Waxbarashadan waxaa qoray Local Solar System Foundation kooxda xubna ah oo ay ku hagaajin karaan qiimeeye xirfad leh. Ma waxaad u qalmin in ay arrimo this? Soo jeedin edit
Astronaut kasta oo guriga ku yimaado si isku mid ah: iyadoo la wareegayo dhaqdhaqaaqa kulaylka. A capsule imaaneysa orbit ku qaadataa awood ku filan oo kilogram kasta si ay u dhalaalaan miisaankeeda steel marar badan. Farshaxanka guud ee soo noqoshada waa in la iska saaro tamartaas si degdeg ah oo ku filan si ay u noolaadaan, iyo si dhaqso leh oo aan dib ugu noqon karin hawada.
Injinnada bilaabaan hoos. Hawada ma frening.
Fiiri
- The deorbit gubashada. Tilmaamo dib, capsule dabka ay engine dhowr daqiiqo ah oo hoos u dhac ku saabsan 100 m / s. Taasi waxay hoos u dhigtaa dhinaca fog ee orbitka ku jira hawada.
- Entry interface, ku saabsan 120 km kor. Capsule ka soo horjeeda timaha hore ee hawada weli socda oo ku saabsan 7.8 km/s.
- The fireball. Hawada ka hor daboolka kulaylka waa la isku qasan yahay si adag oo u beddela plasma iftiin leh, kun sano oo heerar kulul ah. Raadiyaha calaamadaha ma heli karaan inta ka hartay daqiiqado yar. Gaashaanku kulul yahay oo si tartiib ah u qarxa oo ka baxa, isagoo wata kulaylka.
- The corridor. Ka soo noqoshada dayaxa at 11 km / s, geeska gal waa in ay xaq u tahay qayb ka mid ah heer: aad u sarreeya oo deceleration ayaa burburin lahaa shaqaalaha, aad u yar iyo capsule skims off hawada sida dhagax biyo ka baxay.
- Parachutes. hoos ku saabsan 10 km capsule waa hoos u dhaca boqolaal km/h. Parachutes furan, oo ay ku soo duulaysa dhowr mitir oo daqiiqad kasta.
Fahan
Ka 400 km wareegga orbit (r = 6,778 km) xawaaraha waa 7.67 km / s. A elipses oo dhibcaha hoose ee 50 km kor waxaa leh a = 6,603 km, iyo at 400 km xawaare waa in ay tahay 7.57 km / s. Deorbit-ku-daadinta waa farqiga: ku saabsan 102 m/s, oo kaliya 1.3% xawaaraha orbital.
Ciidanka qaadista waa ½ ρ v² C_D A. Cidhiidhi hawada ρ ku dhow kala badh 5 km kasta ee hoos u dhac (skala dhererka ku saabsan 7.2 km), sidaas daraaddeed deceleration kor u kacaysaa si tartiib ah, tiir, iyo hoos u dhaca sida capsule yareyso. In qaabka kor ku xusan:
| Guji | Xawaaraha | Xagal | Xawaare yaraanta ugu sarreysa |
|---|---|---|---|
| Iyadoo ku taal wareegga hoose | 7.85 km/s | 1.5° | ku saabsan 8 g |
| Iyo Dayaxa markuu Dhalaasho. | 11 km/s | 8° | ku saabsan 31 g |
| Ka dib markii dayaxa, in ay xarunta | 11 km/s | 5.6° | ku saabsan 7 g |
| Iyo dayaxa markay madow tahay. | 11 km/s | 4.8° | ka tagay |
Qashinka dhabta ah ayaa la socda lift yar (xarunta masaska waa ka baxsan xarunta, sidaas darteed waxay ku duulaan si ay u jiidi) iyo wareegga si loo wado, taas oo hoos u dhigta heerka ilaa 4 g ee Soyuz iyo ballaadhinta Apollo’s corridor ilaa 2 darajo.
