Xisaab-V Delta
Sida badan ee isbeddelka xawaaraha ay qaadato in ay u wareegaan u dhexeeya dhulka, orbit, dayaxa, Mars iyo asteroids.
ESO/S. Guisard (www.eso.org/~sguisard) (CC BY 4.0)
Xisaab-V Delta
Waa maxay kan (qiyaamada). Xarfahaan waa xarfo ka kooban safarro. Mid kasta oo xariiq ah wuxuu u dhigmaa mid ka mid ah lugta safarka, tiradaasuna waxay muujinaysaa sida ay diyaaradda hawadu u baahan tahay inay ku badasho dhaqdhaqaaqeeda si ay ugu duusho lugtaas.
Sida loo isticmaalo: Dooro bilow iyo meel: riix laba dhibcood oo ku yaal khariidada, isticmaal menu-yada From iyo To, ama riix mid ka mid ah badhamada safarka. Jidka ayaa iftiiminaya oo barta miisaaniyadda shidaalka waxay u kordhisaa lug kasta.
Miisaaniyadda shidaalka ee safarkan
Tirada guud ee delta-v
Jiid dhinaca si aad u aragto khariidadda oo dhan.
Qiimaha waa mid-wayn, manoeuvres impulsive wanaagsan haddii aan la calaamadeeyay caadiga ah. Miisaaniyada dhabta ah ku dar khasaaraha iyo isbedelada diyaaradda.
Ku day
- Riix "To orbit" si aad u tagto dhulka korkiisa ilaa dhulka hoostiisa.Warbixin: In tallaabada koowaad ku kacaysaa 9.4 km / s. Going on ka orbit dhammaan jidka in ay dhulka Dayaxa ku kacaysaa kaliya oo ku saabsan 5.6 km / s dheeraad ah.
- Riix "To the Moon", ka dibna "To Mars", iyo barbar dhigi tirada guud.Warbixin: Waxay yihiin kuwo isku mid ah: 15.0 iyo 15.1 km / s, in kasta oo Mars ay tahay marwalba boqol jeer ka badan inta ka fog dayaxa. Mars waxaa jira hawada si aad u xakameyso markaad duulisid; Dayaxu ma laha, sidaas darteed wax walba oo yar oo hoos u dhaca ayaa ku kacaysa shidaal.
- qorshe safarka ka Mars daboolka dib u dhulka daboolka.Warbixin: Dhabarka ugu dambeeyay, hoos u dhul-baxa dhulka, qiimaha 0 km / s: Dhulka hawada iyo daboolka kulaylka sameeyaan braking, sida ay sameeyeen dhammaan shaqaalaha Apollo. Markaad Mars ka kacdo, weli waxaad ku bixisaa 4.1 km / s.
- Riix "In geostationary orbit" iyo isku day in aad la socdaan ka hooseysa dhulka orbit si hoose u wareega Lunar.Warbixin: Gaadhay orbit sare oo ay TV iyo satellites cimilada fadhiyaa qiimaha ku saabsan mid ka mid ah sida gaadhay orbit Dayax ku wareegsan: ku saabsan 3.9 km / s ka hooseeya Earth orbit labada kiis.
Fikradaha ka dambeeya
Waa maxay delta-v?
U malayn safarka jidka. Ku dar ilaa marka aad ka degdeg ah oo dhan iyo mar kasta oo aad brake: in guud ahaan waa delta-v. In hawada ma jiro jid si ay u soo jiidan ee ka dhanka ah iyo brakes aan, sidaas darteed wax kasta oo isbeddelka xawaaraha, kor ama hoos, waa in ay ka yimaadaan mashiinka roket, iyo wax kasta oo yar oo ka mid ah qiimaha shidaalka.
Maxaa ka dhigaya in ay wareegaan tallaabada ugu adag?
In ay orbit waa ma aha oo ku saabsan in la yahay sare kor. Waa ku saabsan in aad u socoto dhinaca si degdeg ah oo aad sii hoos dhulka oo dhan ka hor inta uusan galay. Hawada kor u ah oo macnaheedu yahay 7.8 km / s (qiyaastii 28,000 km / h), mar kale wareega dunida in ku dhow 90 daqiiqo. On the way up a roket sidoo kale ku lumiyo ilaa 1.5 ilaa 2 km / s dagaal culus iyo hawada drag (Dhulka ee wareegga bixiyaan dib yar), sidaas daraaddeed tallaabada kaliya ku kacaysaa 9.4 km / s.
