Wasu harsuna a wannan shafin na iya zama an fassara su da injin kuma suna iya da kurakurai. Help improve it Read the English original
Wani kwalban filastik yana gudu a karkashin fatar teku.
Blue Initiative

Plastic pollution

Duk wani ɓangare na filastik da aka yi wanda ba a ƙone shi ba har yanzu yana nan, a wani wuri a kan wannan duniyar.

Plastique wani abu ne mai ban mamaki. Yana da sauƙi, mai rahusa, mai hana ruwa kuma kusan ba zai iya lalacewa ba, wanda shine dalilin da ya sa muke amfani da shi ga duk wani abu daga allurar likita zuwa kwalban abinci mai dadi, kuma dalilin da ya sa ya zama matsala. Wadannan ma’aikatan sinadarai na da karfi, suna sa ruwan da ke cikin kwalba ya zauna har tsawon shekaru idan aka jefa shi. Abinci bai da wani enzyme wanda ya canza don cin shi cikin sauri.

Me yasa kwalba ke ci gaba

Yawancin kwayoyin halitta suna da sinadarai masu yawa na carbon da hydrogen. Hasken rana da girgiza suna karya su, amma ba a cikin wani abu mai illa ba: wani kwalba yana rabawa zuwa ga ɓangarorin, waɗancan ɓangarorin sun kasance microplastics mafi ƙaranci daga milimita biyar, kuma waɗannan zuwa nanoplasts masu ƙarancin girma don gani. An samu microplastics yanzu daga mafi zurfin tekun tsaunuka zuwa Arctic snow, a cikin kifi, a cikin ruwa mai sha da kuma a cikin jinin mutum.

Rayuka da dama na kwayoyin plastik masu launin fari, rawaya da ja sun ratsa tsakanin bishiyoyi da ganyen itatuwa a kan bakin teku.
Nurdles, kwayoyin plastik masu ƙarancin girma da ake samar da mafi yawan kayayyakin plastik daga gare su, sun shafa a cikin dutsen bakin teku. Waɗannan ƙwayoyin suna daga cikin manyan abubuwan da ke haifar da cututtuka a cikin dabbobi. Photo: hockadilly, CC BY-SA 2.0

A lõkacin da ya haɗu da tẽku.

Wani bangare kaɗan na masana’antar kera kwalban duniya kawai ake sake amfani da shi. Bisa ga OECD, duniya ta yi kusan 460 miliyan tan na plastik a cikin 2019 kuma ta jefa 353 miliyan tan. Kashi 9 kawai na wannan gurɓataccen abu aka sake shi; kashi 22 an yi masa rashin kulawa, wato an jefa shi a cikin wani wuri ko kuma an kashe shi a waje ko kuma an rasa shi ga muhalli. Koguna ne manyan hanyoyi: Plastique da aka jefa a kan ƙasa ana wanke shi zuwa cikin ruwa, ruwan kuma yana zuwa cikin koguna da koguna zuwa cikin teku.

460 MB2019 (OECD, 2022)
9%na plastic rushewa aka sake amfani da (OECD, 2022)
19 zuwa 23 MB2016 (Borrelle et al., 2020)

Kuma yankuna mafiya arziki bã su da kãriya. Tekun Mediterranean yana da kashi 1 cikin dari na ruwan teku a duniya amma kusan kashi 7 cikin dari na microplastics, kuma plastics ya haifar da kashi 43 zuwa 51 cikin dari na sharar bakin teku a tekun Girka (WWF, 2018). Mafi bayyanar gurbata ruwamu na rarraba koguna da ke ɗauke da mafi yawan sinadarin plastik zuwa cikin teku kuma yana nuna yadda yake ci gaba a cikin koguna da tekuna na Turai.

Wani bakin teku da aka shafa da kwayoyin filastik, da buoys, da bututun da kuma akwatunan a ƙarƙashin wani dutse mai tsananin zafi, tare da mutum ɗaya yana tsaye a kan rufin.
An shafe kwayoyin roba a Santa Luzia, wani tsibirin da ba a zaune ba na Cape Verde, a shekarar 2021. Kuma waɗanda suka yi ĩmãni, sunã da wata hujja daga Ubangijinsu. Photo: CaptainDarwin, CC BY-SA 4.0

Shi ne mai girma. Yawanci, a cikin shekarun da suka gabata, an samu asarar da kuma barin magungunan kwari, layuka da kuma makamai masu kama kifi, tsuntsaye, da kuma tsuntsayen teku, wata matsala da ake kira “Ghost fishing”, kuma suna samar da wani bangare mai girma na sinadarin da ke yawo a cikin manyan girgizar bakin teku.

Wani tsuntsu na teku ya kama a cikin wata ƙuƙumma ta wani tsattsauran ra'ayi na kõre a kan wani bakin teku mai duwãtsu.
Wani tsuntsu mai ruwa wanda ya shiga cikin wata ƙuƙumma, wata ƙuƙumma ta fisgewa ko aka manta da ita wadda take ci gaba da kamawa. Credit: NOAA

Dakatarwa ita ce hanya ta karshe ta kare kanmu. Na farko shi ne, kada ku yi asarar komai.

