Zvimwe mashoko ari mumitauro iyi anogona kunge ashandurwa nechigadzirwa chemachina uye anogona kusanganisira zvikanganiso. Kubatsira kuvandudzwa kwayo Ona chinyorwa chekutanga muChirungu
Mativi ose epasi anoonekwa kubva kuInternational Space Station, uye mativi ese ari maviri anoratidza nzvimbo yepasi.
Blue Initiative

Kuchengetedzwa kwemhepo

Tine imwe cheteyo atmosphere. Chii chinobuda muchivharo chemunyika imwe chinova mupfupa nemadziva enyika dzese.

NASA

Pazuva rimwe nerimwe, munhu wese anobuda muropa rake mamirioni gumi nemaviri emalitara emhepo. Hatina kukwanisa kusarudza kuti ndeipi yemhepo, uye hatigone kuibvisa nemaziso edu: iyo yakanyanya kukuvadza pollution hairatidzike. Atmosphere ndiyowo shamwari yeOcean. Muchidimbu, zvinhu zvakawanda zvatinoisa mumhepo zvinosvika kumvura yekunze, zvichichinja chemistry yayo nenzira dzakaongororwa nguva yakareba usati waziva kuti ndedzipi.

Chii chiri mumhepo

  • Mhizha yakaoma (PM2.5) ndeimwe yemabhakitiriya anorema pasi pe2.5 micrometers, ayo anogadzirwa nemagetsi, michero, mvura, uye marasha, pamwe nemvura yevhu uye zvinhu zvinokonzera kukuvadza zvekemikari mumhepo. Vadiki zvakakwana kuti vaende kumusoro mupfupa uye mukati meropa.
  • Kuomarara kwezvinhu (PM10) kunouya kubva kumafuta, kuvakwa kwezvivakwa uye kusvibiswa kwenzira. Vanogara munzeve uye mumasango.
  • Nitrogen dioxide inosvika zvikuru kubva kumamotokari uye mapower stations, uye inobatsira kuumba ozone nezvinhu zvidiki.
  • Ground-level ozone inogadzirwa kana mhepo ichidya zvimwe zvinokuvadza. Inokonzera kuoma kwepfupa uye kukuvadza michero.
  • Sulphur dioxide inouya kubva pakudziya kwemagetsi emagetsi uye mafuta akakosha, kusanganisira muzvikepe.
  • Mucheto wemumhuri kubva pakugadzirira uye kupisa nemiti, matombo, mvura yemumunda kana kerosene ndiyo imwe yenzvimbo dzinokonzera kupararira kwehutachiona hwakawanda kwazvo, izvo zvinoitika zvikuru kune vakadzi nevana.
A traditional mud and brick cookstove beside a house wall, with firewood, dried dung cakes and coconut shells stacked in front of it.
A chulla, a traditional cookstove in rural Tamil Nadu, India, burned with branches, scrap wood, dry dung and coconut shells. Mhepo kubva kumamiriro ekunze seaya ndiyo imwe yenzvimbo dzinokonzera kupararira kwehutachiona hwemhepo pasi rose. Photo: McKay Savage, CC BY 2.0

Hutano hwevanhu

World Health Organization inofungidzira kuti zvakabatanidzwa zvikonzero zvekunze uye zvemumba zvinokonzerwa nemhepo dzinokuvadza dziri kukonzera 6.7 miriyoni yekufa kwakapfuura kwegore rega rega, kuburikidza ne strokes, chirwere chemoyo, cancer yepafu, chronic pulmonary disease uye infections. Mu2019, 99 percent yevanhu vepasi rose vakagara munzvimbo dzakati hadzisati dzasangana nemamiriro ekunze akanyorwa neWHO. Mu2021, WHO yakawedzera hafu yemutemo wayo wegore repakati PM2.5, kubva pa10 kusvika 5 micrograms pa cubic meter, nekuti chokwadi chakaratidza kukuvadza pazviyero zvakaderera kupfuura zvaifungidzirwa kare.

