Wasu harsuna a wannan shafin na iya zama an fassara su da injin kuma suna iya da kurakurai. Help improve it Read the English original
Wani layin haske ya faɗa a kan fuskar duniyar, an gani daga Tashar sararin samaniya ta Duniya.
Blue Initiative

Air quality

Mun raba yanayi guda, abin da ke fitowa daga wani tsiri a wani yanki na duniyar nan yana shiga cikin huhunmu da tekuna a sauran.

NASA

A kõwane yini kõwane ɗaya daga gare mu yana jin zafi ɗari ɗaya da arba’in na iska. Ba mu iya zaɓar wanne iska, kuma ba mu iya tsaftace shi da idanunmu: mafi haɗarin gurɓatacce ne wanda ba a gani. Yanayin yanayi shi ne kuma abokin cinikin tekun. Abubuwan da muke fitarwa zuwa cikin iska suna kaiwa ga teku, suna canja sinadaranta ta hanyoyi da aka yi gwajinsu tun kafin su fahimci hakan.

Me yake a cikin sama

  • Fine particles (PM2.5) sune kwayoyin da suke karami fiye da 2.5 micrometers, daga wuta mai zafi, itace, shuka da kuma gurɓatattun abubuwa, da kuma daga ƙura da matsaloli na kimiyyar halittu a cikin iska. Sunã da ƙarancin da zai isa su shiga cikin huhu da kuma zubar da jini.
  • Yawan ƙwayoyin cuta (PM10) yana fitowa daga ƙura, gina gine-gine da kuma amfani da hanyoyin. Sunã ɗõrawa a cikin hanci da kuma haɗin jiki.
  • Nitrogen dioxide ya zo ne daga motoci da kuma gidajen lantarki, kuma yana taimakawa wajen samar da ozone da kuma kwayoyin cuta.
  • Ground-level ozone an halitta shi ne lokacin da hasken rana ya dafa wasu abubuwan da ke haifar da gurɓatawa. Tanã lalata hanci da ƙirji kuma tanã halakar da shũka.
  • Sulphur dioxide Kuma daga cikinsa akwai man ɗãki mai nauyi.
  • Hasken gida daga dafa abinci da kuma rufewa da itace, man fetur, ko kerosene shi ne daya daga cikin manyan abubuwan da ke haifar da cutar, wanda mata da yara suke fuskantar mafi yawanci.
Wani kwanon dafa abinci na gargajiya da aka yi daga turmi da kuma lambu a kusa da wani bango na gida, tare da wutar lantarki, da kayan zaki da kuma kwayoyin shanu masu tsayi a gabanta.
A chulla, wani kwanon dafa abinci na gargajiya a kauyen Tamil Nadu, India, ana amfani da shi wajen dafa abinci tare da ganye, kakin zuma, da kuma kwayoyin coconut. Hasken rana yana daya daga cikin manyan abubuwan da ke haifar da gurɓata muhalli a duniya. Photo: McKay Savage, CC BY 2.0

Public health

Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya ta kiyasta cewa sakamakon haɗakar da zafi na waje da gida suna da alaƙa da 6.7 miliyan mutuwar da ta gabata a kowace shekara, ta hanyar raunuka, cututtukan zuciya, ciwon huhu, cututtukan huhu na dogon lokaci da kuma kamuwa da cututtuka. A 2019, 99 percent na yawan jama’ar duniya sun zauna a wurare inda ba a cika matakan shawarwari na ingancin iska na WHO ba. A cikin 2021, WHO ta rage kashi na biyu na hanyarta don adadin shekara-shekara na PM2.5, daga 10 zuwa 5 micrograms a kowace mita cubic, saboda shaidar ta nuna illa a matsakaicin matakin da aka yi tsammani a baya.

