Le ndatshana yabhalwa nguLocal Solar System ilungu leqembu le Foundation futhi ingathuthukiswa ngumbuyekezi oqeqeshiwe. Ingabe uqeqeshiwe kulolu daba? Sicela uhlela
Isibhakabhaka sakusihlwa nokugqwala kwelanga
Vula ikhasi eligcweleYini lokhu? Izibani zesikhala, amasakhiwo namaphawu enza izulu lemini likhanya, futhi lesi sibhakabhaka sifihla izinkanyezi ezincane. Lezi zisetshenziswa zibonisa izinkanyezi zomuntu siqu kusuka ku-star catalog kanye nokuthi zingaki ezihamba kancane njengoba izulu likhanya, kusukela endaweni emnyama kakhulu kuya ezindaweni ezisephakathini zomgwaqo.
Indlela yokusetshenziswa kwayo: Khetha incazelo efana kakhulu nezulu lakho, noma cindezela isici sokususa uthuli lwesibani. cindezela isithombe sezulu ukuze ubheke ngaphesheya.
Ingabe isibhakabhaka sakho simnyama?
Khetha enye ezwakala njengezulu lapho uhlala khona. Isithombe ngasinye sibonisa ama-stars we-Orion ongayibona kulo nqanaba.
Izimo zesibhakabhaka kanye nokukhanya kusuka ku-Yale Bright Star Catalogue. Indawo yakho ayikho egcinwe.
Zama lokhu
- Qala ku level 1 (indawo emnyama kakhulu) bese usuka kancane kuze kube yi-9.Isixhumanisi: Kusuka ezinyangeni eziyi-9,000 ezidlulayo ezulu lonke, cishe ama-400 kuphela asele ezindaweni zedolobha, futhi inhlamvu eyodwa kuphela yezulu iphezulu kwakho nganoma yisiphi isikhathi.
- Khetha i-Orion bese uqhathanisa amanqanaba angama-4 nama-8.Isixhumanisi: Uhlobo oludumile luhlala, kodwa ama-stars amnyama agcwalisa ngalo, kanye ne-Milky Way ngasemva kwayo, iphela.
- Ngobusuku obulandelayo obucacile ngaphandle kwenyanga, phuma ngaphandle kude nelanga eliqondile bese ulinde imizuzu engu-20 ukuze amehlo akho alungele.Isixhumanisi: Thola isithombe lapha esifana nalokho okubonayo: lokho kuyinhlanganisela yezinga lakho le-Bortle. Izithombe zibonisa indawo ye-Orion; noma yiliphi iqembu elijwayelekile lamaplanethi lisebenza.
Izinhlamvu ezimqoka
Ingabe umuntu angakwenzani?
Ukulimala kwelanga kunzima kakhulu ukuxazululwa: cindezela uvala bese kudlula. Nciphisa izibani zangaphandle futhi uzikhusele, sebenzisa ama-bulbs akhanyayo, futhi uvale izibani ezingadingeki ngumuntu.
Amasu: izimo zesibhakabhaka kanye nokukhanya kusuka ku-Yale Bright Star Catalogue (5th revised edition). Amazinga ezulu namaplanethi abonakala kancane kakhulu kusuka ku-J. I-E Bortle, "Ukusungula i-Bortle Dark-Sky Scale", Izulu & Telescope, Februwari 2001. Usizo lokukhangisa: DarkSky International. Indawo yakho ayikho ecelwe noma igcinwe.
Ukukhanya okungenziwa kwenziwa okukhanya lapho akudingeki khona, ikakhulukazi ezulu. Kukwenza izulu lonke likhanya futhi lifihla amakilasi.
Okuningi ku-glossary →Isikali se-1 kuya ku-9 sokuthi izulu limnyama kangakanani, elishicilelwe ngu-amateur astronomer uJohn E. Bortle ngo-2001. Izinga 1 yizulu elimnyama kakhulu emhlabeni; izinga 9 liphakathi komgwaqo.
Okuningi ku-glossary →Isikali abacwaningi be-astronomia basebenzisayo ukukhanya. Amanani amakhulu kuthetha amnyama: amaplanethi akhanya kakhulu aphakathi kwe-magnitude 0 noma 1, futhi amnyama kakhulu ongabona kuwo kusuka endaweni emnyama kakhulu yi-magnitude engu-7 kuya ku-8.
Okuningi ku-glossary →Amazinyo akho aqala ukucasuka ngokucophelela lapho kumnyama. Kuthatha imizuzu engu-20 kuya kwengama-30, futhi ukubuka okukodwa kwesikrini esikhanyayo noma isibani sizosusa ingxenye enkulu yalokho.