6.7 millionpremature deaths a year from outdoor and household air pollution combined (WHO)
99%yevanhu vakagara munzvimbo dzakanga dzisina kusangana nemamiriro ekunze akanyorwa neWHO (WHO, 2019 data)
5 µg/m³WHO annual guideline for PM2.5 since 2021 (WHO)
A dust storm over the Sahara on the border of Algeria and Niger.
Dust yedenga inofamba pasi pemadziro ose: Dust yeSahara inobereka Atlantic neAmazon, uye inodzikira kugadzikana kwemhepo pasi pemhepo. Kutenda: NASA

Iyo mhepo inochinja mvura yemusango

Oceans yakatora pamusoro pechikwereti checarbon dioxide iyo hupenyu hwavanhu hwakaburitsa. Izvi zvakaderedza kuchinja kwekunze, asi nemari: yakachena CO2 inoumba kabhoni acid, uye nzvimbo yepasi rose yave makiromita makumi maviri nemasere. 30 percent more acidic kubvira mazuva eIndustrial Revolution, kuderera kwemaawa 0.1 pH zviuru. Mazuva ano, mvura ine acidity yakakwira inoita kuti zvive nyore kune makorales, oyster, mussels uye mamwe plankton kuti aite chifuva chavo neskeletons, uye inosvika pamashure eiyo ocean food web.

Zvimwe zvinhu zvinokuvadza mhepo zvinobuda mumvura inosvika kumahombekombe. Nitrogen kubva kumafuta emidziyo uye kusvibiswa kwemiti kunowedzera huwandu hwezvicherwa zvinodya nzvimbo dzakafa. Mercury kubva pakudziya kwesimbi uye kubva mukuchera dhayi mudiki inoiswa mumvura yekunze, uko mamicrobes anoshandura kuita methylmercury, iyo inowedzera mune zvekudya zvakaita setunhu neswordfish, uye muvanhu vanodya (UNEP Global Mercury Assessment 2018).

Ocean yakachena nekusingaperi inobvisa mvura kubva mumhepo yedu kwemakore mazhinji. The bill is arriving in its chemistry.

Yakanyatso gadzirirwa mhinduro

Hupenyu hwevanhu huri kuchinja, uye mweya wakachena ndeimwe yematambudziko avari kusangana nawo. Pane mitemo yakajeka, mari dzeveruzhinji uye tekinoroji inochenesa iyo inosangana pamwe chete, mhepo inovandudza mukati memakore mashoma, uye inogara ichivandudzwa senguva yekuedza kuenderera mberi. Izvi zvinomiririra zvinangwa, kwete mazano.

United States. Panguva ye1970 kusvika 2024, huwandu hwekubuda kwezviuru zvina zvezvinhu zvinokuvadza zvakagadziriswa pasi peClean Air Act hwakadzikira ne79 percent, apo hupfumi hwakakura ne338 percent (US EPA). Air yakachena uye kukwira kwehupfumi zvakaratidza kuti zviri kuwirirana.

Acid rain, capped and traded. Zvirongwa zve1990 zvekugadzirisa mashoko ekunze akachena zvakapa nyika chiyero chekubvisa sulfur dioxide kubva kumapower stations uye zvakabvumidza makambani kutengeswa kwezvitupa zvinoenderana nechiyero ichi, izvo zvaivewo zviri munzira yekutanga yenyika yekudzikisa uye kutengeswa kwezviwanikwa zvedu. Power stations muprogram inoderedza sulfur dioxide yavo ne 96 percent pakati pe1990 na2023. Kutonhora kwesulphate, iyo yakasarudzika mhedzisiro yemvura yakaoma, yakaderera neanopfuura 70 muzana pakati pekutanga kwemakore e1990 uye ma2020, uye huwandu hwemahombekombe akaongororwa uye mapurojekiti anogamuchira acid kupfuura zvavanogona kubvisa hwakadzikira ne81 muzana (US EPA; US EPA).

A ridge of dark green spruce and fir trees with many dead, bare gray trunks standing among them, on a hazy mountain summit.
Kukanganisa kwespruce nefir pamusoro peMount Mitchell, North Carolina, mu2006. Zvimwe zvisikwa zvakadai sezvipfuva zvemusango zvinokonzerwa nemvura yakaoma uyewo nenyama yevanhu. Photo: SquareWave, CC BY-SA 3.0

Europe’s sulphur cuts. Panguva ye 2005 kusvika 2023, kubuda kwesulfur oxides muEuropean Union kwakaderera ne 84 percent, nitrogen oxides ne 53 percent uye fine particulates ne 38 percent. Ammonia, iyo inosvika zvakanyanya kubva pakurima, yakaderera ne17 muzana chete, izvo zvinoratidza kuti ndeapi masimba anotevera anodiwa (European Environment Agency).

