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Ka duba wani turbi na iska na zamani kuma mafi yawan abin da kake gani ba shi ne sashin da ke samar da wutar lantarki ba. Kuma a cikinsa akwai wani gini, da asĩri daga Allah wanda yake rufe shi da duwatsu mãsu yawa. The tips sweep the external part of the rotor at speeds of around 80 meters per second, and that is where most of the energy is caught. Wutar lantarkin da ake fitarwa ta iska tana tambaya mai sauƙi: me zai faru idan muka riƙe kawai ɓangaren da ke tafiya da sauri, muka yi jirgin sama da shi a kan wata igiya, kuma muka bar shi ya tashi zuwa inda iska take da ƙarfi?

Hoton da ke sama na nuna amsa a cikin haske. Wani fitilar da ke bin wata tarkace ta Kitepower ya yi rijista da cikakkiyar tafiya a dare: tsananin ƙididdigar-na takwas na loops waɗanda ke jan tether daga wani drum kuma su juya wani jeneratoci, sa’an nan kuma mai tsawo, mai kwanciyar hankali yayin da ake sake yin tarkacen. Wannan shafi na bayyana yadda wannan yake aiki, abin da ya samu, da kuma me yasa, bayan shekaru ashirin na kokarin da aka yi, babu wani tsarin iska mai hawa a sama da ya sayar da wutar lantarki a kan ka’ida. **Sashe mai zurfi: physics yana da kyau kuma adana kayan abu ne na gaskiya, amma kiyaye injin jirgin sama mai aminci da aiki na shekaru ashirin, ba tare da kulawa ba, a duk lokacin yanayi, shine matsalar da ba a warware ta ba. Ba a wallafa wani shekara na fitarwa da aka kiyasta ta hanyar mallakar kai daga wata cibiyar kasuwanci ba. **

Mẽne ne shi?

A tsarin wutar lantarki na iska mai hawa yana da sassa uku: wani fuska wanda yake tashi, wata riga wadda take tsare shi, da kuma wani sansanin ƙasa. Akwai iyalai biyu da suka fi girma.

• Ground generation, the “pumping” or “yo-yo” kite. The kite flies fast crosswind loops that pull hard on the tether. Anã sanya shi a kan wani dutse, kuma anã sanya shi ya yi kama da wata ƙanƙara. Idan an yi amfani da wannan tsari, za a iya samun wani abu mai kyau, wanda zai iya zama mai sauƙin ganewa ga masu amfani da shi. SkySails Power, Kitepower da Kitemill duk suna amfani da wannan tsari, tare da kites na tufafi mai laushi ko masu saukar ungulu.
• Onboard generation, the “flying turbine”. A rigid wings carry small rotors. A cikin tafiyar iska mai zurfi, masu jujjuya abubuwa sunã aiki kamar turɓayoyi, kuma wutar lantarki tana gudana ta ƙarƙashin wata ƙuƙumma mai gudãna. Domin tashi da kuma sauka na irin wannan aiki rotors kamar propellers da kuma wutsiya hovers kamar wani drone. Wannan shi ne shirin Makani.

A cikinsu biyu, wutsiyar tana aikata aikin wani ɓangaren ƙarfe na turbin: tana motsa ta a kan iska da sauri fiye da iska kanta, kuma daga nan ne ƙarfin yake fitowa.

Yadda yake aiki

Ina da ƙarfin iska. Inar tana ɗaukar ƙarfi ta kowace mita ɗari mai fuskantar ita daidai ne da ½ ρ v³, inda ρ shine yawan zafin hawa (kamar 1.2 kg a kowane mita kwalba kusa da ƙasa) kuma v shine gudun iskar. Cube yana da muhimmanci: ka ninka gudun iska kuma ƙarfin zai tashi sau takwas. A kan 7 m/s mita ɗari yana ɗaukar kusan 210 W; a kan 10 m/s, kusan 610 W.

