Kuwononga kwa pulasitiki

Plastiki ndi zinthu zochititsa manyazi. Ndi yoyera, yosavuta, yopanda madzi komanso yosatha kuwonongedwa, chifukwa chake timayigwiritsa ntchito popanga zinthu zonse kuyambira ma syringes a mankhwala mpaka ma packets otentha, ndipo chifukwa chake ndi vuto. Mabotolo amadzi amapangidwa ndi zinthu zosiyanasiyana zomwe zimachititsa kuti zikhale zolimba komanso zosagwira dzimbiri. M’chilengedwe palibe enzyme yomwe ikukula kuti ichite bwino.

Chifukwa chiyani pulasitiki imatha

Mapulasitiki ambiri ndi ma chains a carbon ndi hydrogen omwe amapangidwa kuchokera ku mafuta ndi gasi. Kuwala kwa dzuwa ndi mafunde amawawononga, koma sikuti ku zinthu zosasokoneza: botolo limagawidwa m’mapepala, mapepalawo amagawidwa m’mapepala. microplastics zochepa kuposa masentimita asanu, ndi amene m’ma nanoplastics kwambiri zochepa kuona. Microplastics pano akupezeka kuchokera ku mapiri otentha kwambiri a nyanja mpaka kumadzi ozizira, m’madzi am’madzi, m’madzi oyera ndi m’magazi a munthu.

Momwe imafika kunyanja

Palibe malire a kuchuluka kwa magalimoto omwe angagwiritsidwe ntchito padziko lonse lapansi. Potengera OECD, dziko lapansi linagamula za 460 miliyoni matoni a pulasitiki mu 2019 ndipo linachotsa 353 miliyoni matoni. 9 peresenti ya pulasitikiyo inabwezeretsedwanso; 22 peresenti inagwiritsidwa ntchito mosayenera, kutanthauza kuti idasunthidwa, inayimitsa m’malo otsegulira kapena kuwonongeka kwachilengedwe. Mtsinje ndi njira yoyenda: pulasitiki yomwe imatuluka padziko imalowa m’madzi osefukira, madzi osefukira amalowa m’mtsinje ndipo mtsinje umalowa m’nyanja.

Madera ochuluka sangakhale ndi vutoli. Mtsinje wa Mediterranean umatenga pafupifupi 1 peresenti ya madzi a m’nyanja padziko lonse lapansi koma pafupifupi 7 peresenti ya microplastics yake, ndipo plastiki imapanga mpaka 43 mpaka 51 peresenti ya zinyalala pa magombe aku Greece (WWF, 2018). Tiyeni Kutulutsa madzi oipa Mapiri omwe amabweretsa mapulasitiki ambiri kunyanja ndi momwe zimakhalira m’madzi a Europe komanso m’madzi.

Madzi a m’madzi ndi chitsanzo chabwino. Masamba othamanga ndi ochoka, mawaya ndi zimbudzi zimatenga nyama, nkhuku za m’nyanja, ziweto zosayenda bwino komanso mbalame za m’madzi kwa zaka zambiri, vuto lomwe limadziwika kuti ghost fishing, ndipo amapanga gawo lalikulu la pulasitiki yosefukira m’mapiri a m’nyanja.

Kubwezeretsanso ndi lachitatu lamulo la kuteteza. Choyamba ndicho kuti sichipanga fumbi panthawiyo.

Chigawo chosawoneka: zowonjezera

Mafuta a m’masamba ndi ovuta kwambiri kuchotsa. Opanga amawonjezeranso zinthu zothandiza kuchepetsa khungu, zoletsa moto, zokongoletsera ndi stabilizers, ndipo zina mwazinthuzi zimatha kutuluka. Ena, monga phthalates ndi bisphenols, amasokoneza ma hormone ndipo amaletsa m’mayiko ambiri. Kuphatikiza apo, sayansi ya kuwala kwa dzuwa ndi yovuta kwambiri ndipo nthawi zambiri imachitika m’malo otentha.

