubangela ukuba kube nzima ukuhlawula iindleko zemfundo kwaye kunzima kakhulu kubahlobo abakhulu, ngakumbi abantwana abasetyhini, ukuba bashiye isikolo kuqala ukuze bancedise.

Ubungqina bukhona kodwa buxhomekeke kwindawo. Kwisixeko saseChina, uvavanyo lweendodana ezibini lwafumanisa ukuba umntwana ongaphezulu ukunciphisa ukubhaliswa kwabanye abantwana kwisikolo (Li, Zhang noZhu, 2008; Rosenzweig noZhang, 2009). Kwizizwe ezinobutyebi ezineekholeji ezikhululekileyo kunye nokhathalelo lwezempilo, ezinjengeNorway neIsrayeli, abaphandi bafumanisa ukuba ubungakanani besapho luyinto encinci okanye alukho olunye uxinzelelo kwimfundo yezingane (Black, Devereux and Salvanes, 2005; Angrist, Lavy and Schlosser, 2010). Isifundo asithethi ukuba iintsapho ezinkulu ziyingozi, kodwa ukuba apho uxhaso lwabucala luncinci khona, umntwana ngamnye ongaphezulu unyusa usapho ngakumbi, kwaye izikolo ezilungileyo zabucala kunye nokhathalelo lwezempilo zenza iinguqu ezinkulu.

Umntwana wesikolo otyhala izandla egqoke i-uniform ebomvu ehlala kwibhedi phambi kwegumbi lokufunda, kunye nabafundi bakhe abagqoke i-uniform ebomvu behlala emva kwakhe.
Igumbi lokufunda kwiprojekthi yoqeqesho lwamantombazana yeOxfam eBahr el Ghazal, eMzantsi Sudan. Photo: Oxfam East Africa / Laura Pannack, CC BY 2.0

Ulawulo lweentsapho luye lwaba

Ukucwangcisa usapho kuthetha ukuba abantu bagqibe ngokukhululekileyo ukuba bangaba na abantwana, xa banabo kwaye bangaphi, ngeenkcukacha kunye neendlela zokukwenza. Kufuneka kube yinkqubo esuka kwingcinga yobulungisa nesekelwe kwiilungelo: inkqubo yokunyanzelisa uqoqosho ibangela umonakalo omkhulu kwaye ayinandawo kulo naluphi na uhlobo loncedo. Ukufikelela kuqhubeka kungabikho. About 164 million women worldwide had an unmet need for family planning in 2021 (UN DESA, 2022), and in low- and middle-income countries tens of millions of women who want to avoid pregnancy lack modern contraception (Guttmacher Institute, 2024). Ukuvala loo nkcazo kukhusela ubomi bamama nabantwana kwaye kunika iintsapho ubulungisa bokwenza intlawulo eninzi kunyana ngamnye.

Ukufunda kukuwukhula njani umntu: hayi ngamaxabiso, kodwa ngolwazi nokwenza komuntu ngamnye.

I-Mars yisiqhelo

Zonke izinto eziphezulu zithetha ngehlabathi, iplanethi egcweleyo enesiqu esiphilayo esibuthathaka. Ukuhlala kwiMars kuya kudibana nengxaki ephikisanayo. Iqela elincinci lamawaka amabini okanye amawaka amabini abantu kufuneka likhule, zombini ukuba zikho abantu abaninzi kakhulu abanemisebenzi emininzi efunekayo ngumbutho kunye nokuhlala zisempilweni ngokweenkcubeko. Apha, iintsapho ezinkulu zingaba yinxalenye yenkqubo. Le yihlabathi elahlukileyo enemithetho eyahlukeneyo, kwaye kukho kuphela.