Me yasa tsayi ke taimakawa. A kusa da ƙasa, haɗin kai da ƙasa, itãce da gine-gine na rage gudun iska. Wani tsari na injiniya mai yawa ya ce gudun yana girma da tsayi kamar v = v_ref × (h / h_ref)^α, inda ma’aunin α ya kai 0.10 a kan teku mai budewa, 0.14 a kan gonaki masu budewa da kuma 0.25 ko fiye a kan gandun daji da birane. Ka riƙi 7 m/s a kan 100 m hub. A mita 400, dokar tana ba da 8.0 m/s a kan teku, 8.5 a kan gonaki da kuma 9.9 a kan ƙasa mai tsayi, don haka ƙarfin kowane mita ɗari yana da 1.5, 1.8 da 2.8 sau mafi girma. Dokar tana da tsanani: mita ɗari kaɗan sama da iska mai yawa tana tafiya daban, tare da jiragen ruwa masu matsakaicin matsakaici a dare da kuma sassa masu kwanciyar hankali a rana. Amma, hanya ce bayyananna, kuma iska mai tsayi a kan tsayi za ta kasance tana nufin sa’o’i kaɗan da babu abin da za a girbe.

Me yasa wani kwal zai iya kamawa sosai. A shekarar 1980 injiniyan Miles Loyd ya yi aiki wajen gano yadda ƙarfin da wata ƙugiya mai ɗaurewa ke tafiya a kan iska zai iya fitarwa (Loyd, 1980). A cikin harshe mai sauƙi: wani fikãfi yana tafiya da iska tanã kaiwa ga gudun kashi uku bisa huɗu na gudun iska sau biyu, da gwargwadon ƙarfinsa. Da wani tsayi-to-drag ratio na 5 a cikin 10 m / s iska, wanda ne game da 33 m / s, ko 120 km / h; Kitepower ya ambaci wani matsakaicin gudun jirgin sama na 110 km / h ga kite (Kitepower). Saboda ƙarfin aerodynamic yana girma tare da kwance na wannan gudu, wutar lantarki za ta iya jan ƙarfi fiye da girmanta ya nuna. Loyd’s maximum is

P = (4/27) × ½ ρ v³ × A × C_L × (C_L / C_D)²

inda A shine yankin wutsiya, C_L shi ne ma’aunin tashi da kuma C_L / C_D shi ne ma’aunin tashi zuwa gudu. Ma’aunin bayan ƙarfin iska, (4/27) × C_L × (C_L/C_D)², yana bayyana adadin mita kwance na iska da wutar ke shafa a kowane mita kwance na yankinta. Ga wani karamin kwari mai ƙarfi da ma’aunin ɗaukar na 1 da ma’auni na ɗaukar-zuwa-taƙaitawa na 5, yana da kimanin 3.7. Ga wani sandar da ke da tsarin tashi zuwa jujjuyawar kusan 9, ciki har da jujjuyar tether, zai iya zama 10 zuwa 17. A ƙasa generator isa wannan mafi kyau lokacin da tether reels out a daya na uku na gudun iska.

The losses Loyd leaves out. Real kites don’t fly straight downwind of the ground station, they fly at an elevation angle, typically 25 to 35° Only the part of the wind along the tether pulls on it, and power falls with the cube of the cosine of that angle: at 30° only 65% remains. Kuma lalle ne, haƙĩƙa, Allah Ya kasance Mai gãfara, Mai jin ƙai. A pumping kite spends part of each cycle being winched in; Kitepower’s system spends about 80% of a 100 second cycle generating up to 130 kW and 20% drawing about 20 kW to pull the kite back (Kitepower). Sa’an nan kuma su zo da na yau da kullum generator, gearbox da mai juyawa asarar, da kuma iko kashe kiyaye da wutar lantarki da aka yi amfani da jirgin sama a cikin iska haske.