The invisible part: additives

Wani abu na roba yana da yawa polymer mai tsarki. Masu samarwa suna ƙara plasticizers, flame retardants, colourants da stabilizers, kuma wasu daga cikin waɗannan sinadarai na iya zubowa. Wasu, kamar wasu ftalates da bisphenols, sun shafawa da hormones kuma an hana su a cikin wasu kasashe. Sa’a a kan sakamakonsu na cikakke a cikin alamun yau da kullun har yanzu yana ci gaba, wanda shi kansa dalili ne na kulawa.

Proven solutions

Shaidar tana nuna matakan da za su yi aiki a gabanin plastik ya zama gurɓataccen abu, kuma wasu daga cikinsu sun riga sun yi aiki a matakin kasa:

  1. Charge for single-use bags, or ban them. Tarayyar Ingila ta biya kan kayan amfani-daya, an gabatar da shi a cikin 2015, ya kasance daya daga cikin mafi sauri canje-canjen halaye a cikin tarihin: manyan shagunan sayar da kayayyaki sun raba 7.6 biliyan na kayan amfani-daya a cikin 2014, kuma sun sayar da 126 miliyan a cikin 2025 zuwa 2026, wani karuwa ne na 98 percent (UK government). Ireland ta gabatar da 15 kudin harajin cent akan jakar plastic a cikin 2002, kuma kudin na zuwa ga ayyukan da ke rage gurbatacciyar ƙasa; more than 92 percent ya ragu a cikin kashi na kwalban filastik a cikin gurɓataccen abu na Ingila tun daga nan (Government of Ireland; Convery et al., 2007). Rwanda ta haramta amfani da kwalban filastik a shekarar 2008 kuma ta sanya dokar hana amfani da su cikin kyau sosai har aka yi mata godiya a matsayin shugabar yankin (Behuria, 2021).
  2. Deposit return. Ba da wani ajiya mai ƙarancin kudin dawowa akan kwalban da kuma kwandon yakan mayar da kwalban da ke bace zuwa kudi, don haka su ma za su koma baya a maimakon su isa koguna. A Norway, 92.4 cikin dari na kwalban plastik na ajiya an mayar da su don ajiyarsu a 2025, kuma kashi 98.2 cikin dari aka tattara a cikin total (Infinitum shekara-shekara rahoton 2025). Lituwaniya ta fara shirinta a shekarar 2016: an tara kashi daya bisa uku na kwalban plastik kafin wannan, kuma kashi 91.9 cikin dari na dukkan kwalban ajiya sun dawo da su a karshen shekarar 2017, shekara ta biyu kawai ga shirin, bisa ga adadin ma’aikata (Open Access Government, 2018). A Jamus, kwalban da ake amfani da shi sau daya da kuma kwanon rufi suna da ajiyar kudi, kuma tun daga 2006 duk shagunan da ke sayar da su dole ne su dawo da kayan da ba a yi amfani da su ba (DPG).
Wani injin mai mayar da kwalba da kuma kwanon rufi an sanya shi a wani bango na katako a cikin wata kasuwar sayar da kayayyaki ta Norway, a karkashin wata alama mai launin rawaya mai karanta Miljøstasjon.
Mashin dawo da kwalban da kuma kwandon a cikin shagunan Coop Extra dake Osøyro, Norway, a shekarar 2018. Kuma kõwane abin da aka zuba a cikinsa yanã bãyar da lãdarsa. Photo: Wolfmann, CC BY-SA 4.0
  1. Yana sa masu samarwa su biya. Shirin da aka fadada na alhakin mai samarwa yana biyan kamfanonin kudin tara da sake amfani da kayan da suke siyar, wanda ke sanya su yi amfani da ƙarancin amfani da kuma tsara don sake amfani da shi. Wannan lamarin an goyi bayan shi da bayanai: wani bincike na 1,576 na binciken samfuran samfurori daga masu bada gudummawa a cikin ƙasashe 84 ya gano cewa rabon kamfanin na lalacewar kayan kwalliyar kwalliya yana tashi ne a daidaitacce zuwa rabonsa na samar da kayan kwalliya, kuma rabin dukkanin abubuwan ba su da wata alama a duk lokacin, dalilin da yasa masu samarwa su yi rahoton abin da suke sayarwa (Cowger et al., 2024).
  2. Ku tara duk wani abu. Ga biliyoyin mutane babu wata hanyar tara gurɓataccen abu a duka. Yin amfani da tsarin tarawa da rarraba kayan abu shi ne mafi girman mataki na hana kwayoyin halitta shiga cikin teku.
A young man with a bicycle loaded with a large black sack of collected plastic stands on a rubbish dump under a cloudy sky.
Wani mai tara shara da wani sakon da aka tattara daga plastik. A kasashe da dama, masu tara kayan da ba a sani ba kamar shi suna tara yawan sinadarin da ake sake amfani da shi. Photo: Andrew Kartende, CC BY-SA 4.0
  1. A global treaty. Kasashe mambobin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya sun yi tattaunawa kan wata yarjejeniya mai tsauri da za a yi don kawo karshen gurbata muhalli ta hanyar amfani da kayan kwalliya, daga samarwa har zuwa cire su.

