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Ibhokisi yeplastiki ehamba phantsi komhlaba welwandle.
Inkqubo yeBlue

Uthuli lweplastiki

Yonke inxalenye yeplastiki eyenziweyo engatshiyiweyo iyaqhubeka ikhona, naphi na kule planethi. Ininzi yayo izakuhlala ngaphezulu kokufa kwalowo ufunda le sentensi.

Iplastiki yizinto ezinamandla. Ilula, ibiza kakhulu, ikhuselekile kwimvula kwaye ayinakususwa, ke ngoko sisebenzisa le nto kuzo zonke izinto ukusuka kwizincamathelisi zonyango ukuya kwiipakethi ezicocekileyo, kwaye ngenxa yoko yenze ukuba ibe yingxaki. Ii-bondings ezifanayo zekhemikhali eziyenza ibhotile ibe namandla ziyenza ihlale iminyaka emininzi xa iqhutywa. Umhlaba awunaso i-enzyme eguqukayo yokuyidla ngokukhawuleza.

Iinkqubo zolawulo lweendawo

Iplastiki ezininzi ziintambo ezide zecarbon ne-hydrogen ezenziwe ngeoyile negesi. Ukukhanya kwelanga namaza awela, kodwa akuyi kuba yinto engaphaya: isitya siwela ziinxalenye, iinxalenye ziye iiplastiki ezincinci ezincinci kuneemilimitha ezintlanu, kunye nazo ezikwi-nanoplastics zincinci kakhulu ukuba zingabonakali. Iplastiki encinci ngoku ifunyenwe ukusuka kwiintlambo ezinzulu ukuya kwisikhephe saseArctic, kwintlanzi, emanzini okutya kunye negazi lomuntu.

Iikhulu zeepellet ezincinci zeplastikhi emhlophe, ebomvu neyegolide zisasazwa phakathi kweentyatyambo kunye nemithi elwandle.
IiNurdles, iipellets ezincinci zeplastikhi ezisetyenziswayo kwimveliso yeplastiki, zahlanjwa phakathi kweendawo ezilahlekileyo zesixeko. Iipellets eziqhutywa ziye nganye yezona zinto zivelayo zeplastikhi encinci elwandle. Photo: hockadilly, CC BY-SA 2.0

Indlela esiya ngayo kulwandle

Inxalenye encinci kuphela yeplastiki yehlabathi esetyenziswa kwakhona. Ngo-2019, ihlabathi livelise izigidi ezingama-460 zetoni zeplastikhi kwaye lasusa iitoni ezingama-353 zetoni. Iipesenti ezili-9 kuphela zesi sixhobo sasetyenziswa kwakhona; iipesenti ezingama-22 zalawulwa kakubi, oko kukuthi, zathunyelwa, zatshisa ngokuvulekileyo okanye zalahleka kwimeko yendalo. Amalwandle anjengeendlela ezihamba phambili: iplastiki ethe yawela phezulu elwandle ihlamba kwimilambo, imilambo ihlamba kumalwandle namalwandle elwandle.

460 MBmveliso yeplastiki ngo-2019 (I-OECD, 2022)
9%of plastic waste was recycled (I-OECD, 2022)
19 ukuya ku-23 MBof plastic waste entered rivers, lakes and seas in 2016 (Borrelle et al., 2020)

Amaphondo asemakhayeni aphilileyo angeke akhuseleke. The Mediterranean holds about 1 percent of the world’s sea water but about 7 percent of its microplastics, and plastic makes up 43 to 51 percent of the litter on Greek beaches (WWF, 2018). I-water pollution explainer yethu ibala imilambo ehambisa uninzi lweplastiki kulwandle kwaye ibonisa ukuba ihlala njani kumamlambo nasezilwandle zaseYuropu.