Me yasa tether shine duk labarin. Tower na turbine dole ne ya hana cikakke gudun rotor kamar wani lokaci na bending a kan sa, wanda shi ne dalilin da yasa tower da kafafen suna masu yawa. A tether kawai ke ɗaukar nauyi, kuma fibers kamar polyethylene mai nauyin molecular mai girma suna da ƙarfi sosai a cikin nauyi ga nauyinsu. Wannan shi ne tushen zargin, wanda aka sake yin shi ta wasu kamfanoni da dama, cewa tsarin jirgin sama yana amfani da har zuwa 90% na kayan aiki fiye da turbinar da ke da daidaitacce. Yana da kyau ga injin kansa; ba a nuna shi ba har yanzu don wani gini mai ƙarfi gaba ɗaya, gami da tsawo, tushe na tashar ƙasa da haɗin grid.

The limits: theoretical da kuma aiki

Theoretical. Loyd’s formula is a ceiling for a single ideal wings. Kamar turbina, wani kwalba na dakatar da iska da yake samu, kuma kwalban da ke tashi kusa suna karbar makamashi daga juna, don haka gona tana bukatar sarari. Kuma akwai iyaka ga wata duniyar nan. Jet streams kusa da 10 km altitude yi kama da wani m albarkatu idan ka yi amfani da ½ ρ v³ zuwa gare su, amma yanayi regenerates wannan motsi da sauri: wani Earth-system nazari sanya mafi girman ci gaba da fitarwa daga jet streams a kan 7.5 TW, wasu 200 sau kasa da farko kimantawa, tare da manyan yanayi side effects idan shi ne ko da yaushe aka kusanci (Miller, Gans da Kleidon, 2011). Babu wanda ke gabatar da jirgin sama a 10 km yau; tsarin aiki na nufin 200 zuwa 700 m. An yi ma’aunin yawan albarkatun duniya na tsayin mita 500 zuwa 12,000 daga shekaru 28 na bayanan yanayi ta Archer da Caldeira (2009).

Practical. Haɗarin da suka hana ayyukan ba su cikin fom ɗin ba:

• Launch and landing. A turbine never takes off. Wani ƙũra sai ya yi tafiya a cikin iska mai sauƙi, ya sauka a cikin wata gũguwa, kuma ya yi ayyukan biyu dubun-dubatar sau a shekara ba da wata cũta ba. Makani ya rasa jirgin sama hudu a cikin jirgin, uku daga cikinsu yayin da suke hawa, ba yayin samarwa ba (Makani, 2020).
• Ka yi kula da duk yanayi. Kwana, turbulence, ice, lightning da kuma wani kwanciyar hankali na gaggawa duka suna bukatar amsawa mai zaman kanta. A tether rabuwar dole ba za a sanya wani kite ko da wuya line a wani wuri mai hadari.
• Aikin sama da ƙasa. Wani ɓoyayyen ruwa mai mita 400 a kan wata riga mai mita 800 yana shafa wani girman abu. Hukumomin jiragen sama dole ne su karɓi shi, kuma ƙasar da ke ƙarƙashin jakar jirgin dole ne a kiyaye ta daga mutane da hanyoyi.
• Wear. Fabric kites degrade a cikin hasken rana, tethers amfani da kan drums da pulleys, kuma wani tsarin ya kamata su tsira shekaru ashirin don ya yi gasa da turbines tsara ga ashirin da biyar zuwa dari.
• Size. Loyd’s power scales with wings area, and a large wing is difficult to launch and land. Makani’s M600 ya kasance da 26 m (X); SkySails’ mafi girman kite an sanar da shi ne 450 m² ga 450 kW unit. A 5 MW airborne tsarin, girman wani zamani onshore turbine, har yanzu da wani zane.

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Wannan fanni ya kasance mai albarka da sakamakonsa kuma yana tsare da bayanai na dogon lokaci. Wannan shi ne abin da za a iya duba.

