Kubwerera kunyumba: reentry

M’malo mwake, astronaut amapita ku nyumba mofananamo: posinthana ndi kutentha. M’madera ena, mpweya wotentha umatha kutulutsa mphamvu zokwanira kuti uwononge matumba ambiri a pulasitiki. M’malo mwake, mpweya wopanda mphamvu umatha kuwononga zinthu zosafunikira kwambiri m’thupi, ndipo nthawi zina zimatha kuwononganso thupi lonse.

Magalimoto ayamba kugwa. M’mphepete mwake ndi nyanja ya Atlantiki.

Onani

1. The deorbit burn. Kumbuyo, capsule imatulutsa injini yake kwa mphindi zingapo ndipo imathamanga ndi pafupifupi 100 m / s. Izi zimachititsa kuti mpweya upite kumbali ina ya dziko lapansi.
2. Entry interface, pafupifupi 120 km up. The capsule amakumana ndi maziko oyamba amadzimadzi omwe akuyenda pa 7.8 km / s.
3. The fireball. Air m’mbuyo mwa kutentha chida ndi kutsanulira mofulumira kuti amasintha kukhala wobiriwira plasma, mamiliyoni a madigiri otentha. Ma signal a radio sangathe kupita m’mbuyo kwa maola angapo. Kutentha kwa kutentha kumathamanga ndikutuluka, kunyamula kutentha ndicho.
4. The corridor. Kubwerera kuchokera ku mwezi pa 11 km / s, gawo la m’mphepete liyenera kukhala loyenera kwa gawo la digiri: lolimba kwambiri ndipo deceleration idzawononga gululi, locheperako kwambiri ndipo kapangidwe kake kamadzi amatuluka m’chipinda chakumwamba ngati chitsulo chofiira.
5. Parachutes. Pambuyo pa 10 km, capsule ikugwirira ntchito pa makilomita angapo a makilomita / h. Parachutes atsegula, ndipo imangolandiridwa pa mita zingapo pa mphindi.

Kumvetsa

Kuchokera pa orbit ya 400 km (r = 6,778 km) kuthamanga kwake ndi 7.67 km / s. Mtundu wa ellipse womwe wotsika kwambiri ndi 50 km pamwambapa uli ndi a = 6,603 km, ndipo pa 400 km mtunda wake uyenera kukhala 7.57 km / s. Kuwononga deorbit ndi kusiyana: za 102 m/s, kokha 1.3% ya kuzungulira kwa maola.

Drag force is ½ ρ v² C_D A. Air density ρ roughly halves every 5 km of descent (scale height about 7.2 km), so the deceleration rises steeply, peaks, and falls as the capsule slows. Mu mtundu pamwambapa:

Kulowa	Kuthamanga	Kuwala	Peak deceleration
Kuchokera pa orbiti yotsika	7.85 km/s	1.5°	za 8 g
Kuchokera pa mwezi, kumakhala kovuta kwambiri	11 km/s	8°	za 31 g
Kuchokera pa mwezi, m’chipinda	11 km/s	5.6°	za 7 g
Kuchokera pa mwezi, pang’onopang’ono kwambiri	11 km/s	4.8°	imangopita kumbuyo

Ma capsule anzeru amayenda ndi pang’ono kunyamula (Chifukwa cha kutalika kwa masitepe, magalimoto amayenda mozungulira) ndipo amadula kuti aziyendetsa, zomwe zimachepetsa mtengo mpaka pafupifupi 4 g kwa Soyuz ndi kukulitsa kopita kwa Apollo mpaka pafupifupi madigiri 2.

Woyang’anira

Model imaphatikizapo ma equations a planar a m’mimba mwake ndi kupweteka ndi kukana kokha:

dv/dt = −μ r/|r|³ − (ρ(h) |v| / 2β) v,   ρ(h) = ρ₀ e^(−h/H)

ndi β = m/(C_D A) = 350 kg/m² (monga kachilombo) ndi H = 7.2 km. Pofuna kufotokoza za mfundo ya chikhalidwe cha anthu, A. E. Smith (1958) anapeza kuti: “Kuchokera pa chikhalidwe cha anthu, titha kuzindikira kuti anthu ndi osiyana kwambiri.

a_max ≈ v_E² sin γ / (2 e H)

Kuchokera pa mfundo ya kuwala kwa mwezi (γ = 8°) kumabweretsa za 44 g; simulations yonse imapatsa 31 g, chifukwa gravity imakhala yolimba kwambiri panjira yamadzi ngati capsule ikugwa. Kuphatikiza apo, kutalika kwa mtunda wopita ku dziko lapansi ndi komwe kulibe ndege yoyendayo, ndipo sikuti ndege iliyonse imatha kuyenda panthawi yomweyo.