6.7 miliyanda kuma mutuwa a shekara daga waje da gida zafi haske hada (WHO)
99%na mutane da suka zauna inda WHO matakai shawarwari ba a cika (WHO, 2019 bayanai)
5 µg/m³2.5 since 2021 (WHO)
Wani guguwa mai ƙanƙan da kai a kan Sahara a kan iyakar Algeria da Niger.
Dutsen dutse na Sahara yana sanya ruwa mai kyau a cikin Atlantika da Amazon, kuma yana haifar da rashin ingancin iska. Credit: NASA

The air changes the sea

Tekun ya shafe kusan rabin kashi na carbon dioxide da al’umma ta fitar. Wannan ya rage canjin yanayi, a kan farashin: CO 2 mai lalacewa yana samar da acid carbonic, kuma tekun sama ya zama kamar 30 percent more acidic tun daga juyin halittar masana’antu, wani karuwa ne na kusan 0.1 pH yunitai. Wani ruwa mai yawa na acid yana sa ya zama da wuya ga korales, oyster, mussels da wasu plankton su gina kwayoyinsu da kuma kafafunsu, kuma yana kaiwa ga tushe na shafin abincin tekun.

Waɗansu matsalolin iska na daɗewa suna zuba a cikin tẽku. Nitrogen daga fitarwa da kuma shuka yana ƙara zuwa nauyin abinci wanda ke ciyar da yankuna matattu. Mercury daga wuta da kuma daga ƙaramin ma’aunin dutse na dutse yana shiga cikin teku, inda ƙwayoyin cuta ke juya shi zuwa methylmercury, wanda ke tasowa a cikin kifi mai girma kamar tuna da swordfish, da kuma a cikin mutane waɗanda suke cin su (UNEP Global Mercury Assessment 2018).

Tekun ya kasance yana tsaftace mu da iska cikin kwanciyar hankali na shekaru dubu biyu. Wannan kudi yana zuwa ne a cikin kimiyyarsa.

Proven solutions

Hanta mai tsanani ita ce daya daga cikin matsalolin da mutane suka warware, a wasu wurare, sau da yawa. A inda dokoki masu bayyana, kudi na jama’a da fasahar tsabta suka hadu, za a samu ci gaba a cikin shekaru kadan, kuma za ta ci gaba da bunkasa har sai an ci gaba da kokarin. Waɗannan ne sakamakon da aka ƙaddara, bã wa’adi ba.

The United States. Tsakanin 1970 da 2024, yawan fitarwa na manyan masu lalata shida waɗanda aka tsara a ƙarƙashin Dokar Ruwa Mai Tsarki ya ragu da 79 percent, yayin da tattalin arzikin ya karu da 338 cikin dari (US EPA). An gano cewa, iska mai tsafta da tattalin arziki mai bunkasa suna da alaƙa.

Acid rain, capped and traded. A 1990 an yi gyaran dokar tsaftace iska ta kasa da aka sanya wani mataki na kasa kan fitar da dioksina daga gidajen lantarki kuma aka baiwa kamfanoni izinin kasuwanci a karkashinta, wannan shi ne tsarin farko na kasa na hana fitarwa da ciniki. Power stations in the programme cut their sulphur dioxide by 96 percent between 1990 and 2023. A cikin shekarun 1990 da farkon 2020, yawan ruwa mai zafi ya karu da kashi 70 bisa dari, kuma adadin koguna da magudanan ruwa masu karbar acid da yawa fiye da yadda suke iya shafa ya karu da kashi 81 bisa dari (US EPA; US EPA).

Wani tudun itãcen marmari kõre mai baƙi da itãcen dabĩno da yawa matattu, a cikinsu akwai wasu 'ya'yan itãce ƙeƙasassun mãsu tsayawa a kan wani dutse faƙaƙƙe.
Dakatarwa da spruce da fir a kan tsakiyar Mount Mitchell, North Carolina, a cikin 2006. An yi amfani da wannan wurin wajen yin yawon shakatawa na ruwa, da kuma aikin noma. Photo: SquareWave, CC BY-SA 3.0

Europe’s sulphur cuts. Tsakanin 2005 da 2023, fitar da sulfur oxides a cikin kungiyar Turai ya ragu da 84 percent, nitrogen oxides da 53 kashi da kuma fine particulates da 38 kashi. Ammonia, wanda ya fito ne daga noma, ya ragu da kashi 17 cikin dari kawai, wanda ke nuna inda ake buƙata don ci gaba (European Environment Agency).

Satayiloli yanzu suna nuna canji daga orbit. Wani bincike da aka gudanar ta cibiyar binciken NILU ta Norway ya kwatanta adadin salula na nitrogen dioxide daga 2019 zuwa 2024 tare da bunkasuwar tattalin arziki a cikin birane 2,475 a duk duniya waɗanda gurɓatattun abubuwa suka canza sosai, kuma sun gano cewa kusan kashi 80 cikin dari daga cikinsu sun zama mafiya arziki yayin da iska ta kasance mai tsabta; birane 390 sun zama mafiya arziki da nitrogen dioxide (ESA, 2026; Hassani et al., 2026).