Ithebula ledatha (ukhetho lombhalo)
| Isigaba se-bortle | I-Fastest visible stars | Izinkanyezi ezibonakalayo (isibhakabhaka esigcwele, ekuseni okucacile) |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 7.8 | 9,093+ |
| 2 | 7.3 | 9,082+ |
| 3 | 6.8 | 9,002+ |
| 4 | 6.3 | 7,008 |
| 5 | 5.8 | 4,103 |
| 6 | 5.3 | 2,319 |
| 7 | 4.8 | 1,267 |
| 8 | 4.3 | 718 |
| 9 | 3.8 | 409 |
Ngomlando wonke womuntu abantu babheka phezulu futhi babone i-galaxy esihlala kuyo. Namhlanje umuntu ngamunye kuthathu emhlabeni angeke akwazi ukubona i-Milky Way kusuka ekhaya. Le ndatshana ikufundisa ukuthi ufunde isibhakabhaka, futhi uqonde ukuthi silahlekile yini.
Isibhakabhaka yincwadi edala kakhulu. Uthuli olukhanyayo luvala.
Bona
Look at the sky from a city and you might see a few dozen stars. Kusuka endaweni emnyama kakhulu, kude nanoma iyiphi ingadi, ungabona amawaka, futhi i-Milky Way ihamba phezu kwezulu njengemvula.
Ushintsho luthi ukukhishwa kwelanga: ukukhanya okungenziwa umuntu okudlula phezulu futhi kungenza izulu likhanya. Lo mthunzi ususa izinkanyezi ezincane.
Dlulisa isikhombi esisuka ku 1 (indawo emnyama kakhulu) kuya ku 9 (isixeko sangaphakathi). Izinkanyezi ziyiqiniso: zivela ku-catalog yezinkanyezi ezikhanya kakhulu zesibhakabhaka ezingu-9,000 noma ngaphezulu. Bona ukuthi bangaki abafi.
Lezi azikho nje mayelana nokubheka izinkanyezi. Ukukhanya kwesikhathi sebusuku kuthinta futhi izinhlanzi ezihamba noma zidla izilwane ezimnyama, futhi kunciphisa amandla ngokukhanya kwesibhakabhaka endaweni yendawo. Le ngxenye ixhunywe Isinqumo esimnyama kanye ne-Light Initiative yayo yokulondolozwa kwelanga.
Ukuqonda
Abacwaningi be-astronomi balinganisela ukukhanya nge magnitudes. Isilinganiso esihamba phambili: ama-stars akhanyayo anenani elincane.
- I-Sirius, inkanyezi ekhanya kakhulu ekuseni, ilingana ne-1.5.
- Izinkanyezi ezincane kakhulu abantu abaningi bangazibona kusuka endaweni emnyama ziyi-magnitude engu-6 kuya ku-7.
- Edolobhaneni, umkhawulo ungaba ubukhulu 4 noma okhanyayo.
The Bortle scale, published by the amateur astronomer John Bortle in 2001, sorts skies into nine classes. Isigaba ngasinye sivela ngesimo esibonakalayo se-magnitude:
| Isigaba se-bortle | Incazelo | I-Faintest stars |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Isayithi elimnyama elihle | 7.6 kuya ku-8.0 |
| 3 | Isibhakabhaka sendawo yasembuzweni | 6.6 kuya ku-7.0 |
| 5 | Isibhakabhaka sesifunda | 5.6 kuya ku-6.0 |
| 7 | Ukushintshana kwesifunda/isizinda | 4.6 kuya ku-5.0 |
| 9 | Isibhakabhaka sedolobhana elingaphakathi | 4.0 kungcono |
Ngenxa yokuthi kunezinkanyezi eziningi ezincane kunazo ezikhanyayo, i-magnitude ngayinye olahlekelwa ngayo ifihla ezinye eziningi. Ku-Yale catalogue, cishe amaplanethi angama-5000 akhanya kune-magnitude engu-6, kodwa cishe ama-500 kuphela akhanya kune-magnitude engu-4.
I-2016 world atlas yathola ukuthi ngaphezulu kuka-80% abantu, kanye nangaphezulu kuka-99% abantu e-United States nase-Europe, baphila ngaphansi kwelanga elikhanyayo.
Umphathi
Ubukhulu buyi-logarithmic. Izinkanyezi ezimbili ezine-fluxes F₁ ne-F₂:
m₁ − m₂ = −2.5 · log₁₀(F₁ / F₂)
Ukuhluka kwezinga eli-5 kuyingxenye efanele ye-100 emfushane, ngakho-ke inani elinye liyingxenye ye-100^(1/5) ≈ 2.512.
