Le ncwadi yabhalwa ngu Local Solar System Iqela le-Fundamente lilungu kwaye lingaphuculwa ngumvavanyi oqeqeshiweyo. Ingaba uqeqeshiwe kulo mxholo?
Ilanga lemini kunye nokukhanya kothuli
Vula iphepha elipheleleyoYintoni le? Iifestile zendlela, iinqanawa, izindlu kunye nemifanekiso ebonisa ukuba ilanga likhanya, kwaye eli kukhanya lifihla iiplanethi ezimnyama. Eli sixhobo sibonisa iiplanethi ezibonakalayo kwincwadi yemifanekiso yeplanethi kwaye inani elikhulu liphela njengoko ilanga likhanya, ukusuka kwindawo emnyama kwelinye icala ukuya kwisixeko esiphakathi.
Indlela yokusetyenziswa kwayo: Khetha inkcazelo ethetha kakhulu njengelanga lakho, okanye rhuqa umgca wokudada wokukhanya. Rhuqa imboniselo yelanga ukujonga ngaphaya.
Imnyama kangakanani izulu lakho?
Khetha enye ethetha njengelanga apho uhlala khona. Umfanekiso ngamnye ubonisa iinkwenkwezi ze Orion onokuthi uzibone kulo mgangatho.
Indawo ye-star kunye nokukhanya kwe-Yale Bright Star Catalogue. Indawo yakho ayigcinwanga.
Zama oku
- Qala kwinqanaba 1 (indawo emnyama ngokuqinisekileyo) kwaye urhoxise ngesantya ukuya kwi 9.Isaziso: Kuzo zonke iinkwenkwezi ezimalunga ne9000 ezijikeleze isibhakabhaka, ziyi-400 kuphela ezihlala kwisixeko esiphakathi, kwaye yinxalenye yesibhakabhaka kuphela engaphezulu kwakho nangaliphi na ixesha.
- Choose Orion and compare levels 4 and 8.Isaziso: Umfanekiso owaziwayo uhlala, kodwa iinkwenkwezi ezimnyama ezizigcwalisayo, kunye nendlela yemilky ecaleni kwayo, ziphela.
- On the next clear night without a Moon, go outside away from direct lights and wait 20 minutes for your eyes to adjust.Isaziso: Fumana umfanekiso apha othelekiswayo nobona: oko kufutshane nomphakamo wakho we Bortle. Imifanekiso ibonisa indawo ye Orion; nayiphi na iqela eliqhelekileyo leenkwenkwezi lisebenza.
Iimbono ezimva kwayo
Yintoni ongayikwenza?
Ukutshatyalaliswa kwelanga kukuxhaphaza okulula ukusombulula: shiya umbane kwaye kuyaphela. Nciphisa iinkuni zangaphandle uze uzikhusele, sebenzisa ii-bulbs ezinomthunzi opholileyo, kwaye uvale iinkuni ezingafunekiyo ngumntu wonke.
Iindawo zembali yelanga kunye nokukhanya ukusuka kwi Yale Bright Star Catalogue (uguqulelo lwe 5). Amanqanaba ezulu kunye neentyatyambo ezibonakalayo ezimnyama ukusuka ku J. E. Bortle, "Introducing the Bortle Dark- Sky Scale", Sky & Telescope, February 2001. Uncedo lokukhanya: DarkSky International. Indawo yakho ayizucelwa okanye igcinwa.
Artificial light that shines where it is not needed, especially up into the sky. It makes the whole night sky glow and hides the stars.
Okuninzi kwincwadi eneenkcukacha →Isikali se 1 ukuya kwi 9 sokuba ikhanya kangakanani na ilanga lemini, epapashwe ngu-amateur astronomer uJohn E. Bortle ngo 2001. Umphakamo we 1 yilanga elimnyama kakhulu emhlabeni; umphakamo we 9 yindawo esembindini womzi.
Okuninzi kwincwadi eneenkcukacha →Isikali aba astronomi besebenzisayo sokukhanya. Amanani amakhulu kuthetha akhanyayo: iinkwenkwezi ezikhanyayo zijikeleze ubukhulu 0 okanye 1, kwaye ezimnyama ozibonayo ukusuka kwindawo emnyama ngokuqinisekileyo zimalunga nobukhulu 7 ukuya ku 8.
Okuninzi kwincwadi eneenkcukacha →Amehlo akho aqala ukuba nefuthe elincinci xa emnyama. Kuthatha imizuzu engama-20 ukuya kwengama-30, kwaye ukujonga iscreen esikhanyayo okanye isibane selanga kwenza ukuba kukhulule kakhulu.