Isikwere esiqinileyo seMartian phantsi kwelanga elikhanyayo ukusuka eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ukuya ebomvu, nedekhi ye Curiosity rover kwindawo ephambili kunye neenduli kumgama.
Ikhadi leposi elisuka eMount Sharp kwiMars. Ikhamera emnyama nemhlophe yeCuriosity yathatha umfanekiso wesigqubuthelo samanzi kusasa nobusuku ngomhla wama-18 kuNovemba 2025; NASA yadibanisa ezimbini kwaye yafaka umbala, oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ekuseni negolide emva kwemini. Ifoto: NASA/JPL-Caltech (indawo yomphakathi)

T: apho ubugcisa bunceda kakhulu

I T yindawo apho uphuhliso luhlawula khona. Umbane ovela kumoya nokukhanya kwelanga, amakhaya asebenzayo kunye neemoto, ukulima okufanelekileyo, ukubuyisela kwakhona kunye nokuyila okujikelezayo konke kunyusa ifuthe leyunithi nganye yokusetyenziswa. Imbali ibonisa ukuba le nto inokubangela uxinzelelo olukhulu: amandla afunekayo ukuvelisa imveliso yezoqoqosho epheleleyo sele ehla ngokuqhubekayo kwiminyaka emininzi, kwaye kumalizwe amaninzi asematyalani ukukhishwa kwegesi kusele phantsi ngelixa iindleko zihlala zinyuka. It is also why we invite people to bring energy ideas.

Ukutya: inyama engenanto ebangela

Abantu badla zonke izinto. Abahlobo bethu basele bedla inyama iminyaka emininzi: izixhobo zesinyithi kunye nenyama yezilwane eziphawulwe ngokusika zibuyela umva kwiminyaka emi-2.6 yezigidi, kwaye zingaba yi-3.4 yezigidi (Semaw et al., 1997; McPherron et al., 2010). Inyama kunye neziqholo zezinto eziphilayo zanceda ukunyusa ukukhula kwengqondo yethu enkulu (Aiello noWheeler, 1995; Pobiner, 2013). Asiyinyama-zinyama kwingqondo yendalo, njengeekati, ezimele zidle inyama; sidla inyama ngokutshintshayo, kwaye inyama inxalenye yokutya kwabantu kunye neentlobo zezilwanyana kwimbali yethu. Akukho namnye omele azive ekhohlakeleyo ngenxa yokuyidla.

Isithsaba kukuba indlela eyenziwe ngayo. Iindlela zonikezelo lwezilwanyana zibandakanya malunga ne- 12 yeepesenti phantsi kweenkqubo zolawulo lwegesiFAO, 2023), zifuna inxalenye enkulu yehlabathi lendawo yokulima, kwaye ushishino lokulima luphakamisa imibuzo emikhulu malunga nokhuseleko lwezinto eziphilayo. Iimpendulo esizifunayo aziyi kushiya inyama, kodwa ukuyenza ibe ngcono: ngendawo encinci kakhulu kwaye ngaphandle kokuxhaphaza izilwane.