Satellites ikozvino kuratidzwa shanduko kubva orbit. Kudzidza kwakatungamira kuNorway’s NILU research institute yakaenzanisa satellite measurements yenitrogen dioxide kubva pa2019 kusvika 2024 nekuwedzera kwehupfumi mumigwagwa 2,475 pasi rose iyo pollution yaive yakajeka yakachinja, uye yakawana kuti anenge 80 muzana eavo akawedzera zvakanyanya apo hewa yavo yakachena; 390 miji yakawedzera zvakanyanya nekuwedzera kwenitrogen dioxide (ESA, 2026; Hassani et al., 2026).

Tower blocks fading into a thick gray haze over Beijing, seen from a hotel window.
Beijing pasi pehusiku hwekuora kwemhepo muna October 2006, makore gumi nemaviri mushure mekunge chirongwa cheguta chekudzivirira kupararira kwehutachiona hwemhangura chakatanga. Photo: David Barrie, CC BY 2.0

Beijing, China. Mu2013 Beijing’s yegore muyero we finest mabhakitiriya (PM2.5) yaiva 89.5 micrograms per cubic meter, anenge makumi mashanu nemana ezviuru izvo zvinokurudzira WHO ikozvino. Muhurongwa hwemakore mana hwekubvisa mvura yakachena kubva mumhepo, kubva muna 2013 kusvika muna 2017, guta rabvisa mabhoti emagetsi anogadzira mvumo ane simba re39,000 tons of steam, rakatora 2.17 miriyoni emamotokari apfuura kubva panzira dzaro uye rakavhara 1,992 emidziyo inokonzera kukuvadza, apo mamwe matunhu akazvimirira akakandazve mafuta ekuchera. PM2.5 yakadzika kusvika pa 58 mu2017 uye ku 27.0 mu2025, 70 percent pasi pezvinotarisirwa muna 2013. Mazuva ekushaikwa kwemhepo yakaderera kubva pa58 mu2013 kusvika pa2 mu2024. Basa harisi kupera: 27 ichiri kupfuura katatu pane WHO chiyero (Beijing Ecology and Environment Bureau; China Daily, 2025).

London’s Ultra Low Emission Zone. Kubva muna 2019, vatyairi vemotokari dzinokuvadza zvakanyanya vanobhadhara mari yezuva nezuva yekufambisa muLondon. Iyo nzvimbo yakatangira muCentral London muna 2019 uye yakakura kusvika kuLondon yemukati muna 2021 neguta rese muna 2023. Mayor of London inofungidzira kuti mu 2024 roadside nitrogen dioxide yaiva 54 percent pasi pekumaodzanyemba kweLondon uye 27 percent pasi peguta rese kupfuura zvaizove pasina nzvimbo. Izvi zvinofungidzirwa, izvo zvinoenzanisa zvakajeka zvikamu neyaka kalkuled “no zone” scenario (Mayor of London, ULEZ yegore rimwe report).

A green Ultra Low Emission Zone sign and a Congestion Charge sign on a pole in central London, with a red double-decker bus behind.
Congestion Charge uye Ultra Low Emission Zone zviratidzo paEuston Road muCentral London, April 2019, gore iro renzvimbo rakatanga. Photo: citytransportinfo, CC0

Cleaner ships. Mu2020, International Maritime Organization yakaderedza huwandu hwesulfur mumotokari dzechikepe kubva pa3.5 kusvika pa0.5 muzana pasi rose (IMO).

Satellite view of long, bright criss-crossing lines in a sheet of low clouds over the Pacific off the western United States.
Ship tracks off the western United States, 1 November 2013: bright lines of cloud that form on particles in ship's exhaust, drawing the routes of the ships across the sky. Credit: NASA/Jeff Schmaltz, MODIS Land Rapid Response Team

Chidzidzo kubva pane zvese izvi ndechekuti, hapana chinokosha kupfuura chokwadi. Kuongorora mweya munharaunda, kuisa zvirambidzo mutemo, kupa vanhu uye makambani sarudzo dzakachena, uye kuenderera mberi kwemakore. Kudya zvakanaka, kutakura nemagetsi, uye simba rezuva nerimwe mvura dzinoenda mberi: dzichibvisa chikonzero chekuora mwoyo kupfuura kuisa zvinhu mushe.