Itheyibhile yedata (umbhalo otshintshiyo)
| Uhlobo lwe Bortle | Iinkwenkwezi ezibonakalayo | Iinkwenkwezi |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 7.8 | 9 093+ |
| 2 | 7.3 | 9 082+ |
| 3 | 6.8 | 9 002+ |
| 4 | 6.3 | 7 008 |
| 5 | 5.8 | 4 103 |
| 6 | 5.3 | 2 319 |
| 7 | 4.8 | 1 267 |
| 8 | 4.3 | 718 |
| 9 | 3.8 | 409 |
Kwimbali yomhlaba wonke abantu bajonge phezulu kwaye babone i-galaxy esihlala kuyo. Namhlanje umntu omnye kwiintlanu emhlabeni akakwazi ukuqhubeka ebona iNdlela yeMnyama ukusuka ekhaya. Le mfundiso ifundisa ukuba ufunde isibhakabhaka, kwaye uqonde into esilahlekileyo.
Izulu lincwadi elidala kakhulu. Ukukhanya kothuli kuvala.
Bona
Khangela izulu ukusuka kumzi kwaye ungabona ii-stars ezilishumi elinambini. Kwindawo emnyama kakhulu, kude nakuphi na isixeko, ungabona amawaka, kwaye iNdlela yeMnyama ihamba phezu kwezulu njengefuthe.
Utshintsho luyi i-light pollution: ilanga eliyenziweyo eliya phezulu kwaye lisenza isibhakabhaka sikhanya. Lo msi uhlamba iinkwenkwezi ezimnyama.
Rhuqa isithathi-nxaxheba kwisixhobo ukusuka ku 1 (indawo emnyama ngokuqinisekileyo) ukuya ku 9 (idolophu yangaphakathi). Iinkwenkwezi ziyinyani: ziyavela kwincwadi yemifanekiso yee-9,000 okanye ngaphezulu kwezinkwenkwezi ezikhanyayo ezulu. Bona ukuba zingaphi ezilahlekileyo.
Le nto ayijongwa kuphela njengento yokubukela iinkwenkwezi. Ukukhanya kwexesha lobusuku kubangela ukuba zihambe iintlanzi ezihamba ngeenyawo okanye zidlale emnyama, kwaye ilahleka amandla ngokuqaqambisa izulu endaweni yehlabathi. Oku kudibanisa ne Isiqalo esiBomvu kunye neSiqalo sayo esiKhawulezayo sokukhusela ilanga ngobusuku.
Ukuqonda
Abaqulunqi beeplanethi balinganisela ukukhanya nge magnitudes. Isikali esibuyela umva: iinkwenkwezi ezikhanyayo zineenombolo ezincinane.
- ISirius, inkwenkwezi ekhanyayo kakhulu ngobusuku, imalunga ne-1.5.
- Iinkwenkwezi ezimnyama kakhulu abantu abaninzi banokubona kuzo indawo emnyama zimalunga ne-magnitude 6 ukuya kwi-7.
- In a city, the limit may be magnitude 4 or brighter.
I- Isikali se-Bortle, epapashwe ngumntu othanda ukujonga ilanga uJohn Bortle ngo-2001, ihlela izulu kwiindidi ezithoba. Udidi ngalunye luya nge magnitude ebonakalayo ekhanyayo kakhulu:
| Uhlobo lwe Bortle | Inkcazelo | Iinkwenkwezi |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | I-Excellent dark site | 7.6 ukuya ku-8.0 |
| 3 | Isibhakabhaka sasedolophini | 6.6 ukuya ku-7.0 |
| 5 | Isibhakabhaka esiphakathi kwedolophu | 5.6 ukuya ku-6.0 |
| 7 | Utshintsho lwesixeko/isixeko | 4.6 ukuya kwi-5.0 |
| 9 | Isibhakabhaka somzi-mveliso | 4.0 kulungileyo |
Kuba kukho iinkwenkwezi ezininzi ezimnyama kunezona zikhanyayo, ubukhulu ngalunye olubalayo lufihla ezininzi zazo. Kwi Yale catalog, malunga ne-5000 yee-inkwenkwezi zikhanya kune magnitude 6 kodwa kuphela malunga ne-500 zikhanya kune magnitude 4.
I-atlas yehlabathi ka-2016 ifumanisa ukuba ngaphezulu kwe-80% yabantu, kunye ne-99% yabantu eMelika naseYuropu, baphila phantsi kwelanga elikhanyayo.
Umphathi
Ubukhulu buyi-logarithmic. Iinkwenkwezi ezimbini ezinee-fluxes F₁ ne F₂:
m₁ − m₂ = −2.5 · log₁₀(F₁ / F₂)
Utshintsho lwee-magnitudes ezi-5 luyinxalenye ye-100 kwi-flux, ngoko ke i-magnitude enye yinxalenye ye-100^(1/5) ≈ 2.512.