Isitrato esithe tyaba ngeentambo zeplastiki, iziqhoboshi, iibhegi kunye neebhokisi phantsi komthi omnyama we volcano, nomfanekiso omnye ubekwe kwibhotile.
Iplastikhi yahlanjwa eSanta Luzia, isiqithi esingahlaliyo saseCape Verde, ngo-2021. Iimoya kunye nemimandla yeAtlantic idibanisa ngasentla kwesiqithi; uninzi lwazo lulahlekile kwizixhobo zokuloba. Photo: CaptainDarwin, CC BY-SA 4.0

Izixhobo zokuloba ziyimeko ekhethekileyo. Iinqanawa ezilahlekileyo nezishiyekayo, imisonto kunye neentlanzi zigcina zitsala iintlanzi, izityalo ze-turtle, iintaka zaselwandle kunye neekati zeelwandle iminyaka, ingxaki eyaziwayo njengengcambu ye-ghost fishing, kwaye zenza inxaxheba enkulu yeplastiki ejikelezayo kwi-océane gyres.

I-turtle yaselwandle eqabulayo kwi-tassel ye-green fishing net kwi-rocky shore.
I-turtle yaselwandle eqabulayo kwi-ghost net, i-fishing net elahlekile okanye eshiyekayo eqhubeka nokufumana. I-credit: NOAA

Ukubuyisela kwakhona kukuphela komgca wokhuselo. Eyona iphambili kukuba ayikho inkunkuma.

Inxalenye engabonakaliyo: izithako

Imveliso yeplastiki ayiqhelekanga ukuba yipolymer ecocekileyo. Abavelisi badibanisa izinto ezinceda ukubumba, izithintelo zomlilo, imibala kunye nezikhuseli, kwaye ezinye zazo ziyakwazi ukuphuma. Ezinye, ezinjengeephthalates ezithile kunye nebisphenols, zichaphazela ii-hormone kwaye zithintelwe kwilizwe ngalinye. Ulwazi malunga nefuthe labo elipheleleyo xa betyhaphazwa mihla le luqhubeka nokukhula, oko ke kubangela ukuba kubekho ukhathalelo.

Iinkqubo eziqinisekisiweyo

Ubungqina bubonisa ukuba kukho iindlela ezisebenza phambi kokuba iplastiki ibe yityhefu, kwaye ezininzi zazo sele zisebenze kwinqanaba lelizwe:

