Ezinye iilwimi kule ndawo zingaguqulelwa ngematshini kwaye zingaquka iimposiso. Uncedo lokuyilungisa Funda isiNgesi esibhaliweyo
Umaleko we-haze usasazeka phezu komhlaba weplanethi, obonakala kwiSitishi seNdawo yeNkcubeko.
Inkqubo yeBlue

Umgangatho womoya

Sisebenzisana ne-atmosphere enye. Okunyukayo kwi-chimin kwilizwe elinye kuhlanganiswa kwiiphaphu kunye neelwandle kwezinye.

NASA

Yonke imihla siphefumla malunga nezigidi ezilishumi elinanye zeelitha zomoya. Asikwazi ukukhetha ukuba yiyiphi i-air, kwaye asikwazi ukuyicoca ngamehlo ethu: ukubola okubi kakhulu akubonakali. I-atmosphere isebenza kunye nelwandle. Eninzi yento esibeka kuyo umoya iphela elwandle, itshintsha ubugcisa bayo ngeendlela eziliqela ezilixesha elide ngaphambi kokuba ziqondwe.

Yintoni ekwimozulu

  • Iinxalenye ezincinci (PM2.5) zii-spots ezincinci kune-2.5 micrometres, ukusuka kumlilo wegesi, umthi, iziqhamo kunye ne-waste, kunye nothuli kunye neemeko zekhemikhali emoya. Zincinci ngokwaneleyo ukuba zifike nzulu kumaphucu nakwindlela yokuhamba kwegazi.
  • Iinxalenye ezincinci (PM10) zivela kumgubo, ukwakha kunye nokugqoka kwendlela. Zihlala kwimpuphu kunye nemijelo yomoya.
  • Nitrogen dioxide ivela ikakhulu kwiimoto kunye neendawo zokugcina amandla, kwaye inceda ukwakha i-ozone
  • I-ozone ekwinqanaba lehlabathi ivela xa ukukhanya kwelanga kupheka ezinye izinto ezibangela ukubola. Ibangela ukuvuvukala kwamaphaphu kwaye ibangela ukulimala kweentyatyambo.
  • Sulphur dioxide ivela ekutshiseni kwentsimbi kunye neoli enamandla yokufudumeza, kubandakanya inqanawa.
  • Umsi wekhaya Ukusetyenziswa kweekhemikhali ezisuka ekuphekeni nokufudumeza ngemithi, ikhonkrithi, umgubo okanye i-kerosene kunye lwezona zinto zixhaphakileyo kuzo zonke, kwaye zithathwa ngamadoda nabantwana.
Isitulo sokutya esiqhelekileyo sebhotile kunye nentsimbi ecaleni komgca wendlu, enemithi yokufudumeza, iikeki ezixutyiweyo zenyama kunye neeqokobhe zecocoa ezibekwe phambi kwayo.
Ikhutha, isitulo sokutya esiqhelekileyo kwisixeko saseTamil Nadu, eIndia, esiqhutywa ngamasebe, iinkuni ezilahlekileyo, iinkozo ezixutyiweyo kunye neeqokobhe zecocoa. Umsi ovela kwimizi-mlilo njengele yinye yezona zinto zikhulu zokungena kweekhemikhali ezingcolisayo umoya kwihlabathi. Photo: McKay Savage, CC BY 2.0

Unyango lwezonyango

I-World Health Organization iqikelela ukuba iziphumo ezidityanisiweyo zothuli lwangaphandle nolwasekhaya luqhagamshelwe 6.7 yezigidi zabantu abafa phambi kwexesha ngonyaka, ukusweleka kwengqondo, ukugula kwenhliziyo, umhlaza wesisu, ukugula okuqhubekayo kwesisu kunye nokuxhaphaza. Ngo-2019, iipesenti ezingama-99 zabahlali behlabathi bahlala kwiindawo apho amanqanaba eengcebiso zeWHO zomgangatho womoya azange ahlangabezanwe. In 2021 the WHO halved its guideline for yearly average PM2.5, from 10 to 5 micrograms per cubic metre, because the evidence showed harm at lower levels than previously thought.