Wuraren da aka gina manyan gidajen su na ficewa cikin wani haske mai duhu a Beijing, an gani daga gefen tebur na otel.
Beijing a karkashin wata damuwa ta gurbata muhalli a watan Oktoban 2006, shekaru bakwai kafin shirin aikin tsabtace iska na birnin ya fara. Photo: David Barrie, CC BY 2.0

Beijing, China. A shekarar 2013 adadin kwayoyin cuta na Beijing (PM2.5) ya kai 89.5 micrograms a kowace mita cubic, kusan sau goma sha takwas fiye da abin da WHO ke shawartawa yanzu. A karkashin shirin aiki na shekaru biyar na tsabtace iska, daga 2013 zuwa 2017 birnin ya cire tankunan mai da ke amfani da man fetur tare da karfin samar da tan 39,000 na ruwa, ya dauki motocin zamani miliyan 2.17 daga kan hanyoyinsa kuma ya rufe masana’antu masu gurbata muhalli 1,992, yayin da jihohin dake kusa suka rage amfani da man fetur. PM2.5 ya ragu zuwa 58 a cikin 2017 da kuma 27.0 a cikin 2025, kashi 70% kaɗan fiye da na shekarar 2013. Ranar da zafi mai tsanani ya ragu daga 58 a shekarar 2013 zuwa 2 a shekarar 2024. Aikin bai kammala ba: 27 har yanzu yana da fiye da sau biyar na hanyar WHO (Beijing Ecology and Environment Bureau; China Daily, 2025).

London’s Ultra Low Emission Zone. Tun daga shekarar 2019, masu hawa motocin da ke haifar da mafi yawan gurbata muhalli suna biyan kudin shiga na yau da kullum don su yi tafiya a birnin London. An fara wannan yankin a tsakiyar birnin a shekarar 2019 kuma ya girma har ya hada da London ta cikin gida a shekarar 2021 da kuma duk birnin a shekarar 2023. Mai martabar birnin London ya kiyasta cewa a cikin 2024, nitrogen dioxide na kan hanya ya kasance 54% mafi ƙaranci a tsakiyar birnin London da kuma kashi 27% mafi ƙaranci a fadin garin gaba ɗaya fiye da yadda zai kasance ba tare da yankin ba. Wannan shi ne ƙididdigar da aka yi, wanda ke kwatanta ƙayyadaddun adadin da aka yi amfani da su tare da wani lamari na “ba a cikin yanki ba” (Mayor of London, ULEZ one-year report).

Wani alamar yankin fitar da makamashi mai yawa da kuma wata alama ta biyan kudin hatsarin mota a kan wani titin birnin London, tare da motar bas mai saukar ungulu mai launin rawaya.
An fara amfani da wannan tsarin ne a watan Afrilu na shekarar 2019, lokacin da aka fara aiwatar da shi a kan titin Euston dake birnin London. Photo: citytransportinfo, CC0

Cleaner ships. A cikin 2020, Hukumar Mota ta Duniya ta rage iyakar sulphur a cikin man fetur na jiragen ruwa daga kashi 3.5 zuwa 0.5 cikin dari a duk duniya (IMO).

Nuna salula na dogon, haske criss-crossing layuka a cikin takarda na low girgiza sama da Pacific daga yammacin Amurka.
Jirgin ruwa yana tafiya a gabashin Amurka, 1 ga Nuwamba 2013: layin girgiza mai haske wanda ke samar da kwayoyin cuta a cikin tashar jiragen ruwa, yana nuna hanyar jirgin sama a sama. Credit: NASA/Jeff Schmaltz, MODIS Land Rapid Response Team

Kuma lalle ne, haƙĩƙa, Allah Ya saukar da shi a kan mutãne. Ka yi gwajin iska a wurin jama’a, ka sanya iyakoki a cikin doka, ka baiwa mutane da kamfanoni zaɓi mai tsafta, kuma ka ci gaba da yin haka na shekaru. Kayan dafa abinci mai tsabta, da jigilar wutar lantarki, da kuma makamashi na iska da rana suna tafiya wani mataki gaba: suna cire wurin da aka samo shi a matsayin hanyar tsaftacewa bayan haka.