Kutheni iinkwenkwezi zinyuka ngokuthe nkqo? Ukuba iinkwenkwezi zazisasazwa ngokufanayo kwisithuba, zonke nge-luminosity efanayo, inani elikhanyayo kune magnitude m liya kukhula njenge-10^(0.6 m): malunga nexesha elinesine leenkwenkwezi ezininzi kwi-magnitude nganye emnyama. I-Galaxy eyaneleyo ayifani, ngoko ke ukukhula okubonisiweyo kuncinci, malunga nexesha lesithathu ngesantya esifutshane nomda wemehlo avulekileyo. Ungayikhangela ngeencwadi zemifanekiso ezibalayo kwitheyibhile ye data yesixhobo.
Ukukhanya kwelanga kongeza isiqalo sokukhanya kwayo. Inkwenkwezi ibonakala kuphela ukuba ibonisa ngaphezu kokungasemva, ngoko ke isibhakabhaka esikhanyayo sinyusa ubukhulu obukhawulezayo. Amanqanaba eBortle amalunga noluhlu olusekwe kumqwalaseli, hayi umthetho wenyama, kwaye impumelelo yakho ixhomekeke kumava akho, ukulungelelaniso okumnyama kunye nemozulu.
Isebenza kulwa nokusilela kwelanga, ngokwemimiselo yeDarkSky International yokukhanya: umbane kuphela ofuna ukukhanya, xa ifuna kuphela, akukho mhle kunale nto ifunekayo, ibonisa ezantsi nge-shelter epheleleyo, kunye nemibala eshushu (incinci ilanga eliluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, elinokujikeleza ngakumbi kwimozulu).
Zama
Fumana indlu yakho kwiskala le Bortle: yiya ngaphandle ngobusuku obucacileyo, shiya amehlo akho alungelelanise imizuzu engama-20, kwaye bala ukuba zingaphi iiplanethi ongazibona ngaphakathi kwe Orion (okanye i Southern Cross). Misela isithambeka ukuze sifane nento oyibonayo.
Iingxaki zikhona apho ukufunda kuqhekeka khona.
Uvavanyo olukhawulezayo
3 imibuzo ekhawulezayo. Khetha impendulo ukuze ubone ukuba ulungile na.
-
Iinkwenkwezi
- A Inkwenkwezi ye Magnitude 1
- B Inkwenkwezi ye Magnitude 6
- C Zibonakala zifana
- D Kuxhomekeke kumbala
Bonisa impendulo
A. Inkwenkwezi ye Magnitude 1 Ii magnitudes ezincinci zikhanya kakhulu. Inyathelo ngalinye le 5 magnitudes liyinxalenye ye 100 kwi brightness.
-
Kwisixeko esikhulu (iBortle class 8 okanye 9), ngaba ubona iinkwenkwezi eziliqela kangakanani na kwisibhakabhaka sonke?
- A Iikhulu eziliqela
- B I-5,000
- C I-10,000
- D Izigidi
Bonisa impendulo
A. Iikhulu eziliqela
-
Yintoni enceda ukunyusa ukunciphisa umonakalo wokukhanya?
- A Ii-bulbs ezikhanyayo
- B Iilanga ezibonisa phezulu
- C Iilanga ezikhuselweyo ezibonisa ezantsi, imibala eshushu kunye neeyure
- D Ukukhanya okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka
Bonisa impendulo
C. Iilanga ezikhuselweyo ezibonisa ezantsi, imibala eshushu kunye neeyure
Iilayini Ezigqibekileyo
- Idlala nge-interactive
- Funda isifundo
- Ukwenza isigqibo
- Uthathe isifundo
Phawula isifundo sencwadi eneenkcukacha egqityiweyo ukusigcina kwindlela yakho yokuqhubekeka kule sixhobo.
Isifundo sigqityiwe. Yenziwe kakuhle!
Le yayisisifundo sokugcina kule ndlela. Bona konke okufundayo. Inkqubela yakho
Amagama kule ncwadi eneenkcukacha
IiNkqubo
- J. E. Bortle, 'Introducing the Bortle Dark-Sky Scale', Sky & Telescope, February 2001
- Yale Bright Star Catalogue, 5th revised ed. (Hoffleit & Warren 1991), CDS catalogue V/50
- F. Falchi et al., 'The new world atlas of artificial night sky brightness', Science Advances 2 (2016)
- DarkSky International: lighting principles
Eli nqaku lilayisensiwe CC BY-SA 4.0.