Hoose
Naqshadda waxay isku daraysaa isbeddellada plane ee dhaqdhaqaaqa oo leh xoogga iyo xawaaraha kaliya:
dv/dt = −μ r/|r|³ − (ρ(h) |v| / 2β) v, ρ(h) = ρ₀ e^(−h/H)
oo leh β = m/(C_D A) = 350 kg/m² (sida kapsule-ka) iyo H = 7.2 km. Si aad u gasho ballistic, Allen iyo Eggers (1958) muujiyay in koritaanka deceleration waa ku dhow madaxbannaan β:
a_max ≈ v_E² sin γ / (2 e H)
Haddii ay dhacdo in ay tahay qorraxda oo aad u sarreysa (γ = 8°) waxay siisaa 44 g; tusaale ahaan buuxa wuxuu bixiyaa 31 g, sababtoo ah xoogga dhulka ayaa sii wadi doona inuu jiido jidka oo yaraado sida kapsulada hoos u dhacda. Si kasta ha ahaatee, geeska soo galaya, oo aan ahayn miisaanka gaariga, wuxuu go’aamiya g-load, taas oo ah sababta ay diyaaradaha hawada ee soo noqnoqda u duulaan jid toos ah.
Ku day
Markaad isticmaaleyso fasalka vis-viva, hubi in deorbit uu gubanayo: wareegga wareega ah ee 400 km (r = 6,778 km) wuxuu leeyahay xawaare √(μ/r). Jiirka 400 km ilaa 50 km wuxuu leeyahay a = (6,778 + 6,428) / 2. Sidee bay ka sii yaraan kartaa kapsulada markay tahay 400 km? (μ = 398,600 km³/s²)
Wayn. Dhibaatooyinka waa halka waxbarashada ku shubto.
Imtixaan degdeg ah
3 su'aalo degdeg ah. Dooro jawaab si aad u aragto haddii aad xaq tahay.
-
Ku saabsan inta badan waa in ay diyaaradda hawada hoos u dhacaan orbit si ay u bilaabaan guriga ka soo 400 km?
- A 7.7 km/s
- B Ku saabsan 100 m/s
- C Ku saabsan 1 km/s
- D Waa in ay joojiyaan oo dhan
Tuso jawaabta
B. Ku saabsan 100 m/s Bir yar ayaa hoos u dhigta dhinaca fog ee orbitka hawada; hawadu waxay ka saartaa dhammaan xawaaraha.
-
Maxaa keenaya kulaylka inta lagu jiro soo celinta?
- A Isku darka la iftiinka qorraxda
- B Hawada ka hor inta kapsula la isku darsaday si degdeg ah oo ay u iftiimisay sida plasma
- C Injinnada
- D Radioactivity
Tuso jawaabta
B. Hawada ka hor inta kapsula la isku darsaday si degdeg ah oo ay u iftiimisay sida plasma
-
Maxaa dhici doona haddii kapsula ka soo laabtay dayaxa ku soo gala hawada si aad u yar?
- A Waxay ku dhacdaa si fudud
- B Waxay ku soo laaban kartaa xagga hawada
- C Waa Naar kulayl daran.
- D Waxay ku socotaa orbitka geostationary
Tuso jawaabta
B. Waxay ku soo laaban kartaa xagga hawada
Jidka dhamaadka
- Akhri akhriska
- Ma dhibco
- Ku qaatay imtixaankan
Mark fasalka dhamaystiran si aad u badbaadiso in horumarka aad ku qalabkan.
Waxbarasho dhamaatay. Wanaagsan!
Taasi waxay ahayd waxbarashada ugu dambeysay ee jidkan. Ka eeg waxa aad baran. Horumarkaaga
Erayada akhriskaan
Isha
- NASA, Orion heat shield and entry (Artemis I)
- NASA, Apollo entry corridor, Apollo Experience Report: Entry Guidance and Control
- ESA, Soyuz return to Earth: how it works
- U.S. Standard Atmosphere 1976 (NOAA/NASA/USAF), exponential approximation with 7.2 km scale height
- H. D. Curtis, Orbital Mechanics for Engineering Students, 4th ed.
Waxbarashadani waa la siiyay CC BY-SA 4.0.