I-Delta-v map
Ingabe kudinga ushintsho olukhulu kwijubane lokuzula phakathi kwe-Earth, orbit, i-Moon, i-Mars ne-asteroids.
ESO/S. Guisard (www.eso.org/~sguisard) (CC BY 4.0)
I-Delta-v map
Yini lokhu? I-map yezindiza zesikhala. Umgwaqo ngamunye uhlangothi olulodwa lwesindiza, futhi inani lakhe lisho ukuthi imoto yesihlabathi kufanele ishintshe kanjani isivinini sayo ukushayela lesi hlangothi. Yongeza amadolo bese uthole imali yogesi yesikhathi sokuhamba.
Indlela yokusetshenziswa kwayo: Khetha isiqalo kanye nendawo yokufinyelela: chofoza izinhlamvu ezimbili kwimephu, sebenzisa amamenyu we-From no-To, noma chofoza elinye lamathuluzi okuhamba. Indlela ikhanya futhi ibha yemali yogesi ihlanganisa yonke imilenze.
Imali yogesi le uhambo
I-delta-v ephelele
Chofoza ngakwesobunxele ukuze ubone i-map ephelele.
Amaxabiso ahamba ngendlela eyodwa, ama-manoeuvres e-impulsive afanele uma kungaphawulwa okujwayelekile. Imizamo yangempela ifaka ukulahleka nokuguquka kweplanethi.
Zama lokhu
- Chofoza "Ku-orbit" ukungena kusuka ebusweni beplanethi kuya ku-orbit eseduze neplanethi.Isixhumanisi: Lo msebenzi wokuqala ubiza ama-9.4 km/s. Ukuqhubeka kusuka ku-orbit yonke indlela ukuya ebusweni benyanga kubiza kuphela ama-5.6 km/s ngaphezulu.
- Chofoza "Kunyanga", bese ucindezela "KuMars", futhi ulinganise inani eliphelele.Isixhumanisi: Zifana kakhulu: cishe ama-15.0 nama-15.1 km/s, nakuba iMars iyaqhubeka idlula izikhathi ezingaphezu kukakhulu eduze kwenyanga. IMars inemoya yokuzibamba uma uphuma; iMhlaba ayinayo, ngakho yonke into ehamba kancane ibiza isithako segesi.
- Uhlela uhambo kusuka ebusweni beMars bubuyela emuva ebusweni beplanethi.Isixhumanisi: Ingxenye yokugqibela, ezantsi kweplanethi ye-Earth's surface, ibiza ama-0 km/s: umoya weplanethi ne-heat shield yenza ukubhujiswa, njengokuba bekwenzela wonke ama-Apollo crew. Ukunyuka ukusuka eMars kubiza cishe ama-4.1 km/s.
- Chofoza "Ku-geostationary orbit" futhi ulinganise ngokuya kusuka e-orbit yezulu ephansi kuya ku-orbit yenyanga ephansi.Isixhumanisi: Ukufinyelela e-orbit ephezulu lapho i-TV ne-satelite yezulu zihlala khona kubiza cishe okufanayo njengokufinyelela e-orbit ngaphesheya kwenyanga: cishe amakhilomitha angama-3.9 / s kusuka e-orbit ephansi yeplanethi emibonweni emibini.
Izinhlamvu ezimqoka
Yini i-delta-v?
Ucabanga ngendiza yendlela. Yongeza ngaso sonke isikhathi lapho uhamba ngokushesha futhi ngaso sonke isikhathi lapho ubhuqa khona: lokhu kuzoba yi-delta-v yakho. Empilweni asikho isakhiwo esikwazi ukucindezela noma isibhamu, ngakho konke ukushintsha kwejubane, phezulu noma ngezansi, kufanele kube kusuka kwinjini ye-rocket, futhi yonke into encane kuyo ibiza igesi.
Kungani ukufinyelela e-orbit kuyisinqumo esinzima kakhulu?
Ukube ukhona e-orbit akulona ukuphakama. Kuwukuthi, usuka ngakwesobunxele ngokushesha kakhulu ukuze uqhubeke nokuwa eduze kweplanethi endaweni yokuya kuyo. Ngaphakathi komoya okukusho ukuthi cishe ama-7.8 km/s (ama-28,000 km/h), uma ujikeleza iplanethi imizuzu engu-90. Endlela yokuphuma i-rocket ilahlekelwa ngama-1.5 kuya kuma-2 km/s ngokubhekana nesisindo somhlaba kanye nokucindezelwa kwamanzi (ukugeleza kweplanethi kunikeza umfutho omncane), ngakho-ke lesi simo esifanayo sibiza cishe ama-9.4 km/s.