Phonon::	@ action	Abin da ya cimma	QDialogButtonBox
Makani M600 (US, Google X, 2006 zuwa 2020)	600 kW rikitacce dakin, 8 a kan jirgin ruwa rotors, 440 m gudanar tether	28.9 h jirgin ruwa na kanka, 22.7 h crosswind; mafi kyawun loop 290 kW, mafi kyawun minti goma-matsayi 196 kW a cikin 10 zuwa 13 m / s iska; farkon jirgin ruwa daga wani dandamali mai gudu a Norway, Agusta 2019	An rufe Fabrairu 2020: “tashar zuwa kasuwanci ita ce mafi tsawo da haɗari fiye da yadda aka yi tsammanin”. hukuncin ƙungiyar kansa: jirgin sama na M600 “ba zai iya samar da 600 kW ba a kan 11 m / s”. Rahoton, aikace-aikacen aikace-aikacen da aka saki a watan Satumba 2020
SkySails Power (Jamus)	Soft kites har zuwa 180 m² a kan wani ƙasa winch; har zuwa 200 kW motsi na ƙarfi (PN-14, yanzu sayar da kamar Venyo)	Prototype a Klixbüll aiki tun 2019 da kites har zuwa 120 m², mafi tsawo record na duk wani airborne tsarin; 120 m² kite tashi 200 zuwa 400 m sama kan 800 m mafi girma tether a Mauritius daga Janairu 2023; farko jirgin sama a Taiwan a kan 1 Yuli 2025	Sayarwa na’urorin; kamfanin quotes har zuwa 760 MWh a shekara ga kowace daya a wuraren da kyau, wani mai samar da hoton, ba wani cikakken gwaji. A 450 kW model (KYO) an sanar da farko kayayyakin da ake tsammani a cikin rabin biyu na 2028
Kitepower (Netherlands, daga TU Delft)	100 m² soft kite, 350 m tether, ƙasa generator a cikin wani 6 m kwandon	Up to 130 kW while reeling out, about 100 s per cycle; pilots at a construction site in the Netherlands, at Bellacorick in Ireland with RWE, and on Aruba	An sayar da shi a matsayin na’urar wayar hannu, mai karfin wutar lantarki ba ta fitarwa ba, misali don maye gurbin jeneratoci na dizel
Kitemill (Najeriya)	Rigid glider kites a kan wani ƙasa winch	Test site at Vanse, Lista, flying above 350 m	@ info
Ampyx Power (Netherlands, 2008 zuwa 2022)	Rigid autonomous glider a kan wani ƙasa winch; farkon cikakken atomatik samar da wutar lantarki a 2012	Developed prototypes har zuwa AP-3	An dakatar da biyan kudin a ranar 19 ga watan Afrilu na shekarar 2022, an bayyana ta a matsayin mai rashin kudade a ranar 4 ga watan Mayu na shekarar 2022 bayan wani taro na bada tallafi da aka yi ba ya faru

Sources: Makani, The Energy Kite, 2020; X, Makani; SkySails Power; Kitepower; Kitemill; Ampyx Power.

A cikin wannan jadawalin akwai abubuwa biyu da suka cancanci a kula da su. A farkon, mafi kyawun maki goma na Makani ya kasance kashi uku na ƙarfinsa na ƙididdigar, kuma kawai game da ɗayan loop a cikin biyar ya samar da makamashi mai kyau, mafi yawan sauran su ne gwajin hanyoyi, iska mai haske da hawa. Na biyu, mafi girman tsarin yau sune ƙasa-jinin soft kites na 100 zuwa 200kW, fiye da sau goma kaɗan fiye da wani turbinar ƙasa na musamman, ana sayar da su ga wurare inda turbinar yake da wahala a gina: tsibirai, wurare masu nisa, ƙarfin lokaci. Wani bincike na shekaru biyu na gwajin jirgin sama ya kai ga ra’ayin daidai: kulawa ta yi ci gaba mai ban sha’awa, kuma tsawon lokaci, aikin da ke da kan kansa yana nan a kan iyaka (Vermillion et al., 2021).

Da abin da yake kashewa

Ba a da wani farashin kasuwa ga wutar lantarkin iska mai hawa, kawai ana tsammani, don haka ku yi hankali da duk adadin nan.

