I-Delta-v Map
Ixabiso lexesha elithathayo utshintsho kwisantya sokuqhuba phakathi kwehlabathi, i orbit, inyanga, i Mars kunye nee asteroids.
ESO/S. Guisard (www.eso.org/~sguisard) (CC BY 4.0)
I-Delta-v Map
Yintoni le? Imaphu yeentlanganiso zesithuba. Umgca ngamnye yinxalenye enye yohambo, kwaye inani lakhe lithetha ukuba iinqanawa zokuhamba ngesantya esiphezulu kufuneka zitshintshe ngokukhawuleza ukuze zihambe kule ndawo. Yongeza iinxalenye uze ufumane ixabiso lefuthe lentlanganiso.
Indlela yokusetyenziswa kwayo: Khetha indawo yokuqalisa nendawo yokufikela: cofa iziqwenga ezimbini kwimaphu, sebenzisa Iimenyu Ezisuka kunye Nezokuya, okanye cofa elinye lamaqhosha okuhamba. Indlela iyakhazimla kwaye ibar yengxelo yemali-mboleko idibanisa inxalenye nganye.
I-budget yegesi kule hambo
I-delta-v
Nqumle ngasecaleni ukujonga imaphu yonke.
Amaxabiso ahamba ngendlela enye, amalungiselelo okuhamba ngokukhawuleza ngaphandle kokuba uphawulwe njengento eqhelekileyo. Imikhosi yenyaniso idibanisa ukulimala kunye nokutshintsha kweenqwelo-moya.
Zama oku
- Cinizela "Ukuba yi orbit" ukungena ukusuka kumphezulu wehlabathi ukuya kwi-orbit ephantsi yehlabathi.Isaziso: Eli nqanaba lokuqala libiza i9.4 km/s. Ukuqhubeka ukusuka kwimozulu yonke indlela ukuya kumgangatho wenyanga kubiza kuphela malunga ne5.6 km/s ngaphezulu.
- Nqakraza "Kunyaka", emva koko "KuMars", kwaye uthelekise iinqununu.Isaziso: Zifana kakhulu: malunga ne 15.0 kunye ne 15.1 km/s, nokuba iMars iyaqhubeka ingaphezulu kwexesha elinamakhulu ambalwa ecaleni kwenyanga. I Mars inemoya yokuqhuba ngebrake xa uwela; i Moon ayinayo, ngoko ke yonke into yokunciphisa iindleko zefuthe.
- Icwangcisa uhambo ukusuka kwi Mars ukuya kumhlaba.Isaziso: Inyawo lokugqibela, ezantsi kwihlabathi liphela, ixabiso le0 km/s: Umoya wehlabathi kunye ne-heat shield yenza ukutshixa, njengoko zazenza kubasebenzi bonke be-Apollo. Ukunyuka ukusuka eMars kuyabiza malunga ne-4.1 km/s.
- Cinizela "Kumgama ojikelezayo wendawo ehlala kuyo" kwaye uyithelekise nokuhamba ukusuka kumgama ojikelezayo wehlabathi ukuya kumgama ojikelezayo wenyanga.Isaziso: Ukufikelela kwi-orbit ephezulu apho iTV kunye nesatellite yemozulu zihlala khona kubiza malunga nokufikelela kwi-orbit ejikeleze iNyanga: malunga ne-3.9 km/s ukusuka kwi-orbit ephantsi yehlabathi kwiziganeko zombini.
Iimbono ezimva kwayo
Yintoni i-delta-v?
Ucinga ngendlela yokuhamba. Yongeza ixesha ngalinye ukhawuleza kwaye ngexesha ngalinye uqhuba ibreki: loo nto ipheleleyo yi-delta-v yakho. Kwisithuba akukho ndlela yokutyhala kwaye akukho Breths, ngoko ke utshintsho ngalunye lwesantya, phezulu okanye ezantsi, kufuneka lufike kwinjini yerocket, kwaye yonke into encinci kuyo ibiza ifuthe.
Kutheni ukudlula kwi-orbit kunzima kakhulu?
Ukuba kwi-orbit akuthethi ukuba uphakame phezulu. Kuthetha ukuba uhambe ngaphaya ngokukhawuleza kangangokuba uqhubeke uwela phezu kwehlabathi endaweni yokuya kuyo. Ngaphaya komoya oko kukuthi malunga ne7.8 km/s (malunga ne28,000 km/h), xa ijikeleza iplanethi malunga nemizuzu engama-90. Kwindlela yokukhupha i-rocket ilahlekelwa yi-1.5 ukuya kwi-2 km/s ukuxhathisa ukutsala kunye nokutsala umoya (ujikelezo lwehlabathi lunika umva omncinci), ngoko ke le nyathelo elinye libiza malunga ne-9.4 km/s.