Kungani ukuthuthela eMars kubiza kakhulu kunakuthuthela eMhlabeni?
I-Mars inesimo sezulu esincane. Isithuthi sokufika sishaya umoya ngejubane elikhulu futhi isihlungi sayo sokufudumeza sishintsha ijubane libe yijubane; ama-parachutes nama-rocket aphansi aphuma ekugcineni enza konke okusele. Ngakho-ke, imaphu ibala u-0 km/s wegesi le-rocket ukuwela ku-Mars, kodwa u-1.63 km/s yenyanga engenamoya, lapho ama-engine kufanele akwenze khona zonke izimo zokucindezela. Ukushiya i-Mars kuyiqiniso elisha: ukunyuka emuva ukuya e-orbit kubiza cishe ama-4.1 km/s.
Yini i-aerobraking?
Ukusetshenziswa kwezulu leplanethi njenge-brake ekhululekile. Indiza yelanga iwela phezulu kwe-atmosphere, ihamba kancane, futhi igcina ugesi ongeke iqhume. Ngo-2006 NASA's Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter yancipha i-orbit yayo ngalolu ndlela, ngemikhulu yezingqimba ezidlula ngaphesheya kwe-Mars's upper air eminyakeni emihlanu.
Kungani i-km/s ngayinye ibalulekile kakhulu?
I-rocket kufanele ithathe isithako sayo, futhi lesi sithako kumele sithunyelwe phambili. Ngakho wonke amakhilomitha angeziwe/imizuzu edinga isithako esiningi kunaleso ngaphambilini. Lokhu kusho ukuthi iSaturn V eyathumela abacwaningi bomhlaba emnyangweni wamanzi yayisisindo esingu-3000 tons ngesikhathi sokuqala, okuningi kwaso yi-propellant.
Amasu: amadolo axhunywe usebenzisa ifomu elijwayelekile le-orbital yezinto ezimbili ne NASA/JPL planet data (scripts/build-deltav.mjs); amadolo ajwayelekile kusuka ku-Delta-v budget article kwi-Wikipedia kanye nezixhumanisi zayo ezishiwo. I-Saturn V launch mass: NASA. Ukuhlola kweMars Orbiter aerobraking: NASA/JPL.
Usho "delta vee". Kuyothi "ushintsho kukhawulo": ukuthi indiza yelanga kufanele isheshise kangakanani, ihamba kancane noma ishintsha indlela. Isebenza njengemali yogesi yokuya, elinganiselwa ngamakhilomitha ngesekondi (km/s).
Okuningi ku-glossary →Indlela yesona sinye isitho esiqhubeka nokuwa ngaphesheya kweplanethi noma i-star ngaphandle kokushaya, ngoba sihamba ngejubane elifanele.
Okuningi ku-glossary →I-orbit engaphansi kwezulu, amakhilomitha angamakhulu ambalwa phezulu. Isikhumulo sezindiza samazwe omhlaba sihamba khona, sihamba kabili emhlabeni ngemizuzu engu-90.
I-orbit ephezulu, 35,786 km ngaphezulu kwe-equator, lapho indiza eyodwa ejikeleza umhlaba ithatha isikhathi eside njengenguquko eyodwa yeplanethi (ingaphansi nje kwamahora angama-24). Isithako esikhona sibonakala sihamba ngokuqhubekayo emkhathini, ngakho TV nesimo sezulu sezithako zisebenzisa lokhu.
I-orbit ezungeze isetshenziswa ukufinyelela kusuka endaweni eyodwa iye kwenye, njengendlela yokugibela. Udlula nje ngaleyo; awuhlali khona.
Ukusetshenziswa kwezulu leplanethi njenge-bremse ekhululekile. Indiza yendawo yangaphandle iwela phezulu kwe-atmosphere futhi umoya ocindezelayo uyinciphisa, ilondoloza isithako segesi. Intengo yi-heat, ngakho idinga i-heat shield noma izimo eziningi ezilula.
Indlela egcina kakhulu igesi yokuzulazula phakathi kwezinkanyezi ezijikelezayo ezimbili: ucindezele kabili ukuqalisa indlela eyindilinga ethinta kuphela inkanyezi entsha, bese ucindezela kathathu uma usufike khona.