Kodi malamulo amachepetsa izo pa chiyambi

Zitsimikizo zimasonyeza kuti pali njira zomwe zimapangitsa kuti phwando la pulasitiki likhale lowononga:

1. Dizaini zogwiritsa ntchito kamodzi. Kuletsa ndi kulipira ndalama pa zikwama zogwiritsira ntchito kamodzi, masamba a pulasitiki ndi zida zakudya zimagwira ntchito mofulumira: ndalama zazikwama m’mayiko ambiri zimachepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito kwa zaka zitatu.
2. Make opanga kulipira. Kuwonjezeka wopanga udindo schemes charge makampani kwa kusonkhana ndi kubwezeretsanso zokongoletsa iwo akugulitsa, zimene zimawapangitsa kuti azigwiritsa ntchito pang’ono ndi kupanga kwa kubwezeretsanso.
3. Kubwerera kwa deta. Kulipira ndalama zochepa zobwezeredwa pa zidebe ndi ma cans motsimikizika kumakwaniritsa kuchuluka kwa kusonkhanitsa kwa 90 peresenti kapena kuposa komwe kuli bwino.
4. Kusonkhanitsa zonse. Kwa mamiliyoni ambiri anthu palibe kusonkhanitsa katundu panthawi iliyonse. Kumanga njira zosonkhanitsa ndi kugawa zinthu ndi chinthu chofunika kwambiri poletsa pulasitiki kufika m’nyanja.
5. Mgwirizano wadziko lonse. Mabungwe a United Nations amakambirana za mgwirizano wogwirizana kuti achepetse kusefukira kwa pulasitiki panthawi yonse yogwiritsa ntchito pulasitiki, kuyambira popanga mpaka kuchotsa.

Momwe mungathandize

• Kukana, kenako kubwezeretsa. Kunyamula botolo, chikho ndi thumba. M’madera ena, mbewu yoyamba ndi yomwe imakula kwambiri.
• Kugula zosapanga dzimbiri ndi refill. Sankhani zosapanga dzimbiri zakudya, kuwonjezera sitolo ndi zinthu mu galasi, mkuwa kapena pasitala pamene iwo ali ndi tanthauzo.
• Ingani zomwe sizingagwiritsidwe ntchitonso: ma tray apulasitiki oyera, zikwama zokhala ndi ma layer ambiri, polystyrene ndi chilichonse chomwe chimadziwika kuti chimatha kuikidwa m’malo mwake pamene mudera lanu palibe malo oika zinthuzo.
• Onani za microplastics kunyumba. Wotsani zovala zopangidwa ndi zinthu zosapanga dzimbiri nthawi zambiri, zokwanira komanso zozizira, ndipo ganizirani za makina otsuka; musagwiritse ntchito mankhwala a cosmetics omwe ali ndi ma microbeads a plastiki.
• Pick three. Tenga zidutswa zitatu za fumbi kuchokera ku beach, park kapena riverbank nthawi iliyonse yomwe mukupitako. Zimawonjezera.
• Pitani m’mudzi mwanu ndi m’masitolo anu. Pitani za ndalama zobwezeredwa, zitseko za madzi a anthu komanso njira zowonjezera madzi. Pezani ma brand kuti awonetsetse kuti pali ndalama zingati zomwe amagulitsa ndi ndalama ziti zomwe amasonkhanitsa.
• Kugwirizana nafe. Kuthandiza kutanthauzira izi wofotokoza kapena mapu amakono deta pa kuchita nawo board.

Zogulitsa ndi kuphunzira zambiri

• OECD (2022), Global Plastics Outlook: Oyendetsa uchumi, Mavuto achilengedwe ndi Zosankha za Policy
• Borrelle et al. (2020), Kukula koyembekezereka kwa pulasitiki kumapitilira zofuna zoletsa kusefukira kwapulasitiki, * Science * 369
• Jambeck et al. (2015), Kutulutsa kwa pulasitiki kuchokera kudziko kupita kunyanja, Science 347
• NOAA Marine Debris Program, Marine debris
• UNEP, Komiti yokambirana pakati pa mabungwe a plastiki
• WWF (2018), Kuchokera pa msewu wa plastiki: kupulumutsa Mediterranean kuchokera pakuwononga kwa plastiki