QDialogButtonBox	QFileDialog	QDialogButtonBox
Sabon gonakin wutar lantarki na ƙasa, ba a tallafawa su ba	$0.027 to $0.073	Bayanan kasuwa, Lazard LCOE+ 2024
Ma’aikatar Noma da Kiwo	$0.074 to $0.139	Bayanan kasuwa, Lazard 2024
Ma’adinai	$0.110 to $0.228	Bayanan kasuwa, Lazard 2024
Solar rooftop a kan wani gini, mu benchmark	$0.19 central	Mu Fanan Gidanmu; dakin kasuwancin mu na sama $0.09 to $0.20 a cikin Lazard, 2026
SkySails KYO 450 kW, manufa	below 10 cents	QFileDialog
Makani M600	ba a wallafa shi ba	The team wrote that it is “unclear” ko irin wannan tsarin zai iya isa wani LCOE gasa da turbinas na gargajiya

Rahoton Makani ya yi nuni da cewa duk wani mai magana da harshe na waje ya kamata ya amsa. Ga wani gonakin iska a kan ƙasa, turbin din kansa yana da kasa da rabin farashin wutar lantarki; hanyoyin, kafafen, kebul, haɗin gwiwa na grid, shigarwa, aiki da kuma kuɗi suna samar da sauran. A waje, waɗannan “tasirin tsarin” farashin kusan 52% na yawan (Makani, 2020). Saving 90% of the tower steel therefore does not cut the price of electricity by 90%. Don yaƙi da iska a ƙasa a $0.03 to $ 0.07, wani kite dole ne kuma ya haɗu da mafi girman damar turbi, rayuwarsa ta shekara 25 da kuma kiyayewa mai ƙaranci. A kan ma’auninmu na ginin $0.19 a kowace kWh, bar ɗin ya fi ƙasa, amma kwandunan ba su dace da gine-gine: suna buƙatar ɗaruruwan mita na ƙasa ko teku mai tsabta.

A inda zai iya lashe, da kuma inda ba zai iya

Zai iya lashe:

• Remote da island grids da ke tafiya a kan shigo da diesel, yawanci a lokuta da yawa mainland farashin wutar lantarki, inda turbines ne mai wuya a jirgin ruwa da kuma kafa da wani containerised kasa tashar ne mai sauƙi.
• Mai ƙarfi na lokaci: wuraren gina, tallafin matsalolin, sansanonin soja da bincike, abubuwan da ba za a iya gina turbine ba na watanni kaɗan.
• Masu zurfi a cikin ruwa, a cikin lokaci mai tsawo, inda wani filin ƙasa mai haske na iya yin farashin da ya fi ƙarancin turbina mai hawa. Wannan shi ne kyautar da Makani da Shell suka yi gwajin a Norway, kuma har yanzu ba a tabbatar da ita ba.
• Saitunan da ke da iska mai ƙarfi a sama amma iska mai rauni a tsayin hub, misali a kan yanki mai tsayi, inda tsayin kifi yake da muhimmanci mafi yawa.

Ba za’a iya lashe ba:

• A cikin birane ko kan gine-gine. An yi wa jirgin ruwa kwalba mai fadin mita ɗaruruwa.
• A kan ruwa a wurare masu kyau, yau. Turbinas sun girma, suna da bankuna kuma suna da arha; fasahar zamani dole ne ta tabbatar da shekaru ashirin na aminci kafin masu ba da bashi su yi mata aiki a kan irin wannan hanya.
• A kusa da filin jirgin sama da sararin samaniya mai yawa, ko inda ba’a iya tsare ƙasar a ƙarƙashin hanyar tashi ba.

Abin da aka tabbatar, mai yiwu da kuma speculative

Proven: the power law of crosswind flight (Loyd, 1980), confirmed in many flight tests; that tethered wings can generate electricity autonomously for hours, with pumping cycles and with onboard rotors; that the M600 produced a best ten-minute average of 196 kW; that ground-generation soft kites of 100 to 200 kW can be launched, flown and landed from a container-sized station; that wind speeds and power densities rise with height on average.

Plausible: cewa ƙasa-generating tsarin na wasu ɗaruruwan kilowatts za su iya isa high availability a wuraren da ke da nisa; da kayan amfani ga kowace kW ne mafi ƙaranci fiye da ga turbines; da offshore floating kites za su iya bukatar sosai m dandamali; da airborne systems samar da fiye da sa’o’i na amfani fitarwa a kowace shekara fiye da wani turbine a kan daya site saboda su kai steadier iska.