Maxaa ka sarreeya in la duulo Mars marka loo eego dayaxa?
Mars wuxuu leeyahay hawada dusha sare. A lander ku dhuftay in hawada ah oo xawaare sare iyo daboolka kulaylka u beddelaa xawaaraha in heerkulka; parachutes iyo roket gaaban oo dabka ah ee dhamaadka ka hadlaan. Sidaa darteed, khariidada tirada 0 km / s ee shidaalka roketka ah ee ku soo dega Mars, laakiin 1.63 km / s ee dayaxa aan hawada lahayn, halkaas oo mashiinnada ay tahay inay sameeyaan dhammaan xakamaynta. Markay Mars ka tagaan waa sheeko kale: dib u soo noqnoqoshada orbit waxay ku kacaysaa 4.1 km / s.
Waa maxay aerobraking?
Ku isticmaal hawada dhulka sida brake bilaash ah. A spacecraft ku shubto sare ee dusha sare ee hawada, drag ka yar, oo waxay badbaadisaa shidaalka ay si kale u gubayaan. In 2006 NASA ee Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter hoos u dhacay orbitkeeda sidan, oo leh boqolaal dips ka dib markii hawada sare ee Mars ku dhawaad shan bilood.
Maxaa km / s kasta muhiim u ah?
Ruushka waa in ay qaadaan shidaalkeeda, iyo in shidaalka waa in la sii wadaa. Sidaas oo kale km / s dheeraad ah oo dhan u baahan yahay in ka badan midka hore ee shidaalka. Taas ayaa sababta Saturn V oo astronauts u diray dayaxa miisaanka ku dhow 3,000 tan markii la bilaabay, inta badan propellant.
Qoraallada: la xisaabiyey lugta isticmaalaan laba-jidhka orbital foomka caadiga ah oo leh NASA / JPL xogta dhulka (scripts/build-deltav.mjs); dhabarka caadiga ah ka Delta-v buugaagta ee Wikipedia iyo soo jeedinta ku xusan. Saturn V bilaabi masaafada: NASA. Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter aerobraking: NASA / JPL.
Waxaad dhahdaa "delta vee". Waxay ka dhigan tahay "beddelka xawaaraha": sida badan oo diyaaradda hawada waa in ay sii kordhiso, yareyso ama u beddelo jihada. Waxay u shaqeysaa sidii miisaaniyad shidaal ah safar, oo lagu cabiro kiiloomitir kasta oo ilbiriqsi ah (km / s).
In ka badan ee macnaha →Jidka wax ka mid ah oo siinaya hoos ku dhaca dhulka ama xiddiga oo aan marnaba ku dhuftay, sababtoo ah waxay u socdaan dhinacyo aad u dhaqso badan.
In ka badan ee macnaha →A orbit kaliya sare ee hawada, boqolaal kiiloomitir oo dhan. International Space Station halkaasi ku duulaya, ka dib markii ay u socdaan dhulka wareega in ka badan 90 daqiiqo.
A orbit sare, 35,786 km kor ku khaanadda, halkaas oo safarka mid ka mid ah dhulka wareega qaadataa sida dheer sida hal wareeg ee dhulka (ugu yaraan 24 saacadood). Satellite waxaa u muuqataa in ay weli ku xiran samada, taas oo ah sababta TV iyo hawada satellites isticmaali.
Jid dheer oo loo isticmaalo inuu ka tago meel meel kale sida jidka isku dhafan ee tareenka. Waxaad uun ku socotaa, ma joogi kartid halkaas.
Iyadoo la isticmaalayo hawada dhulka sida brake free. The spacecraft ku shubto sare ee dusha sare ee hawada iyo hawada drag ka yar, kaydinta shidaalka. Qiimaha waa kulaylka, sidaas darteed waxay u baahan tahay gaashaan kulul ama badan oo dulqaad leh.