Kungani ama-star counts enyuka ngokuqinile? Uma ama-stars ahlukaniswe ngokufanayo ngendawo, wonke ane-luminosity efanayo, inani elikhanyayo kune-magnitude m lizokhula njenge-10^(0.6 m): cishe izikhathi ezine ezingaphezu kwama-stars ngayinye ene-magnitude encane. I-Galaxy engokoqobo ayifani, ngakho ukukhula okuboniswe kuncane, cishe izikhathi ezintathu nge-magnitude ezungeze umkhawulo wemehlo amnyama. Ungayihlola nge-catalog counts kwithebula ledatha yethuluzi.
Isibhakabhaka esikhanyayo sifaka isizinda sesikhashana saso. I-star ibonakala kuphela uma ibukeka kahle kakhulu kuleyo ndawo yangaphambili, ngakho isibhakabhaka esikhanyayo sikhuphula ubukhulu obukhawulelayo. Ama-Bortle limits ayizilinganiso eziqinile ezisekelwe kumqwalaseli, hhayi umthetho wemvelo, futhi imiphumela yakho ixhomekeke kumazinyo akho, ukuguquka okumnyama kanye nesimo sezulu.
Isebenza kanjani ukuvimbela uthuli lwesibani, ngokusho kwemithetho yokukhanya ye-DarkSky International: khanya kuphela lapho kudinga ukukhanya, uma nje kuyimfuneko, akukho okukhanyayo kunalokho okufunekayo, bonisa phansi nge-shielding ephelele, futhi ngombala opholile (ukukhanya okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka okuncane, okusakazeka kakhulu empilweni).
Zama
Thola indlu yakho nge-Bortle scale: phuma ngaphandle ngemini ecacile engabonakali, vumela amehlo akho ukuba alungele imizuzwana engu-20, futhi ubala ukuthi zingaki izinkanyezi ongazibona ngaphakathi kwe-rectangle ye-Orion (noma i-Southern Cross). Misela isici sokushaya ukuze sifana nento oyibonayo.
Iningi. Izinhlekelele zikhona lapho ukufunda kuqhubeka khona.
Umbuzo osheshayo
3 imibuzo esheshayo. Khetha impendulo ukuze ubone uma ulungile.
-
Ku-magnitude scale, iyiphi inkanyezi ekhanya kakhulu?
- A I-star ye-magnitude 1
- B I-star ye-magnitude engu-6
- C Bafana
- D Kuxhomekeka kumbala
Bonisa impendulo
A. I-star ye-magnitude 1 Ama-magnitudes amancane akhanya kakhulu. Isinqumo ngasinye se-5 magnitudes siyingxenye engu-100 ekukhanya.
-
Kudolobha elikhulu (Bortle class 8 noma 9), ungabona izinkanyezi zingaki ezimnyama esibhakabhakeni?
- A Amakhulu ambalwa
- B Izigidi ezingama-5,000
- C Izigidi ezingama-10,000
- D Amazigidi
Bonisa impendulo
A. Amakhulu ambalwa
-
Yiziphi zalezi ezisiza ukuncipha kokukhishwa kwelanga?
- A Ama-bulbs akhanyayo
- B Izibani eziqondisa phezulu
- C Izibani ezishisayo ezibonisa phansi, imibala epholile kanye nezikhashana
- D Ukukhanya okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka-omhlophe
Bonisa impendulo
C. Izibani ezishisayo ezibonisa phansi, imibala epholile kanye nezikhashana
Ingxenye yelayini
- Idlala nge-interactive
- Funda isifundo
- Ukwenze kanjani isiphakamiso
- Uthathe isifundo
Phawula isifundo siqediwe ukuze uyigcine ekwenzeni kwakho kulolu hlelo.
Isifundo siqediwe. Kulungile!
Le yincwadi edlule kule ndlela. Bona konke okufundayo. Ukuqhubekeka kwakho
Amagama kule ncwadi
Amasu
- J. E. Bortle, 'Introducing the Bortle Dark-Sky Scale', Sky & Telescope, February 2001
- Yale Bright Star Catalogue, 5th revised ed. (Hoffleit & Warren 1991), CDS catalogue V/50
- F. Falchi et al., 'The new world atlas of artificial night sky brightness', Science Advances 2 (2016)
- DarkSky International: lighting principles
Le ndatshana ilayisense CC BY-SA 4.0.