  • Inyama ekhulayo yinyama ephilayo ekhula kwiseli yenyama kwinkqubo yokuphendula i-biochemical, ngaphandle kokunyusa nokubulala intlanzi. ISingapore yayiyilizwe lokuqala eligunyazisayo, ngoDisemba 2020. I-United States yalandela ngo-2023 ngenyama yenkukhu ekhulayo evela kwi-UPSIDE Foods neGOOD Meat, kwaye kamva isasamane ekhulayo kunye notywala lwengulube; iIsirayeli yagunyazisa inyama yenkomo ekhulayo evela kwiAleph Farms ngoJanuwari 2024, kwaye iAustralia neNew Zealand zavuma iintaka ezikhulayo ezivela kuVow ngo-2025 (FSANZ, 2025). Ezinye iindawo, kubandakanya neItali, iFlorida kunye neAlabama, ziye zathintela ukuyisebenzisa.
  • Ayisiyonto ibiza kakhulu. Ukukhula kweeseli kwinqanaba lokutya kudinga ii-bioreactors ezikhuselekileyo, imithombo yezinto eziphilayo kunye nezixhobo zombane, kwaye uvavanyo olunamandla lugqibile ukuba ngaphandle kokuqhubela phambili okukhulu, iindleko ziya kuba phezulu kakhulu kukutya kosuku ngalunye (Humbird, 2021). Urhwebo lwangaphandle luye lwahla ngokugqithisileyo ukusukela ngo-2021 (GFI, State of the Industry). Le yindawo apho ukukhangela okuvulekileyo kunganceda khona: imidiya yokukhula ebiza ngaphantsi ngaphandle kweserum yezilwane, ii-bioreactors ezikhulu nezilula, iziqwengana zokuthambisa zezinto ezilahlekileyo, kunye nokufunda ngokunyanisekileyo kokuhamba kwexesha.
  • Ukulungiswa ngokuchanekileyo kusetyenziswa izityalo ezincinci-zincinci ukwenza iiprotheyini zenyama, ezinjengeprotheyini yeswekile emlilweni okanye i-haem enika inyama umbala wayo; ezinye zezithako sele zithengiswe.
  • Ukulima kwenyama yezilwanyana okungcono kubaluleke ngoku, kuba zizigidigidi zezilwane ezikhulayo namhlanje: iimfuno eziphezulu zokhuseleko, ukutya nokuzala okulungileyo, izithako zokuthambisa ezikhupha i-methane esuka kwiinkomo, ukubhema okujikelezayo, kunye nokusetyenziswa kakubi kwezinto ezingezizo mveliso ukusuka kwifama ukuya kwifork.
Umntu ogqoke i-shirt eluhlaza ubambe i-bun ene-burger patty ephekwe ngalinye icala kunye nekona ephezulu ye-bun kwelinye.
UMark Post no-hamburger yokuqala ekhula kwiseli yenkomo, ephekwe kwaye yadlalwa kwisiganeko somjelo weendaba eLondon ngo-2013. Photo: Mosa Meat, CC BY 4.0

Ukuba ungumfundi wezobunjineli, umyili okanye umfundi, inyama eyenziweyo yenye yezona ndawo zivulekileyo zophando kwizinto eziphilayo. We would like to hear from you.

Indawo yokuhlala: indawo, izityalo kunye nomoya ovulekileyo

More than half of humanity lives in cities, and the UN expects about two thirds to by 2050. Imijikelo emikhulu, ecwangcisiweyo kakuhle ingasebenza ngokufanelekileyo: iinqwelomoya ezimfutshane, amadonga adityaniswe, uthutho lwamazwe ngamazwe kunye neenkonzo ezidityaniswe. Kodwa uxinzelelo lunemda, kwaye emizini emininzi abantu batywinwa kwiindawo ezincinci kakhulu.

IiTowers zeeflethi ezincinci zijikeleza ibala elifutshane eHong Kong.
Ukwakha kukaYick Cheong eHong Kong, indawo yenye yeeblokhi zokuhlala ezinamanzi kakhulu kwihlabathi. Photo: Steven Wei, CC0

In Hong Kong, where the median home offers 16 square metres per person, about 215,700 people lived in 2021 in subdivided units, flats split into several tiny rooms, often with a shared kitchen or bathroom and little daylight. Iyunithi ephakathi ehlukaniswe ngokweendawo ezincinci ilinganiselwa kuma-11 amamitha ajikelezayo, 6 iimitha ezisikwere, malunga nephesenti yobungakanani bendawo yokupaka (Isebe leNkqubo yoHlelo lweeNgxelo zeSizwe laseHong Kong, ngo-2021). Xa iindleko zokuhlala zinyuka, iindawo ezincinci ziye zaqala ukubonakala ziqhelekileyo kwimijikelo emininzi.