Organizers doing this work

Waɗannan kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu suna da takardar shaidar sakamakonsu. Ka duba abin da suke yi, kuma idan aikinsu ya yi magana da kai, ka yi la’akari da bayar da gudummawa gare su ta hanyar shafukan yanar gizonsu. Dakata Local Solar System Bã ya da wata zumunta da kõwa daga gare su. Kuma bã ya karɓar kõme daga gare su. Kuma a gabãnin ku bãyar, to, ku karanta rahoton shekara-shekara na kõwace ƙungiya da lãbãrinta, kamar yadda kuke aikatãwa da dukan sadaka.

  • ClientEarth shi ne wani kamfani na tallafawa doka ta muhalli (an yi rajista a Ingila da Wales, lambar tallafawa 1053988). Ta yi amfani da kotun don sanya gwamnatin ta kiyaye dokokinta na iska mai tsafta: a cikin 2015, a wani lamari da ta gabatar, Kotun Kolin Birtaniya ta umurci gwamnati da ta tsara sabon shirin don cika iyakokin doka ga nitrogen dioxide (Kotun Kolin Birtaniya, 2015).
  • OpenAQ wani kamfani ne da ba na neman riba ba wanda ke tattara bayanai game da ingancin iska daga duk fadin duniya, daga masu kula da gwamnati tun 2015 da kuma daga masu lura da farashin mai da aka yi amfani da su a kan farashi mai sauki tun 2021, kuma yana sanya su kyauta kuma suna budewa ga kowa ya iya amfani da su. Jama’a, mawaka da masu bincike suna amfani da shi don ganin yanayin iska da suke sha, musamman a kasashen da ke da wasu masu kulawa na gwamnati.
  • Clean Air Fund wata kungiya ce ta UK da aka yi rajista (numa 1183697) wadda take bayar da tallafi da kuma hadin gwiwa ga masu zanga-zanga, masu bincike da gwamnatocin da ke aiki kan matsalar gurbata muhalli, tare da shirin a India, Indonesia, Ghana, Afirka ta Kudu, Birtaniya da kuma kungiyar Turai. Shafin yanar gizo na kungiyar yana nuna wadanda suka ba ta tallafi da kuma gudummawar da take bayarwa.
Wani sansanin kula da iska mai shinge tare da kayan aiki da wata alama mai karantawa EPA Air Monitoring Station a kan wani wuri mai tsaunuka.
Wani sansanin kula da iska wanda aka gudanar ta EPA Victoria a Morwell, Australia. Masu kula da jama'a kamar wannan, da masu ganewa masu tsada, suna bayar da bayanai masu budewa waɗanda kowa zai iya bincika. Photo: Environment Protection Authority Victoria, CC BY 4.0

Yadda zaka iya taimaka

  • Ka duba yanayin iska inda kake zaune. Cibiyoyin da yawa suna wallafa ingancin iska a lokaci na gaskiya; masu gane farashin da ke kasa suna ba jama’a damar yin maɓallin hanyoyinsu. Ku rarraba abin da kuka sãmi.
  • Ka kashe kaɗan. Ka guji kashe gurɓataccen shuka, filastik ko itacen da aka yi wa magani; idan kana yin zafi da itace, ka yi amfani da itace mai tsami a cikin wani kwano na zamani.
  • Ka yi tafiya, ka yi motar mota, ka raba ko ka yi amfani da wutar lantarki don tafiya mai tsawo, kuma ka rufe injinan da ke aiki ba tare da wani abu ba, musamman ma a kusa da makarantu.
  • Tara neman hanyoyin da za a tsaftace. Taimake yankunan da babu tashin hankali, tituna na makarantu da wuraren da ke da iska mai tsabta a yankinka; rubuta wa wakilai na gida game da kulawa kusa da makarantu da asibitoci.
  • Zaɓi wutar lantarki mai tsabta inda mai samar da wutar ya yarda, kuma ka goyi bayan shirin dafa abinci mai tsafta ga iyalai waɗanda ke ci gaba da dafa abinci a kan wuta.
  • Taimake mu ka bayyana shi. Fassara wannan shafi ko kuma gina wata maɓallin jirgin sama na gida ta hanyar taswirar gudummawa.

Sources and further reading