Wannan tsari ne bayyananne. Idan mafi arha da kuma mafi sauƙin zaɓi shi ne kuma mai tsarki, yawancin mutãne za su ɗauke shi, kuma canji yana da sauri.

Organizers doing this work

Waɗannan kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu suna da takardar shaidar sakamakonsu. Ka duba abin da suke yi, kuma idan aikinsu ya yi magana da kai, ka yi la’akari da bayar da gudummawa gare su ta hanyar shafukan yanar gizonsu. Dakata Local Solar System Bã ya da wata zumunta da kõwa daga gare su. Kuma bã ya karɓar kõme daga gare su. Kuma a gabãnin ku bãyar, to, ku karanta rahoton shekara-shekara na kõwace ƙungiya da lãbãrinta, kamar yadda kuke aikatãwa da dukan sadaka.

  • Ocean Conservancy ita ce wata kungiya ta Amurka da ba ta neman riba (501(c)(3)) wadda take gudanar da aikin tsaftace bakin teku na duniya. Tun da aka fara, sama da mutane miliyan 19 sun tara fiye da biliyan 400 na pounds (kimanin tan 180,000) na shara, kuma sun yi rijista da kowane abu a kan katin bayanai na gabaɗaya, suna gina mafi girman bayanan bayanan duniya na sharar teku (Ocean Conservancy).
  • 5 Gyres Institute) ita ce wata kungiya ta Amurka da ba ta neman riba (501(c)(3)) wadda aka kafa ta da masu bincike Marcus Eriksen da Anna Cummins. Eriksen ya jagoranci binciken da ya yi nazarin farko na duniya na kwayoyin ruwa masu ratsa teku, fiye da 5 trillion pieces (Eriksen et al., 2014), kuma cibiyar ta jagoranci kamfen din #BanTheBead wanda ya taimaka wajen wucewa da dokar Microbead-Free Waters Act ta Amurka ta 2015.
  • Plastic Soup Foundation ita ce wata kungiya ta tallafawa jama’a da ke kasar Netherlands, wadda aka kafa a shekarar 2011. Ta yi ta kokarin kafa dokoki na EU da na duniya kan plastik, tana gudanar da wani shirin da ke ba masu sayen kayayyakin wanke jiki damar bincika microplastics, kuma ta taimaka wajen fara binciken farko a kan tasirin lafiyar microplastics a cikin 2018.
Wani tsuntsu mai kifi yana nutsuwa a kusa da wani kwalban filastik.
'Yan uwan teku na iya shakkar kayan da ke ruwa don jellyfish, daya daga cikin abincinsu na halitta.

Yadda zaka iya taimaka

  • Ka yi musu watsi, sa’an nan ka sake su. Ka ɗauki wani filastik, da wata kofuna da wani jakar kuɗi. Mafi kyau plastic shi ne wanda ba a taba halitta.
  • Ku saya da kuma sake cika. Zaɓin ‘ya’yan itãcen marmari da kayan lambu masu yawa, sake cika shaguna da kayayyaki a cikin gilashi, metal ko takarda inda suke da ma’ana.
  • Ka kauce wa abin da ba za a iya sake amfani da shi ba: kwandon filastik mai launin shuɗi, kwandon da aka yi da layuka da yawa, polystyrene da duk wani abu da aka rubuta cewa zai iya yin kwalba idan yankinka bai da wata masana’anta ta yin kwalba.
  • Ka yi hankali da microplastics a gida. Ka wanke tufafin sinadarin kadan, mafi cikakke da sanyi, kuma ka yi la’akari da wani silinda na injin wanka; ka guji kayan kwalliyar da ke da microbeads na plastik.
  • Ka ɗauki uku. Ka ɗauki abubuwa uku na ƙanƙana daga wani bakin teku, ko wata gona ko kuma wani rãfi a kõwane lokacin da kake ziyarta. Yana da kyau.
  • Tambayar garinku da shagunanku. Tambayar game da tsarin ajiya-da-saukewa, magudanar ruwa na jama’a da kuma zaɓuɓɓukan sake cika. Tambayar masana’antu don wallafa yawan sinadarin da suke sayarwa da kuma yadda suke tarawa.
  • Ka shiga cikinmu. Ka taimaka wajen fassara wannan bayani ko kuma ka yi maɓallin bayanan plastic na yankinka a kan taswirar gudummawa.

Sources and further reading