6.7 yezigidipremature deaths a year from outdoor and household air pollution combined (I-WHO)
99%of people lived where WHO guideline levels were not met (I-WHO, 2019 data)
5 µg/m³Imiyalelo yonyaka ye-WHO ye-PM2.5 ukusukela ngo-2021 (I-WHO)
Isivunguvungu sothuli phezu kweSahara kumda weAlgeria neNiger.
Uthuli lwemozulu ludlula elwandle lonke: uthuli lweSahara luqhatha iAtlantic kunye neAmazon, kwaye lubangela ukuba umoya olungileyo uphucule phantsi komoya. Ityala: NASA

Umoya utshintsha ilwandle

Ilwandle lithathele indawo malunga nekota yecarbon dioxide ekhutshwe ngumntu. Oku kuthintele utshintsho lwemozulu, ngexabiso: i-CO2 ecocekileyo ivelisa i-carbonic acid, kwaye umphezulu welwandle 30% ingaphezulu kwe-asidi 0.1 ye-pH. Amanzi angaphezulu e-asidi enza kube nzima kakhulu iintaka zesiqhamo, ii-oyster, iziqholo kunye nezinye izinto eziphilayo ezijikelezayo ukuvelisa iziqu zabo nezihlunu, kwaye zifike kwisiseko se-web yesondlo somlambo.

Ezinye izinto ezibangela ukubola kwemozulu zihlaza elwandle. I-nitrogen evela kwi-exhaust kunye ne-fertilizers idibanisa kumthwalo wezinto eziphilayo ezidla iindawo ezifileyo. I-mercury evela ekutshiseni ikhonkrithi kunye nokuxhaphaza igolide ngesantya esincinci ihlala elwandle, apho izityalo ezincinci ziyiguqula ibe yi-methylmercury, eya kwakha iintlanzi ezinkulu ezinjengethuna nentlanzi yeqhwa, nabanini beentlanzi (UNEP Global Mercury Assessment 2018).

Ilwandle licocekile ngokulula umoya wethu iminyaka emibini yekhulu. Ityala lifika kwikhemikhali yayo.

Iinkqubo eziqinisekisiweyo

Umoya ongcolileyo yenye yezona ngxaki abantu sele bezixazululile, kwiindawo ezininzi, amaxesha amaninzi. Xa kukho imigaqo ecacileyo, imali yomphakathi kunye neteknoloji ecocekileyo idibana, umoya ungcono kwiminyaka emininzi, kwaye uqhubeka ungcono xa kuqhubeka isigqibo. ezi ziyimpumelelo eziphathekayo, azikho iziqinisekiso.

I-United States. phakathi konyaka we-1970 nowe-2024, ukukhishwa kwezinto ezibangela uthuli ezisixhenxe eziphambili ezilawulwa phantsi 79 yeepesenti, ngelixa uqoqosho lwakhula ngeepesenti ezingama-338 (US EPA). Umoya ococekileyo kunye noqoqosho olukhulayo lwabonisa ukuba luhambelana.

Imvula ye-asidi, ikhuselwe kwaye ithengiswe. Iinguqulelo zonyaka ka-1990 kuMthetho woKhuselo lweNdawo ezicocekileyo zamisela umda welizwe kwisulfure dioxide evela kwizikhululo zezixhobo zokuvelisa amandla kwaye zivumela iinkampani ukuba zithengise izivumelwano phantsi kwayo, udweliso lokuqala lwelizwe lokuthintela norhwebo. Iinkqubo ze-power stations kwinkqubo zikhupha isulfure dioxide 96 yeepesenti phakathi konyaka we-1990 nowe-2023. Ukubeka i-sulphate emanzi, uvavanyo oluqhelekileyo lwemvula eneasidi, lwahla ngongaphezu kweepesenti ezingama-70 phakathi kokuqala kweeminyaka ye-1990 nokuqala kweeminyaka ye-2020, kwaye inani leelwandle ezijongwa kunye nemijelo efumana i-asidi eninzi kuneleyo inganyangeka lihla ngeepesenti ezingama-81 (US EPA; US EPA).

Isiqu semithi eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka neye-spruce eneziqhamo ezininzi ezifileyo, izityalo ezimnyama ezimhlophe zihlala phakathi kwazo, kwinqanaba eliphezulu lenduli elinobungozi.
I-spruce kunye ne-fir elahlekile kwinqanaba eliphezulu leNtaba iMitchell, North Carolina, ngo-2006. Iimithi eziphezulu zenduli ezinjengezi zahlaselwa yimvula enamandla kunye neentlungu ezibangelwa ziintsholongwane. Photo: SquareWave, CC BY-SA 3.0

Iintsimbi zesulfure zaseYuropu. phakathi konyaka we-2005 nowe-2023, ukukhishwa kwesulfure oxides kwi-European Union 84 yeepesenti, i-nitrogen oxides ngeepesenti ezingama-53 kunye neentlobo zezinto ezincinci ngeepesenti ezingama-38. I-ammonia, evela ikakhulu kushishino lokulima, yahla ngeepesenti ezingama-17 kuphela, ebonisa ukuba kukho imfuneko yokwenza okulandelayo (European Environment Agency).