Kutheni iinqanawa eziwela kwiMars zibiza ngaphantsi kuneenqwelo-moya eziwela kwiNyanga?
Mars has a thin atmosphere. A lander hits that air at high speed and its heat shield turns the speed into heat; parachutes and a short rocket burn at the end do the rest. So the map counts 0 km/s of rocket fuel for landing on Mars, but 1.63 km/s for the airless Moon, where engines must do all the braking. Leaving Mars is another story: climbing back up to orbit costs about 4.1 km/s.
Yintoni ukutshixa ngenqwelo-moya?
Ukusebenzisa umoya weplanethi njengebrashi ekhululekileyo. Inqwelomoya yesathelayithi iwela phezulu kwemozulu, ukutsala kuyenza ikhawuleze, kwaye igcina umbane oza kuyitshisa. Ngo-2006 NASA's Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter yancipha umjikelo wayo ngendlela, ngeemawaka aphantsi komoya ophezulu weMars ngaphezulu kweenyanga ezintlanu.
Kutheni i km/s nganye ibalulekile kakhulu?
I-rocket kufuneka ithathe ifuthe layo, kwaye eli futhe kufuneka lithunyelwe phambili. Ngoko ke yonke i-km/s engaphezulu ifuna ifuthe elininzi kunelinye elingaphambili. Le nto iSaturn V eyathumela abaqhubi benqwelomoya kwinyanga yazitola malunga ne-3000 yetoni xa yaqala, inkulu yayo yi-propellant.
Iindawo: iintamo ezilinganisayo zisebenzisa iifomu zesiqu sesibini esiqhelekileyo se-orbit nge NASA/JPL data yeplanethi (scripts/build-deltav.mjs); iintamo eziqhelekileyo kwinqaku le-Delta-v budget kwiWikipedia kunye neengxelo zayo ezichaziweyo. Ubunzima beSaturn V lokuqalisa: NASA. Ukuqwalaselwa kweMars Orbiter aerobraking: NASA/JPL.
Nceda sithi "delta vee". Ithetha ukuba "utshintsho kwisantya": iinqanawa zesibhakabhaka kufuneka zikhawuleze kangakanani, zicofe okanye zitshintshe indlela. Isebenza njengengxelo yexabiso lefuthe lokuhamba, elinganiselwa kwiikilomitha ngesekondi (km/ s).
Okuninzi kwincwadi eneenkcukacha →Indlela yento eqhubeka iwela phantsi kweplanethi okanye inkwenkwezi ngaphandle kokubetha, kuba iyahamba ngasecaleni ngokukhawuleza ngokwaneleyo.
Okuninzi kwincwadi eneenkcukacha →I-orbit engaphezulu nje kwemoya, amawaka ambalwa eekhilomitha phezulu. IsiXeko seSizwe soMhlaba sibaleka khona, sihamba kabini ngokujikeleza ihlabathi kwimizuzu engama-90.
I-orbit ephezulu, 35,786 km ngaphezulu kwe-equator, apho ihambo elinye lokujikeleza umhlaba luthatha ixesha elide njengexesha elinye lokujika kwehlabathi (ngaphantsi nje kweyure ezili-24). Isisathelayithi apho sibonakala sihamba ngokuthe tye elwandle, yiyo loo nto iTV kunye nesatelites yemozulu zisebenzisa le.
I-orbit ethe nkqo eyasetyenziswa ukudlula ukusuka kwindawo enye ukuya kwenye, njengendlela yokutyibilika yemoto. Udlula kuphela ngaphaya kwayo; awuhlali khona.
Ukusebenzisa umoya weplanethi njengebrashi ekhululekileyo. Iinqanawa zokuhamba ngesantya esiphezulu ziwela phezulu kwemozulu kwaye uxinzelelo lomoya luyikhawuleza, ligcina ifuthe. Ixabiso lishushu, ngoko kufuneka ikhuselwe ngamandla obushushu okanye iziqhoboshi ezininzi ezicocekileyo.
Indlela ekhusela kakhulu igesi yokuqhubela phakathi kweendawo ezimbini ezijikelezayo: ucinezelo olunye ukuqalisa indlela ethe nkqo eqhathaniswa nendawo entsha yokuhamba, nocinezelo lwesibini xa ufika apho.