Masangano ari kuita izvi

Izvi zvisiri zvemari zvine ongororo yezvematongerwo enyika yezvavanowana. Tarisa kuti chii chavanoita, uye kana basa ravo richitaura kwauri, funga nezvekupa kuvari kuburikidza newebsite dzavo. Local Solar System Foundation haina kumbova nehukama nadzo uye haisi kuwana chero chinhu kubva kwadzo. Pashure pekupa, verenga ramangwana regore resangano uye accounts, sezvaungaita nechero charity.

  • ClientEarth) isangano rekubatsira vanhu rine kodzero dzevanhu (rinonyorwa muEngland neWales, nhamba 1053988). Inoshandisa matare kuti hurumende dzichengetedze mitemo yavo yemhepo yakachena: mu2015, munyaya yainotaura, UK Supreme Court yakakumbira hurumende kuti iite mapurojekiti matsva ekuti isangana nemamiriro ezvinhu ezvemafuta emishonga (UK Supreme Court, 2015).
  • OpenAQ isangano risingabatsiri iro rinounganidza ruzivo nezvekuchenesa kwemhepo kubva pasi rose, kubva kumamonitor ehurumende kubvira 2015 uye kubva kune ma sensors ane mutengo wakaderera kubvira 2021, uye rinoita kuti zvive zvemahara uye zvakavhurika kune chero munhu anogona kushandisa. Vagari, vanyori venhau uye vanotsvakurudza vanoishandisa kuona mweya wavanofema, kunyanya munyika dzine mamonitors mashoma.
  • Clean Air Fund) isangano rekubatsira vanhu rakanyorwa muUK (nhamba 1183697) iro rinopa mari uye rine hukama nevatsigiri, vatsvakurudzi nehurumende dzinoshanda panyaya dzekushaikwa kwemhepo, pamwe nemapurogiramu muIndia, Indonesia, Ghana, South Africa, United Kingdom neEuropean Union. Iyo webhusaiti inonyora vatsigiri vavo uye mapurojekiti ayo anotsigira.
A fenced air monitoring station with instruments and a sign reading EPA Air Monitoring Station on a grassy site.
An air monitoring station run by EPA Victoria in Morwell, Australia. Mamonitor evanhu seaya, pamwe neasiri-emari sensors, anopa ruzivo rwakavhurika rwunobvumidza munhu wese kuongorora. Photo: Environment Protection Authority Victoria, CC BY 4.0

Maitiro ekubatsira

  • Cheka mhepo uko iwe unogara. Maguta akawanda anoburitsa ruzivo rwekuchengeteka kwemhepo; ma sensors ane mutengo wakaderera anobvumidza vanhu kuisa mapeji ezvitima zvavo. Shandisa zvaunogona kuwana.
  • Kudyara zvishoma. Usadyara zvinhu zvinokuvadza zvemumunda, maplastiki kana michero yakasviba; kana uchida kupisa nemiti, shandisa michero yakaoma uye yakasanganiswa mufiriji yemazuva ano.
  • Teerera, fambisa chitima, shandisa mota kana kukwira motokari edza kufambisa mota yako munzira pfupi, uye dzima injini dzako dzichishanda panzvimbo yakasununguka, kunyanya kumashure kwezvikoro.
  • Tarira kuti maguta aite seakanaka. Kutsigira nzvimbo dzakachena dzemabhasi, nharaunda dzinochengetwa nezvikoro uye nzvimbo dzine mhepo yakachena mudunhu rako; taura nevamiriri vemunharaunda nezvekuongorora zvivakwa zvakaita sezvikoro kana hotera.
  • Chokwadi simba rakachena apo mutengi wako anobvumidza, uye tsigira kugadzirira kwekudya kwakachena kwemhuri dziri kugadzirira pamoto wakavhurika.
  • Tibatsire kuudza vamwe nezve izvi. Translate this page or build a local air map through the contribution board.

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