Iisetilayithi ngoku zibonisa utshintsho olusuka kwi-orbit. A study led by Norway’s NILU research institute compared satellite measurements of nitrogen dioxide from 2019 to 2024 with economic growth in 2,475 cities around the world whose pollution had clearly changed, and found that almost 80 percent of them had grown richer while their air became cleaner; 390 cities grew richer with more nitrogen dioxide (ESA, 2026; Hassani et al., 2026).

Ii-blocks zetowe zifa kwingxolo emnyama eqinileyo ngaphezulu kweBeijing, ibonakala kwifestile yehotele.
Beijing phantsi kwengxolo yothuli ngoOktobha ka-2006, iminyaka esixhenxe ngaphambi kokuba inkqubo yokucoca umoya yomzi-mveliso iqale. Photo: David Barrie, CC BY 2.0

Beijing, China. ngo-2013, umyinge wonyaka wePeking weeparticle ezincinci (PM2.5) 89.5 ii-micrograms ngemitha epheleleyo, malunga neepesenti ezilishumi elinesibhozo zobungakanani obunokucetyiswa yi-WHO ngoku. Under a five-year clean-air action plan, from 2013 to 2017 the city removed coal boilers with a combined capacity of 39,000 steam tonnes, took 2.17 million old vehicles off its roads and closed 1,992 polluting factories, while the surrounding provinces cut coal as well. PM2.5 fell to 58 by 2017 and to 27.0 in 2025, 70 percent lower than in 2013. Iintsuku zothuli olukhulu zahla ukusuka kwi-58 ngo-2013 ukuya kwi-2 ngo-2024. Umsebenzi awugqitywanga: i-27 iyaqhubeka ibe ngaphezulu kweepesenti ezintlanu kunemiyalelo yeWHO (Beijing Ecology and Environment Bureau; China Daily, 2025).

Indawo ephantsi kakhulu yokuvelisa uthuli eLondon. Kuqala ngo-2019, abaqhubi beemoto ezibangela umonakalo omkhulu bahlawulisa iindleko zokuhamba ngemini eLondon. Indawo yaqala ephakathi ngo-2019 kwaye yakhula ibe igubungela ngaphakathi kweLondon ngo-2021 nomhlaba wonke ngo-2023. UMasipala waseLondon uqikelela ukuba ngo-2024 i-nitrogen dioxide ejikeleze 54% ephantsi kwisixeko saseLondon kunye neepesenti ezingama-27 eziphantsi kulo lonke elasedolophini kunezo ezakuba zikhona ngaphandle kwendawo. Ezi ziimodeli eziqikelelwayo, ezithelekiswa nokulinganisa okunyanisekileyo nemeko ecalulweyo “akukho ndawo” (Umphathiswa weLondon, ingxelo yeminyaka emibini ye-ULEZ).

Isibonakaliso esiluhlaza seZiko eliNciphisa kakhulu Ukukhishwa kweMichiza kunye neSibonakaliso soKhuseleko lokuGqwalasela uMgangatho kwi-pole eLondon, enebhasi ebomvu eneetafile ezimbini ngasemva.
Isibonakaliso soKhuseleko lokuGqwalasela uMgangatho kunye neZiko eliNciphisa kakhulu Ukukhishwa kweMichiza kuMlambo iEuston eLondon, ngoMeyi 2019, lonyaka apho icandelo liqalile khona. Photo: citytransportinfo, CC0

Inqanawa ezicocekileyo. Ngo-2020, iNkampani yoKhenketho yaseMntla Afrika yakhupha umda wesulfure kwifuthe leenqanawa ukusuka kwi-3.5 ukuya kwi-0.5 yeepesenti emhlabeni jikelele (IMO).

Imboniso yesatellite yemigca emide, ekhanyayo ejikeleza-ejikeleza kwiphepha lemimoya ephantsi ngaphezulu kwePacific ngasemzantsi weUnited States.
Imizila yenqanawa ngasemntla weUnited States, 1 Novemba 2013: imigca ekhanyayo yemimoya eyenziwe kwiinxalenye zesichumisi senqwelo-moya, izoba iindlela zeenqanawa ezidlula phezu kwelanga. Ityala: NASA/Jeff Schmaltz, iMODIS Land Rapid Response Team

Isifundo esivela kuzo zonke ezi zinto sifanayo. Uvavanyo lwemozulu ebantwini, ukubeka imida kumthetho, ukunika abantu kunye neenkampani ukhetho olucocekileyo, kwaye uqhubeke nokusebenza iminyaka. Ukutya okucocekileyo, uthutho lweemoto ezisebenza ngeebhetri, kunye nomoya kunye nelanga zihamba inyathelo elinye phambili: zisusa icebo endaweni yokucoca emva kwayo.