Okuninzi kwincwadi eneenkcukacha →Itheyibhile yedata (umbhalo otshintshiyo)
| Ivela | I-To | → | ← | Umsebenzi owenziwe |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Umhlaba | I-orbit yehlabathi ephantsi (200 km) | 9.4 km/s | 0 km/s (isebenzisa ukumisa ngenqwelomoya) | (epapashwe): Delta-v budget (Wikipedia, with its cited references), typical values including lossesUkuqaliswa kwi-orbit: malunga ne7.8 km/s yesantya sokuhamba nge-orbit kunye nolahleko lokutsala nokutsala umoya. |
| I-orbit yehlabathi ephantsi (200 km) | I-Geostationary transfer orbit | 2.45 km/s | 2.45 km/s (isebenzisa ukumisa ngenqwelomoya) | Iinketho ze projekti: Hohmann perigee burn, 200 km to 35,786 km altitude, equatorial |
| I-Geostationary transfer orbit | I-Geostationary orbit | 1.48 km/s | 1.48 km/s | Iinketho ze projekti: Hohmann apogee burn, no plane changeKwindawo yokuqalisa kude ne-equator, utshintsho lojikelezo lwe-orbit ludibanisa amawaka ambalwa eemitha ngesekondi. |
| I-orbit yehlabathi ephantsi (200 km) | Ukuphuma kwehlabathi | 3.22 km/s | 3.22 km/s (isebenzisa ukumisa ngenqwelomoya) | Iinketho ze projekti: Escape speed minus circular speed at 200 km |
| I-orbit yehlabathi ephantsi (200 km) | Thumela kwinyanga | 3.13 km/s | 3.13 km/s (isebenzisa ukumisa ngenqwelomoya) | Iinketho ze projekti: Raise apogee to the Moon's mean distance |
| Thumela kwinyanga | I-orbit yenyanga ephantsi (100 km) | 0.82 km/s | 0.82 km/s | Iinketho ze projekti: Patched conic capture into a 100 km lunar orbit |
| I-orbit yenyanga ephantsi (100 km) | Umhlaba wenyanga | 1.63 km/s | 1.63 km/s | Iinketho ze projekti: Circular speed at 100 km (ideal, no gravity losses; real landings need more) |
| I-orbit yehlabathi ephantsi (200 km) | Thumela kwi Mars | 3.61 km/s | 3.61 km/s (isebenzisa ukumisa ngenqwelomoya) | Iinketho ze projekti: Earth-Mars Hohmann departure from 200 km, Oberth effect included |
| Thumela kwi Mars | I-Orbit eNcinci yeMars (300 km) | 2.09 km/s (isebenzisa ukumisa ngenqwelomoya) | 2.09 km/s | Iinketho ze projekti: Capture into a 300 km circular Mars orbit |
| I-Orbit eNcinci yeMars (300 km) | Umhlaba we Mars | 0 km/s (isebenzisa ukumisa ngenqwelomoya) | 4.1 km/s | (epapashwe): Delta-v budget (Wikipedia, with its cited references), typical values including lossesUkuwela kusetyenziswa kakhulu i-atmosphere (isigqubuthelo sobushushu kunye neeparachutes); ukunyuka kwakhona ukuya kwi-orbit yixabiso eliqhelekileyo elipapashwe. |
| I-orbit yehlabathi ephantsi (200 km) | Iplanethi | 4.11 km/s | 4.11 km/s (isebenzisa ukumisa ngenqwelomoya) | Iinketho ze projekti: Heliocentric Hohmann 1 au to Bennu's semi-major axis, coplanar (ignores its 6 degree inclination and its eccentricity); departure from 200 km LEO |
| I-orbit yehlabathi ephantsi (200 km) | I-Ceres orbit | 9.48 km/s | 9.48 km/s (isebenzisa ukumisa ngenqwelomoya) | Iinketho ze projekti: Heliocentric Hohmann 1 au to Ceres, coplanar (ignores its 10.6 degree inclination); departure from 200 km LEO, capture into a 200 km Ceres orbit |
Izixhobo kunye neengcebiso zisebenzisa iimodeli ezilula zokufunda kuphela. Akufanele zisetyenziswe ukuqhuba, ucwangciso lwemikhosi okanye nayiphi na intlawulo yokusebenza. Iziqinisekiso azihlawulwanga kwaye azigunyaziswanga. Funda uxanduva lokungasebenzisi imixholo yoqeqesho