Okuningi ku-glossary →Ithebula ledatha (ukhetho lombhalo)
| Kusuka | Ku | → | ← | Indlela yasebenza ngayo |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Isimo sezulu | I-orbit yeplanethi ephansi (200 km) | 9.4 km/s | 0 km/s (ungasebenzisa ukubhuqa nge-aerobraking) | ojwayelekile (oshicilelwe): Delta-v budget (Wikipedia, with its cited references), typical values including lossesUkuqashwa kwe-orbit: cishe amakhilomitha angama-7.8/s wejubane le-orbit kanye nokulahleka kobunzima be-gravity ne-air drag. |
| I-orbit yeplanethi ephansi (200 km) | I-Geostationary transfer orbit | 2.45 km/s | 2.45 km/s (ungasebenzisa ukubhuqa nge-aerobraking) | ibalo (elifanele): Hohmann perigee burn, 200 km to 35,786 km altitude, equatorial |
| I-Geostationary transfer orbit | I-Geostationary orbit | 1.48 km/s | 1.48 km/s | ibalo (elifanele): Hohmann apogee burn, no plane changeKusuka endaweni yokuqashwa engaphandle kwe-equator, futhi ukuguqula i-orbit's tilt ongeza amakhilomitha ambalwa angamakhulu ngesekondi. |
| I-orbit yeplanethi ephansi (200 km) | Ukuphuma kweplanethi | 3.22 km/s | 3.22 km/s (ungasebenzisa ukubhuqa nge-aerobraking) | ibalo (elifanele): Escape speed minus circular speed at 200 km |
| I-orbit yeplanethi ephansi (200 km) | Thumela kuMsombuluko | 3.13 km/s | 3.13 km/s (ungasebenzisa ukubhuqa nge-aerobraking) | ibalo (elifanele): Raise apogee to the Moon's mean distance |
| Thumela kuMsombuluko | I-orbital yenyanga ephansi (100 km) | 0.82 km/s | 0.82 km/s | ibalo (elifanele): Patched conic capture into a 100 km lunar orbit |
| I-orbital yenyanga ephansi (100 km) | Isimo senyanga | 1.63 km/s | 1.63 km/s | ibalo (elifanele): Circular speed at 100 km (ideal, no gravity losses; real landings need more) |
| I-orbit yeplanethi ephansi (200 km) | Thumela ku-Mars | 3.61 km/s | 3.61 km/s (ungasebenzisa ukubhuqa nge-aerobraking) | ibalo (elifanele): Earth-Mars Hohmann departure from 200 km, Oberth effect included |
| Thumela ku-Mars | I-orbit ephansi yeMars (300 km) | 2.09 km/s (ungasebenzisa ukubhuqa nge-aerobraking) | 2.09 km/s | ibalo (elifanele): Capture into a 300 km circular Mars orbit |
| I-orbit ephansi yeMars (300 km) | Isimo seMars | 0 km/s (ungasebenzisa ukubhuqa nge-aerobraking) | 4.1 km/s | ojwayelekile (oshicilelwe): Delta-v budget (Wikipedia, with its cited references), typical values including lossesUkuhlanganiswa kusetshenziswa kakhulu i-atmosphere (i-heat shield ne-parachutes); ukunyuka emuva e-orbit kuyinani elijwayelekile elibuzwayo. |
| I-orbit yeplanethi ephansi (200 km) | I-Asteroid eNkandla (Bennu) | 4.11 km/s | 4.11 km/s (ungasebenzisa ukubhuqa nge-aerobraking) | ibalo (elifanele): Heliocentric Hohmann 1 au to Bennu's semi-major axis, coplanar (ignores its 6 degree inclination and its eccentricity); departure from 200 km LEO |
| I-orbit yeplanethi ephansi (200 km) | I-Ceres orbit | 9.48 km/s | 9.48 km/s (ungasebenzisa ukubhuqa nge-aerobraking) | ibalo (elifanele): Heliocentric Hohmann 1 au to Ceres, coplanar (ignores its 10.6 degree inclination); departure from 200 km LEO, capture into a 200 km Ceres orbit |
Amathuluzi nama-lessons asebenzisa amamodeli alula ukufundela kuphela. Akufanele asetshenziswa ukuhlola, ukuhlela umsebenzi noma noma yiluphi ukhetho lokusebenzela. Izitifiketi zimahhala futhi aziqinisekisiwe. Funda isichazamazwi sezinto ezifundiswayo