Delta-v Map
Kodi kusintha kwa kuchuluka kwa kuyendetsa kumatenga nthawi yayitali bwanji kuti mupite pakati pa dziko lapansi, orbit, mwezi, Mars ndi ma asteroids.
ESO/S. Guisard (www.eso.org/~sguisard) (CC BY 4.0)
Delta-v Map
Kodi ndi chiyani? Map ya maulendo a kunyanja. Mzere uliwonse ndi gawo limodzi la ulendo, ndipo idadi yake ikusonyeza kuti ndege yoyenda m'nyanja iyenera kusintha bwanji kuthamanga kwake kuti ipite pa gawo lomweli. Kuwonjezera magawowa mupeza ndalama za mafuta zofunikira pa ulendowu.
Momwe mungagwiritsire ntchito: Sankhani malo oyamba ndi malo odyera: dinani ma dot awiri pa mapu, dinani menyu ya Kuchokera ndi Kupita kapena dinani wina mwa mabatani a ulendo. Mtunda udzawala ndipo bokosi la ndalama za mafuta lidzawonjezerapo mbali iliyonse.
Mtengo wa mafuta kwa ulendowu
Delta-v yoposa
Sungani mbali kuti muone mapu onse.
Makhalidwe ndi njira imodzi, yoyenera impulsive manoeuvres ngati si anasonyeza typical. Real miyezo kuwonjezera kuwonongeka ndi kusintha ndege.
Pezani izi
- Kuchokera pa nyanja yamadzi, ndegeyo imayenda kudzera m'mphepete mwa nyanja mpaka kumalo otsika a dziko lapansi.Kudziwitsa: That first step costs 9.4 km/s. Kuchokera pa orbit mpaka kumbali ya mwezi kumatenga pafupifupi 5.6 km/s zambiri.
- Press "Ku mwezi", ndiyeno "ku Mars", ndi kuyerekezera zoposa.Kudziwitsa: Zili pafupifupi zofanana: pafupifupi 15.0 ndi 15.1 km / s, ngakhale kuti Mars nthawi zonse imakhala pafupi kwambiri ndi mwezi. Mars ili ndi madzi othamanga pamene mukafika; Mwezi siyilinso, choncho chilichonse chosasintha chimawononga mafuta.
- Kuyenda kuchokera pamalo a Mars kupita ku malo a dziko lapansi.Kudziwitsa: The last leg, down to Earth's surface, costs 0 km/s: Earth's air and a heat shield do the braking, as they did for every Apollo crew. Kukwera kuchokera ku Mars kulibe mtengo wa pafupifupi 4.1 km / s.
- Press "Ku geostationary orbit" ndi kuyerekezera izo ndi kupita kuchokera pansi pa Earth orbit kuti pansi lunar orbit.Kudziwitsa: Kufika pa orbit yayikulu komwe TV ndi ma satellite anyengo amagona kumawononga pafupifupi ndalama zofanana ndi kufika pa orbit kuzungulira Mwezi: pafupifupi 3.9 km / s kuchokera ku Earth orbit pansi m'malamulo awiriwa.
Maganizo m'mbuyomu
Kodi ndi chiyani delta-v?
Kuganizira za ulendo wa sitima. Add mpaka nthawi iliyonse inu kufulumira ndi nthawi iliyonse inu kuletsa: kuti wonse ndi delta-v wanu. Mu space palibe njira yoti apite kumbuyo ndi palibe zoletsa, kotero zonse kusintha kwa mzere, pamwamba kapena pansi, ayenera kufika kuchokera pa injini ya roketi, ndi chilichonse cha izo amawononga mafuta.
N’chifukwa chiyani kulowa m’orbit ndi gawo lovuta kwambiri?
Kukhala m’mapiri sikuti ndi kuzungulira dziko lapansi. Ndikuyenda mofulumira kwambiri kuti mupite pansi padziko lapansi, osati kulowamo. Pamwamba pa nyanja, izi zikutanthauza pafupifupi makilomita 7.8/s (makilomita 28,000/h), nthawi imodzi yozungulira dziko lapansi m’maola 90. Pamene ikuyenda pamwambapo, roketi imathamangitsanso pafupifupi makilomita 1.5 mpaka 2/s chifukwa cha kupweteka kwa nthaka komanso kulepheretsa kwa mpweya (kuzunguliridwa kwa dziko lapansi kumapatsa malo aang’ono), choncho njira imeneyi imakhala yotsika mtengo pafupifupi makilomita 9.4/s.