Oku kubaluleke kakhulu kwimpilo. I-World Health Organization icebisa ngokuqinileyo ukuba amagunya athintele kwaye anciphise ukungqubana kwezindlu, kuba izindlu ezixutywe zisasaza iintlungu ezibangelwa kukugulaIingcebiso zeWHO zoKhuselo noLuntu, 2018). Ukungcwatywa kudityaniswa noxinzelelo lwengqondo, ukuziva uxinzelelwe, umonakalo wekhaya kunye nokuphumla okubi, kwaye kwisifundo sabantu abamalunga ne-1194 abahlala kwiyunithi ehlukaniswe ngeendawo ezibini eHong Kong, abo baxhaswa kakuhle ngabahlobo babo baxela ukuba bachitha ixesha elincinci besoloko besonwabile, bexinzelelwa, bekhathazekile kwaye becinezeleka, esikhumbuza ukuba indawo esetyenziswa ngabanye kunye neqela libalulekile xa igumbi elilodwa lincinane (Chan et al., 2026). Abantwana bahlupheka kakhulu: abanakho indawo ekhululekileyo yokufundela, kwaye amakhaya axakekileyo aqhagamshelana nokuphumelela okuphantsi kwimfundo kunye neengxaki zokuziphatha (Evans, 2006; Solari noMare, 2012).

Iindawo ezivulekileyo

Isithuba esiluhlaza asiyiyo into entle. In a study of nearly one million Danes, children who grew up with the least green space around their homes had up to 55 percent higher risk of developing a psychiatric disorder later in life (Engemann et al., 2019). People who spend at least two hours a week in nature report better health and wellbeing (White et al., 2019). Kwixesha lokuvalwa kwe-COVID-19, abantu baseBritane abanegadi yabo okanye ipaki ekufumaneni kwabo baxela ukuba basempilweni kwaye besempilweni (Poortinga et al., 2021). Uhlolo olungaphezulu kweenkcukacha ezili-140 lubonisa ukuba indawo eluhlaza idibanisa neehormone zokuxinana, ukukhawuleza kwentliziyo kunye noxinzelelo lwegazi, nangona ababhali bexelela ukuba izifundo ezininzi ziphantsi (Twohig-Bennett noJones, 2018). Abagulayo kwizakhiwo zesibhedlele ababona imithi baphiliswa ngokukhawuleza kuneendawo ezijongene nomgca wentsimbi (Ulrich, 1984). I-WHO ivavanye ubungqina bokuba indawo eluhlaza emizini idibanisa nokunciphisa umthwalo, ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo ezisebenzayo, ukhuseleko lwengqondo olungcono kunyeI-WHO Europe, 2016).

Imifanekiso esuka phezulu yegadi yokwahlula-hlula ejikelezwe ngumthi kumda womzi waseFinland.
Igadi yokwahlula-hlula eVantaa, eFinland, apho abahlali bedolophu bakhula ukutya kunye neeflowers ngapha komthi. Photo: Petteri Järveläinen, CC BY 4.0

Inqanaba elilungileyo lokuphila kwabantu liquka ukukhanya kwelanga, indawo eyaneleyo yosapho lokuhlala nokufundela, kunye nokufikelela kwizityalo, izitrato, imithi negesi evulekileyo. Le yinxalenye yesizathu sokuba ukulingana kubaluleke: iplanethi apho umntu ngamnye angaba nekhaya elifanelekileyo elinokuluhlaza ecaleni kwayo liplanethi apho inani labantu, ukuthuthwa kwamanzi kunye nomhlaba zilingana.

Iinkqubo eziqinisekisiweyo

Akukho nto kule nto ingekho themba. Iilizwe, imijikelo kunye nabafazi abajikeleze ihlabathi sele bakhupha uxinzelelo olulinganiselweyo kumhlaba kunye neendawo zokugcina izinto, ezinye zazo ziphakathi kohlobo olunye. Le nto bayenze, nento etshintshe.