IiNkonzo

ezingenanzuzo zineenkcukacha zobuqu zeziphumo. Ukujongana nokungasebenzi kakuhle kwengqondo, umzekelo, kuxhomekeke ekubeni ngaba umntu osebenza naye esebenzisa i-intanethi okanye asebenzise i-smartphone. I Local Solar System Foundation ayihambelani nanye yazo kwaye ayifumananga nto kuzo. Phambi kokuba unikezele, funda ingxelo yonyaka ekutshanje kunye neeakhawunti zeqela ngalinye, njengoko uza kwenza nakweyiphi na inkqubo yezemali.

  • ClientEarth yinkampani yoncedo olusemthethweni lwendalo (ebhaliswe eNgilani naseWales, inani loncedo 1053988). Isebenzisa izikhokelo zeNkundla ukuze ikwenze amagunya agcine umthetho wawo womoya ococekileyo: ngo-2015, kwimeko eyayithatha, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yaseUK yacela ukuba amagunya abhale inkqubo entsha yokuhlangabezana nemida yomthetho yenitrogen dioxide (INkundla ePhakamileyo yaseUK, 2015).
  • OpenAQ yinkampani engasebenziyo eqoqa uvavanyo lomgangatho womoya ukusuka kwihlabathi liphela, ukusuka kumamkeli olawulo ukusukela ngo-2015 nakwiisenzo ezibiza ngaphantsi ukusukela ngo-2021, kwaye izenza zibe zikhululekileyo kwaye zivuliwe ukuba wonke umntu azisebenzise. Abahlali, abashicileli nabaphandi basebenzisa le nkqubo ukujonga umoya ophefumlayo, ngakumbi kumalizwe aneendawo ezincinci zokuhlola.
  • INtlawulo yoMphunga oCwangcisiweyo yinkampani yezemali ebhalisiweyo kwi-UK (inani 1183697) exhasa kwaye idibanisa abaqhubi bemikhankaso, abaphandi kunye neentsebenziswano zezopolitiko ezisebenza kutywala lwemozulu, ngeenkqubo eIndia, eIndonesia, eGhana, eMzantsi Afrika, eUnited Kingdom nase-European Union. Iwebhusayithi yayo ibonisa abaxhasi bayo kunye neeprojekthi ezixhaswa yi-
Isixeko esikhuselwe ngefestile sokujonga umoya esinezixhobo kunye nephawu lokufunda iSixeko Sokujonga Umoya se-EPA kwindawo eluhlaza.
Isixeko sokujonga umoya esilawulwa yi-EPA Victoria eMorwell, eOstreliya. Iimonitori zabucala ezinjengezi, kunye neesenzo ezibizayo, zinika ingxelo evulekileyo onokuthi umntu wonke ajonge kuyo. Photo: Environment Protection Authority Victoria, CC BY 4.0

Uncedo olufumanekayo

  • Qiniseka ukuba umoya ucocekile kwindawo ohlala kuyo. Amaziko amaninzi apapasha ulwazi malunga nomgangatho womoya ngexesha elifanelekileyo; iisenzo ezibizayo zivumela amaqela ukuba abeke iimaphu zendlela yabo. Ukwabelana ngolwazi olufunyenweyo.
  • Umlilo omncinci. Ungatshisi izityalo ezilahlekileyo, iplastiki okanye umthi ocociweyo; ukuba ufudumeza ngemithi, sebenzisa imithi eshushu neyomileyo kwi-stove yexesha elidlulileyo.
  • Hamba, qhuba isithuthi, usebenzise okanye uhambe ngeemoto ezisebenza ngombane kwiintlanganiso ezinde, kwaye uvale iinjini ezingasebenziyo, ngakumbi ekufumaneni izikolo.
  • Ukufuna iindlela ezicocekileyo. Uxhasa iindawo ezinokuhamba kancinci, iindlela zesikolo kunye neendawo zomoya ococekileyo kwindawo yakho; bhala kumaqela asekuhlaleni malunga nokujongana nezinto ezijikeleze izikolo nezibhedlele.
  • Khetha amandla acocekileyo apho umboneleli wakho evumela khona, kwaye uxhase iinkqubo zokupheka ezicocekileyo zabantwana abaqhubeka nokwenza isonka ngaphaya komngxunya ovulekileyo.
  • Nceda usicacisele. Guqulela eli phepha okanye ukwakha imaphu yemozulu yasekhaya nge ibhodi yokunikwa ingxelo.

IiNkonzo zoLuntu