N'chifukwa chiyani kulandiridwa pa Mars ndi mtengo wotsika kuposa kulandiridwa pa Mwezi?
Mars ili ndi mpweya wofiira. Mphamvu ya kulowa m'nyanja imafika pa ndege yonyamula anthu yomwe imakhala ndi mphamvu zochuluka ndipo kutentha kwake kumasinthana kukhala kutentha; parachutes ndi ma roketi otsika omwe amawononga nthawi ya kumaliza ntchitoyo amachita zonsezi. Mapepalawa amati pali mafuta a roketi 0 km/s kuti munthu azitha kufika pa Mars, koma 1.63 km/s kwa mwezi womwe ulibe madzi, komwe makina ayenera kuchita zonse zoletsa. Kuchoka ku Mars ndi nkhani ina: kukweranso mpaka ku orbit kumatenga pafupifupi 4.1 km/s.
Kodi ndi chiyani aerobraking?
Kugwiritsa ntchito mpweya wa dziko lapansi ngati chida choletsa. Chida cha kunyanja chimalowa m'mphepete mwa mpweya wofiira, kulepheretsa, ndipo kumapulumutsa mafuta omwe angawonongeke. Mu 2006 NASA Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter idachepetsa obiti yake ndi njirayi, ndi mamiliyoni ambiri amadzi apakati pa mpweya wa pamwamba pa Mars kwa miyezi isanu ndi umodzi.
N’chifukwa chiyani makilomita onse a mphindi ndi ofunika kwambiri?
Roketi iyenera kunyamula mafuta ake, ndipo mafutawa ayenera kutulutsidwanso. Pamene makilomita ena akubwera pa mphindi, roketiyo imafunika mafuta ambirimbiri kuposa yoyamba. Izi ndichifukwa chake Saturn V yomwe inatumiza anthu ku mwezi inali yolemera pafupifupi matoni 3000 pamene inatulutsidwa, ndipo zambiri mwa mafutawo anali oyendetsa.
Zina: miyendo yowerengedwa imagwiritsa ntchito ma formulas amtundu wa thupi limodzi ndi NASA/JPL planet data (scripts/build-deltav.mjs); miyendo yodziwika bwino kuchokera ku Delta-v budget article pa Wikipedia ndi zidziwitso zake zotchulidwa. Saturn V launch mass: NASA. Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter aerobraking: NASA/JPL.
Kutanthauza "kusintha kwa liwiro": momwe ndege ya kunyanja iyenera kufulumira, kuchepetsa kapena kusintha njira. Ikugwira ntchito ngati ndalama za mafuta paulendo, zomwe zimawerengedwa mu makilomita pa mphindi (km/s).
Kuwonjezera pa mawu ofotokoza →Mtunda wa chinthu chomwe chimayenda mozungulira planeta kapena nyenyezi popanda kuwononga, chifukwa chimayenda m'mbali mwake mofulumira.
Kuwonjezera pa mawu ofotokoza →Mtunda wozungulira mpweya wa panyanja, pafupifupi makilomita makumi awiri. The International Space Station flies there, going once round Earth in about 90 minutes.
Mzinda wa Mars ndi m’mphepete mwa dziko lapansi, pa 35.786 km pamwamba pa equator. Kuyenda kwa sateliti kuzungulira dziko lapansi kumatenga nthawi yofanana ndi ya sateliti yozungulira dziko lapansi (kapena pafupifupi maola 24). Sateliti imene ili pamalo amenewa imawoneka kuti ikuyendabe mosalekeza, chifukwa chake timagwiritsa ntchito ma satellite a TV komanso ma satellite oyang’anira nyengo.
Orbit yolimba yomwe imagwiritsa ntchito kupita kuchokera pamalo amodzi kupita ku ena, monga njira yoyendayenda. Mumapita kokha; simumakhalako.
Kugwiritsa ntchito mpweya wa dziko lapansi ngati chida choletsa kutuluka. Ndege yakunja imalowa m'mphepete mwa mpweya wotsika ndipo kulephera kwa mpweya kumaichepetsa, populumutsa mafuta. Mtengo wake ndi kutentha, choncho iyenera kukhala ndi chida choteteza kutentha kapena kupita mofulumira kwambiri.