Sida ugu badan ee shidaalka-u kaydinta in ay u wareegaan u dhexeeya laba orbits daboolka: mid ka soo jiidasho si ay u bilaabaan jidka oo dhan oo kaliya taabto orbit cusub, iyo guji labaad marka aad halkaas ka hesho.
In ka badan ee macnaha →Tallaabada (marka laga reebo qoraalka)
| Ka-soo-bax | Inuu | → | ← | Sida ay u shaqeysay |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dhulka | Dhulka hoostiisa (200 km) | 9.4 km/ilbrgba | 0 km/ilbrgba (ma isticmaali karo aerobraking) | caadiga ah (la daabacay): Delta-v budget (Wikipedia, with its cited references), typical values including lossesBilow in orbit: ku saabsan 7.8 km / s ee dhaqdhaqaaqa orbital iyo khasaaraha xoogga iyo hawada drag. |
| Dhulka hoostiisa (200 km) | Geostationary transfer orbit | 2.45 km/ilbrgba | 2.45 km/ilbrgba (ma isticmaali karo aerobraking) | xisaabsan (fiican): Hohmann perigee burn, 200 km to 35,786 km altitude, equatorial |
| Geostationary transfer orbit | Geostationary orbit | 1.48 km/ilbrgba | 1.48 km/ilbrgba | xisaabsan (fiican): Hohmann apogee burn, no plane changeLaga soo bilaabo goobta la bilaabay ka fog xadka khafiifka ah, sidoo kale isbedelka jiidashada orbit ee ku daray boqolaal mitir oo daqiiqad kasta. |
| Dhulka hoostiisa (200 km) | Dhulka ka bax | 3.22 km/ilbrgba | 3.22 km/ilbrgba (ma isticmaali karo aerobraking) | xisaabsan (fiican): Escape speed minus circular speed at 200 km |
| Dhulka hoostiisa (200 km) | La socodka dayaxa | 3.13 km/ilbrgba | 3.13 km/ilbrgba (ma isticmaali karo aerobraking) | xisaabsan (fiican): Raise apogee to the Moon's mean distance |
| La socodka dayaxa | Dusha sare ee dayaxa (100 km) | 0.82 km/ilbrgba | 0.82 km/ilbrgba | xisaabsan (fiican): Patched conic capture into a 100 km lunar orbit |
| Dusha sare ee dayaxa (100 km) | Dhulka dayaxa | 1.63 km/ilbrgba | 1.63 km/ilbrgba | xisaabsan (fiican): Circular speed at 100 km (ideal, no gravity losses; real landings need more) |
| Dhulka hoostiisa (200 km) | U wareeji Mars | 3.61 km/ilbrgba | 3.61 km/ilbrgba (ma isticmaali karo aerobraking) | xisaabsan (fiican): Earth-Mars Hohmann departure from 200 km, Oberth effect included |
| U wareeji Mars | Mars orbit hooseeya (300 km) | 2.09 km/ilbrgba (ma isticmaali karo aerobraking) | 2.09 km/ilbrgba | xisaabsan (fiican): Capture into a 300 km circular Mars orbit |
| Mars orbit hooseeya (300 km) | Miiska Mars | 0 km/ilbrgba (ma isticmaali karo aerobraking) | 4.1 km/ilbrgba | caadiga ah (la daabacay): Delta-v budget (Wikipedia, with its cited references), typical values including lossesDuulimaadku badanaa wuxuu isticmaalaa hawada (gaashaan kulul iyo parachutes); koritaanka dib u noqoshada orbit waa qiimaha caadiga ah ee la daabacay. |
| Dhulka hoostiisa (200 km) | Asteroid-ka dhulka ku dhow (Bennu) | 4.11 km/ilbrgba | 4.11 km/ilbrgba (ma isticmaali karo aerobraking) | xisaabsan (fiican): Heliocentric Hohmann 1 au to Bennu's semi-major axis, coplanar (ignores its 6 degree inclination and its eccentricity); departure from 200 km LEO |
| Dhulka hoostiisa (200 km) | Cirbadda Ceres | 9.48 km/ilbrgba | 9.48 km/ilbrgba (ma isticmaali karo aerobraking) | xisaabsan (fiican): Heliocentric Hohmann 1 au to Ceres, coplanar (ignores its 10.6 degree inclination); departure from 200 km LEO, capture into a 200 km Ceres orbit |
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