Uqeqesho lwamantombazana kunye nokucwangciswa kweentsapho ngokuzithandela

  • Bangladesh. Kuqaleni kweeminyaka ye-1970 indoda eBangladesh yafumana abantwana abamalunga nesibhozo ngokwahlukeneyo; namhlanje ingaphezulu kwamabini (Ibhanki Yehlabathi). Kwinkqubo yeMatlab, eyaqala ngo-1977, abasebenzi bezempilo batyelela amabhinqa ekhaya benceda ukunakekelwa kwempilo yomntwana nowesifazane kunye nokuthintela ukukhulelwa. Ukukhula kweentsana kwiintaba zenkqubo kwahla ngama-17% xa kuthelekiswa neentaba ezifanayo ezingenayo, kwaye amadoda nabantwana abakhona babenobuhle obuninzi emva kweminyaka emibini (Joshi noSchultz, 2013). Ukusuka ngo-1994, imfundo yobuhlanga yahlawulwa kubafazi ukuba bahlale kwimfundo yesibini. Ubhaliso lwamantombazana lwakhula ngama-13% ngonyaka kwaye lwadlula amantombazana, kwaye inkqubo yalibazisa umtshato, yanyusa ukusebenzisana nokuthintela ukukhulelwa kwakunye nokunciphisa ukuqhawula umtshato, ngeenzuzo ezithethwa nguvavanyo zingaphezulu kakhulu kwexabiso lazo (Khandker et al., 2021).
  • Iran. Ukukhula kweentsana kuhla ukusuka kwiintsapho ezingaphezu kwezisibhozo nganye yomntwana kwisiqingatha seminyaka ye-1980 ukuya kumabini ngo-2000: ngamaqela amabini eminyaka emihlanu (Ibhanki Yehlabathi). Uthungelwano lweendawo zonyango zasemaphandleni lwazisa ukhathalelo lwempilo oluphambili, kuquka nocwangciso losapho oluzimeleyo, kwizixeko. Ukufa kweentsapho kwahla, kwaye inani lamabhinqa atshatileyo asebenzisa inkqubo yokuthintela ukhulelwe likhule ukusuka kwipesenti ezingama-55 ngo-1990 ukuya kwipesenti ezingama-81 ngo-2021 (Corker et al., 2024; Abbasi-Shavazi, McDonald and Hosseini-Chavoshi, 2009).
  • iThailand. IThailand yaqalisa inkqubo yolawulo losapho oluzibophelelayo ngo-1970. Ukuqhawula umtshato kwahla ukusuka kwiintsapho ezine nganye ukuya ngaphantsi komyinge wokubuyisela ngo-1990, ngenxa yokhathalelo lwempilo olungcono, uqeqesho lwamantombazana kunye nenkqubo ngokwayo (Yeung noAbalos, 2025; Ibhanki yehlabathi).
  • Kerala. Le lizwe laseIndiya lafika ngaphantsi kokuphinda kubuyiselwe ukukhula kwezi zimbini kwiminyaka ye-1990, ngelixa ininzi yeIndia yayihlala ineentsapho ezinkulu. Abaphandi bakholelwa ukuba kukho inkqubela phambili kwizempilo kunye nophuhliso lwezentlalo, kunye nembali ende yokufunda ngokusasazeka nokuxhasa abesifazane (Nair, 2010).

Kwimeko nganye, iintsapho zakhetha ukubanabantwana abancinci xa abantwana bephila, amantombazana aye esikolweni kwaye amadoda afumana ukhathalelo lwezempilo kunye nokuthintela ukukhulelwa ngokukhululekileyo. Akukho kunyanzeliswa kwafuneka.