  1. Ixabiso lezipho ezisetyenziswa kabini, okanye zithintelwe. Ixabiso laseNgilani lezithuthi ezisetyenziswa kabini, eliqhotyoshelwe ngo-2015, liye lavela njengenye yezinto ezitshintshayo ngokukhawuleza kwimbali: iivenkile ezinkulu zinikezele ngeebhokisi ezisetyenziswa kabini ezingama-7.6 zezigidi ngonyaka ka-2014, zathengisa izigidi ezili-126 ngo-2025 ukuya ku-2026, 98 yeepesenti (I-UK government). I-Ireland yazisa ixabiso le-15 cent kwiibhokisi zeplastikhi ngo-2002, kwaye imali isetyenziswa kwiiprojekthi ezithintela ukusetyenziswa kakubi kwezinto; inxaxheba yebhokisi zeplastikhi kutywala lwase-Ireland sele iphantsi nge ngaphezu kweepesenti ezingama-92 ukusukela ngoko (Gosa lase-Ireland; Convery et al., 2007). IRwanda yathintela iimaski zeplastiki ngo-2008 kwaye yazisa ulawulo olufanelekileyo lokungasebenzisi izitya ezingenamanzi, ngoko ke ithandwa kakhulu njengelizwe eliphambili kwiphondo (Behuria, 2021).
  2. Ukubuyiswa kwetyala. Ukufumana ityala elincinci elibuyiselwayo kwibhotile kunye necansi kuguqula iziqulatho ezingasebenziyo zibe yimali, ukuze zibuye zize zingafihli kumlambo. KwiNorway, 92.4% yebhotile zeplastiki ezigcinwe zibuyiselwe ukuze zigcinwe ngo-2025, kwaye i-98.2% yafakwa ngokupheleleyo (Ingxelo yonyaka ka-Infinitum 2025). ILithuania yaqala inkqubo yayo ngo-2016: malunga nengxenye enye yebhotile zeplastiki zagcinwa phambi kwayo, kwaye iipesenti ezingama-91.9 zezikhongozeli zonke zokugcina zibuyiselwe emva ngokuphela konyaka ka-2017, unyaka wesibini kuphela wenkqubo, ngokweenkcukacha zomqhubi (Open Access Government, 2018). EJamani, iibhegi ezisetyenziswa kabini kunye neebhotile zithatha intlawulo, kwaye ukusukela ngo-2006 yonke ivenkile ethengisayo kufuneka ithathe kwakhona izinto ezingasebenziyo zezinto ezifanayo (DPG).
Ibhotile kunye ne-can ebuyiselweyo ifakwe emgangathweni wekhitshi elinethayile kwivenkile enkulu yaseNorway, phantsi kwephawu olubomvu olufunda uMiljoestasjon.
Ibhotile kunye ne-can ebuyiselweyo ye-machine kwivenkile enkulu yeCoop Extra eOsøyro, eNorway, ngowe-2018. Isiqulatho ngasinye esifakwe kulo sibuyisela umvuzo wayo. Photo: Wolfmann, CC BY-SA 4.0
  1. Yenza abavelisi bahlawule. Inkqubo yoxanduva olubanzi lomthengisi ihlawulisa iinkampani ukuqoqwa nokubuyiselwa kweempahla ezithengisiweyo, ezenza zisebenzise ngaphantsi kwaye ziyila ukuze ziphinde zisetyenziswe. Le meko ixhaswa yidatha: uvavanyo lweemveliso ezili-1,576 ezivavanywe ngabacebisi kwilizwe elilinezigidi ezingama-84 lwafumanisa ukuba inxaxheba yenkampani yothuli lweplastikhi olunophawu lunyuka ngokuthe ngqo kuthelekiswa nenxalenye yayo yokwenziwa kweplastikhi, kwaye ukuba isiqingatha seempahla zonke azikho uphawu nakuphi na, into eyenza abavelisi babike oko bathengisayo (Cowger et al., 2024).
  2. Khupha konke. Kubantu abazigidigidi akukho qoqosho lokuqokelelwa kwezinto ezingafunekiyo. Ukwakha uqoqosho olusisiseko kunye nokuhlelwa kuyindlela ebalulekileyo yokuyeka iplastiki ifike lwandle.
Umfana onebhayisikile efakwe isakhelo esimnyama esikhulu seplastiki efunyenwe ehlala kwindawo yokulahla izityalo phantsi kwelanga elikhanyayo.
Umntu okhetha izityalo enesakhelo seplastiki efunyenweyo. Kwiintlanga ezininzi, abaqoqi abangaziyo into njengaye bahlanganisana kakhulu iplastikhi eyenziwe kwakhona. Photo: Andrew Kartende, CC BY-SA 4.0
  1. Isivumelwano sehlabathi. Iilizwe ezimele i-United Nations zithe zathethana ngesivumelwano esibophelela ngokusemthethweni ukuyeka uthuli lweplastikhi kwinkqubo yokuphila yeplastikhi, ukusukela ekuveliseni ukuya kukuthunyelwa ngaphandle.

Imodeli icacile. Xa ukhetho olukhawulezayo nolulula luyinto ecocekileyo, abantu abaninzi bakhetha ukuyisebenzisa kwaye itshintsho luya kwenziwa ngokukhawuleza.