Njira yopulumutsa mafuta kwambiri kuti mupite pakati pa ma orbits awiri ozungulira: kukanikiza chimodzi kuti muyambe njira ya oval yomwe imakhudzanso orbit yatsopano, ndi kukanikiza kwachiwiri pamene mukufikako.
Kuwonjezera pa mawu ofotokoza →Tabula ya deta (malemba osiyanasiyana)
| Kuchokera | Ku | → | ← | Momwe zinali zogwira ntchito |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kuwala kwa dzuwa | Low Earth orbit (200 km) | 9.4 km/s | 0 km/s (angagwiritse ntchito aerobraking) | typical (yosindikizidwa): Delta-v budget (Wikipedia, with its cited references), typical values including lossesKuyambira ku orbit: pafupifupi 7.8 km / s ya mayendedwe a orbital komanso kuwonongeka kwa gravity ndi kukana kwa mpweya. |
| Low Earth orbit (200 km) | Geostationary transfer orbit | 2.45 km/s | 2.45 km/s (angagwiritse ntchito aerobraking) | calculated (ideal): Hohmann perigee burn, 200 km to 35,786 km altitude, equatorial |
| Geostationary transfer orbit | Geostationary orbit | 1.48 km/s | 1.48 km/s | calculated (ideal): Hohmann apogee burn, no plane changeKuchokera pamalo oyamba kuchoka ku equator,nso kusintha kwa tilt ya orbit imawonjezera mamita angapo a m'masentimita. |
| Low Earth orbit (200 km) | Earth kugwa | 3.22 km/s | 3.22 km/s (angagwiritse ntchito aerobraking) | calculated (ideal): Escape speed minus circular speed at 200 km |
| Low Earth orbit (200 km) | Kusintha kwa mwezi | 3.13 km/s | 3.13 km/s (angagwiritse ntchito aerobraking) | calculated (ideal): Raise apogee to the Moon's mean distance |
| Kusintha kwa mwezi | Low lunar orbit (100 km) | 0.82 km/s | 0.82 km/s | calculated (ideal): Patched conic capture into a 100 km lunar orbit |
| Low lunar orbit (100 km) | Mwezi | 1.63 km/s | 1.63 km/s | calculated (ideal): Circular speed at 100 km (ideal, no gravity losses; real landings need more) |
| Low Earth orbit (200 km) | Kusintha kwa Mars | 3.61 km/s | 3.61 km/s (angagwiritse ntchito aerobraking) | calculated (ideal): Earth-Mars Hohmann departure from 200 km, Oberth effect included |
| Kusintha kwa Mars | Low Mars orbit (300 km) | 2.09 km/s (angagwiritse ntchito aerobraking) | 2.09 km/s | calculated (ideal): Capture into a 300 km circular Mars orbit |
| Low Mars orbit (300 km) | Mars | 0 km/s (angagwiritse ntchito aerobraking) | 4.1 km/s | typical (yosindikizidwa): Delta-v budget (Wikipedia, with its cited references), typical values including lossesKunyamula kumagwiritsa ntchito kwambiri mpweya (kuteteza kutentha ndi parachutes); kuwonjezekanso kwa orbit ndi mfundo yodziwika bwino. |
| Low Earth orbit (200 km) | Asteroidi ya kumbali ya dziko lapansi (Bennu) | 4.11 km/s | 4.11 km/s (angagwiritse ntchito aerobraking) | calculated (ideal): Heliocentric Hohmann 1 au to Bennu's semi-major axis, coplanar (ignores its 6 degree inclination and its eccentricity); departure from 200 km LEO |
| Low Earth orbit (200 km) | Ceres orbit | 9.48 km/s | 9.48 km/s (angagwiritse ntchito aerobraking) | calculated (ideal): Heliocentric Hohmann 1 au to Ceres, coplanar (ignores its 10.6 degree inclination); departure from 200 km LEO, capture into a 200 km Ceres orbit |
Zipangizo ndi zitsanzo zimagwiritsa ntchito mapangidwe osinthidwa kuti aziphunzira okha. Sayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito poyendetsa, kupanga miyezo kapena kukhazikitsa njira iliyonse yogwiritsira ntchito. Onani zoletsa za masamba ophunzitsa