Ukusetyenziswa kakubi kweemveliso

  • United Kingdom. Iqela le-WRAP lisebenza neevenkile ezinkulu, iinkampani zesondlo, iinkundla kunye neentsapho, kwaye liqhuba ushishino lweLove Food Hate Waste. Ukusetyenziswa kakubi kweempahla zokutya kwasekhaya kulowo nalowo, olinganiselwa kwiinkuni zekomiti, wahla ngekota phakathi konyaka ka-2007 no-2018, ukusuka kuma-91 ukuya kuma-67 eekhilogram ngonyaka, kwaye ukusetyenziswa kakubi kwezinto zokutyela kwasekhaya kulowo nalowo eUK kwaba ngama-22% aphantsi ngo-2021 no-2022 kunelo lwalusetyenziswa ngo-2007. Ukusetyenziswa kwezinto ezilahlekileyo zasekhaya kuphinde kwanyuka ukusukela ngo-2018, oku kubonisa ukuba umsebenzi awusoze uphele (WRAP, 2025).
  • South Korea. Ukulahleka kweemveliso zokutya kwamiswa kwindawo yokulahla ngo-2005, kwaye ukusukela ngo-2013 amakhaya ahlawulisa ukulahleka kweemveliso zokutya abazisusayo, besebenzisa iibhegi ezikhethekileyo okanye eSeoul, izitya ezilinganisa ukubeka nganye kwaye ziyihlawulise ikhadi lokuhlala. The share of food waste recycled into fertiliser and animal feed rose from 2 percent in 1995 to about 95 percent, and Seoul’s weighing bins cut the city’s food waste by 47,000 tonnes in six years (Broom, 2019).
Iibhokisi ezimbini zezinto ezilahlekileyo zokutya eziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka nezomhlophe kwindlela, nganye inekhadi lokufundwa, i-display kunye nee-mascots zecartoons ngaphambili.
Iibhokisi zezinto ezilahlekileyo zokutya eMzantsi Korea ezizingela into onke amakhaya ayisayo kwaye zihlawulisa kwikhadi lokuhlala. Photo: revi, CC BY 2.0 KR

Unyango lwezulu nehlabathi

  • Umphezulu we-ozone. Ngenkqubo yeMontreal, evunyelwe ngowe-1987, ihlabathi lakhupha ngokuthe ngcembe malunga neepesenti ezingama-99 zezinto ezichaphazelayo umphezulu we-ozone. Umgangatho ngoku uhamba phambili ukubuyela kwimeko yakhe ka-1980 ngowama-2040 ngaphezulu kwehlabathi, ngo-2045 ngaphezulu kweArctic kunye no-2066 ngaphezulu kweAntarctica (I-WMO ne-UNEP, ngo-2023). Ibonisa ukuba ingxaki yezinto eziphilayo emhlabeni wonke ingasombululwa xa ilizwe ngalinye lisebenza.
  • Imithi yaseCosta Rica. Ngo-1997 iCosta Rica yaba yilizwe lokuqala elinokuhlawula abanikazi bendawo, kwilizwe lonke, ukukhusela nokukhula kwakhona kwemithi (Pagiola, 2008). Forest now covers 60 percent of the country, up from 56 percent in 2000 (FAO, via World Bank), and recordings from sites paid under the programme show the sounds of forest wildlife returning (Delgado et al., 2026).
  • Indawo yokulima ekhula kwakhona yaseNiger. Kunye nokususa zonke iziqhamo ezisuka kwimihlaba yabo, abasemagunyeni aseMaradi naseZinder baqala ukukhusela nokusika imithi ekhula kwakhona ukusuka kwizityalo ezindala. Kwiminyaka emibini ukususela phakathi kwee-1980, malunga nemithi eyizigidi ezili-200 yabuyela kwihektarhi ezili-5 zesizwe, kwaye ngoku inceda ukukhusela ukuphila kwabantu abamalunga nezigidi ezili-4.5 (i-Sendzimir et al., 2011).

IiNkonzo

Ezi nkampani zisebenza kwingxaki ezichaziweyo ngasentla kwaye zipapasha iziphumo zabo. Khangela into abayenzayo kwaye ukuba umsebenzi wabo uqinisa wena, qaphela ukunikela kubo ngqo. I Local Solar System Foundation ayihambelani nanye yazo kwaye ayifumananga nto kuzo. Phambi kokuba unikezele, funda iingxelo kunye neeakhawunti zeqela ngalinye kwaye ujonge ukuba liyivavanya njani impumelelo yayo. Iinkcukacha ezichaziweyo ngezantsi ziyimibutho.