IiNkonzo

ezingenanzuzo zineenkcukacha zobuqu zeziphumo. Ukujongana nokungasebenzi kakuhle kwengqondo, umzekelo, kuxhomekeke ekubeni ngaba umntu osebenza naye esebenzisa i-intanethi okanye asebenzise i-smartphone. I Local Solar System Foundation ayihambelani nanye yazo kwaye ayifumananga nto kuzo. Phambi kokuba unikezele, funda ingxelo yonyaka ekutshanje kunye neeakhawunti zeqela ngalinye, njengoko uza kwenza nakweyiphi na inkqubo yezemali.

  • I-Ocean Conservancy yi-US engasebenziyo (501(c)(3)) eqhuba ukucoca iNtaba-mlilo yaseMntla Melika. Since it began, more than 19 million volunteers have collected over 400 million pounds (about 180,000 tonnes) of rubbish, and recorded every item on standard data cards, building the world’s largest database of marine litter (Ocean Conservancy).
  • 5 IYunivesithi yaseGyres yi-US engasebenziyo (501(c)(3)) esungulwe ngabaphandi uMarcus Eriksen noAnna Cummins. Eriksen led the study that made the first global estimate of floating ocean plastic, more than 5 trillion pieces (Eriksen et al., 2014), and the institute led the #BanTheBead campaign that helped pass the United States’ Microbead-Free Waters Act of 2015.
  • Plastic Soup Foundation yinkampani yobuxoki yaseDatshi enesiqu senzuzo yomphakathi (ANBI), yasekwa ngo-2011. Iqhuba inkqubo yokulwa ne-EU kunye neemithetho zehlabathi malunga neplastiki, iqhuba iapp evumela abathengayo ukuba bavavanye iikhemikhali zokucoca ulusu ngeeplastikhi ezincinci, kwaye yanceda ukuqalisa uvavanyo lokuqala lweziphumo zokhuseleko lweeplastiki ezincinci ngo-2018.
I-sea turtle ishushulela ecaleni kwebhokisi yeplastiki ejikelezayo.
Sea turtles can mistake floating bags for jellyfish, one of their natural foods.

Uncedo olufumanekayo

  • Yisuse, emva koko uyisebenzise kwakhona. Ncamathisele ibhotile, isipuni kunye nebhokisi. Iplastiki esebenzayo kakhulu yileyo engazange iyenziwe.
  • Thenga ngokuthe tyaba uze uphinde uyifake kwakhona. Khetha iziqhamo nezityalo ezithe tyaba, sebenzisa iivenkile zokugcwalisa kwakhona kunye neemveliso zeglasi, intsimbi okanye iphepha apho zithetha ntoni.
  • Ungazisebenzisi izinto ezingalunganga: itreyi yeplastiki emnyama, iiphakheji ezinamanqanaba amaninzi, ipolystyrene kunye nento yonke elabelwe njengengasetyenziswanga kwi-compost xa indawo yakho ayinayo inkqubo yokusetyenziswa kwezinto ezinokwenziwa ngesandla.
  • Qhawula iplastiki encinci ekhaya. Hlala izitya eziyenziwe ngezinto eziphilayo ngaphantsi kwexesha, zigcwele kwaye zipholile, ucinge ngesihluzi sematshini yokuhlamba; ungasebenzisi izinto zokuhombisa ezineplastiki encinci.
  • Thatha ezithathu. Thatha iziqwenga ezintathu zezinto ezingafunekiyo ukusuka elwandle, kwigadi okanye kumlambo xa utyelela indawo ethile. Idibanisa.
  • Ubuze umzi wakho neevenkile zakho. Ubuze ngenkqubo yokubuyisela iindleko, izityalo zamanzi ezisemthethweni kunye nokhetho lokuzigcwalisa kwakhona. Buza iinkampani ukuba zipapashe ukuba zingaphi iplastiki ezithengisayo naziphi na izinto eziqokelelwayo.
  • Yongeza nathi. Nceda uguqule le ncwadi okanye wenze imaphu yedatha yeplastiki yasekhaya kwi ibhodi yokunikwa ingxelo.

IiNkonzo zoLuntu