  • CAMFED (Inkqubo yoBuchule beBafazi, i-UK ebhalisiweyo yeNkcubeko 1029161) ihlawulisa iindleko zesikolo kwaye ixhasa abafana abasetyhini ngemfundo yesikolo esiphakathi eGhana, eKenya, eMalawi, eTanzania, eZambia naseZimbabwe. Ixela ukuba yanceda abantwana abazigidi ezili-9.3 bafike esikolweni phakathi konyaka we-1993 nowe-2025. Its network of former students, the CAMFED Association, has more than 355,000 members who in turn support girls in their own communities.
  • Igumbi lokuFunda (i-US engasebenziyo ngenzuzo) iqhuba iinkqubo zokufunda nokubhaliweyo kunye noqeqesho lwamantombazana eAsia naseAfrika. Its Girls’ Education Program, which helps girls stay in school, has supported more than 4.5 million girls in 14 countries, including Bangladesh, India and Nepal.
  • MSI Reproductive Choices (i-UK ibhalise uncedo 265543) ibonelela ngokhuselo lokukhulelwa kunye nokhathalelo lwezempilo zokukhula, esebenza kumalizwe angama-36. I-UN Women ixela ukuba ixhasa amadoda namadoda angama-100,000 ngosuku.
  • Iinkonzo zeNtlalontle zaMazwe ngaMazwe (PSI) (i-US engasebenziyo ngenzuzo, yasekwa ngo-1970) isebenza neendawo zolawulo lweentsapho, unyango lomtshato nolwabantwana, i-malaria, i-HIV kunye nezinye iinkonzo zonyango.
  • WRAP (iNkampani yoBulungisa ebhalisiweyo e-UK) isebenza kunye nezopolitiko, iinkampani namalungu osapho ukucinya ukusetyenziswa kakubi kweemveliso zokutya, iiplastikhi nolu hlobo lwempahla, kwaye ilinganisela ukusetyenziswa kakubi kweemveliso zokutya e-UK ngokuthelekiswa nesiseko sayo se-2007, njengoko kubonisiwe ngasentla.
  • Iprojekthi yokuQhekeka (i-US engasebenziyo) ishicilela uvavanyo olukhululekileyo, olusekelwe kwisayensi lwendlela enokuthi ixazulule iingxaki zemozulu, ukusuka ekucingeni imithwalo yezinto eziphilayo ukuya kukubuyiswa komhlaba, yenza ngcono kakhulu, ukuze abantu nabaxhasi babeke izicwangciso zabo apho zibalulekile khona.

Uncedo olufumanekayo

  • Uxhaso lokufunda, ngakumbi kubafazi nakwiindawo apho kunzima kakhulu ukuphumelela kwimfundo; inceda ubomi kwaye inika iintsapho ukhetho olufanelekileyo. Ii-organizations eziphezulu ziyindawo yokuqalisa.
  • Uxhaso locwangciso lweentsapho oluyalelwe ngokuzithandela kunye neenkonzo zokhathalelo lwempilo yokukhula, zihlala zisekelwe kwilungelo nokukhetha okukhululekileyo.
  • Gcina indawo eluhlaza apho uhlala khona: dibanisa kwingcebiso yocwangciso lwasekhaya, ukhusele izitrato nezityalo, kwaye ucele imithi kunye nendawo evulekileyo kwindawo entsha yokuhlala.
  • Sebenzisa izinto ixesha elide. Yenza ukulungisa, thenga isixhobo esitsha, sithathe ngetyala kwaye usisebenzise; izinto ezikhoyo ngoku ziyindawo efanelekileyo kakhulu yokufumana zonke izinto.
  • Waste less food. Roughly a fifth of food available to consumers is wasted; plan meals, store food well and use leftovers.
  • Back better food research. Follow and support work on cultivated meat, precision fermentation and higher-welfare farming; researchers can bring their ideas.
  • Ucela imithetho ejikelezayo: ilungelo lokubuyisela, iigaranti ezide, imimiselo yokubeka imali kunye nemigangatho yezinto ezisetyenziswa kwakhona.
  • Yenza intlanganiso kwaye uncede ukuguqulela le ncwadi yolwazi nge ibhodi yokunikwa ingxelo.

IiNkonzo zoLuntu