Speculative: wani farashin ga kowace kWh da ya dace da iska a kan ƙasa; megawatt-skali kites; gonakin kites masu yawa suna tashi kusa tare ba tare da tasiri ba; shekaru ashirin na rayuwa don kites, tethers da drums; inshora da tsarin shaidar da za a iya kwatanta su da waɗanda ke da turbines.

QShortcut

• Ta yaya za a iya tabbatar da farawa da sauka cikin kansu, an kiyasta sama da dubunnan sifofi a yanayi mai tsananin sanyi?
• Mene ne gaban wutar lantarki na shekara-shekara na wani abu a wurin da aka sani, wanda aka kiyasta ta hanyar takaitacce ga wata shekara mai cikakke, kuma yadda yake bambanta da turbina dake kusa da shi?
• Menene tsawon lokacin da tethers da kuma kayan kwalliyar kites zasu yi a ƙarƙashin ci gaba da ɗaukar kaya da hasken ultraviolet, da kuma yadda ake gano amfani kafin kuskure?
• Yaushe za’a iya samun kwari a kusa da aka raba a cikin wata gona, kuma da yawa su rasa a kan wasu daga cikinsu?
• Mene ne ka’idojin sararin sama suke nufi ga tsuntsaye masu saurin gudu, da kuma yadda za a kunna da gano tsuntsaye ta jirgin sama?
• Me ke faruwa da kuma? Ba a samu bayanai daga fannin ba, kuma amsar za ta iya bambanta ga tsuntsaye masu sauri da matsakaicin gudu.
• Shin offshore ruwa da ke kwance a ƙasa za su iya tsira daga guguwa a kan farashin da ya fi na turbina masu kwance?

Abin da wani sigar aiki zai buƙata

Sabuwar alheri ga ƙungiyar ƙarami ita ce cewa za a iya gwada wani kwalban da ke pompawa a kan matsakaicin ma’aunin, kuma physics yana ƙayyade ta hanyar da za a iya tsammani tare da yanki na wutsiya.

QPrintPreviewDialog	Aiki	QDialogButtonBox	QPrintPreviewDialog	@ action
0. Nazarin Kwamfyuta	Loyd da tsarin motsi ga shafin manufa, ta amfani da kayan aiki masu buɗewa da kuma makadi na Makani; bayanan iska a 100 zuwa 500 m daga kamfen ko sake nazari na lidar	Shin, iska ta wurin a tsayi tana da kyau?	$10k to $30k	watanni 2 zuwa 3
1. Force test	A 10 zuwa 20 m² kite a kan load-cell-instrumented tether da winch, da aka tashi da hannu sa’an nan da autopilot	An auna ƙarfin tether da kuma kututturen ƙarfi game da Loyd	$30k to $80k	Watan 6
2. Nau’in aiki	A 10 zuwa 30 kW ƙasa tashar: drum, motor-generator, ƙarfin lantarki, autopilot; logged wutar lantarki da kuma cikin ga kowane cycle	Net kWh a rana da kuma sauya-sauye na atomatik ba tare da mai kula ba	$150k to $400k	Watan 12
3. Pilot	A 100 kW-class unit at a remote or temporary site, a full year of measured output and availability, with wildlife monitoring	Yiwuwa na shekara-shekara, farashin kowace kWh, kulawa	$1M to $3M	18 to 24 months

A aiki model, ga wannan shafi, yana nufin mataki na 2: wani ƙasa tashar da ke tafiyar da cikakke pumping cycles da sanya mita net ƙarfi cikin a baturi ko da grid, tare da kowane tsari logged. Wani ƙũra yanã jan wani shãmaki mai tsanani, bai zama wata wutar lantarki ba.

Wanda muke buƙata

• Flight-control engineers da kwarewa na drones ko kites: take-off, landing da kuma kula da kuskure ne mafi yawan aikin.
• Aerodynamicists don zane na kifi da wutsiya, ciki har da tether drag da kuma ginshiƙai masu sauya.
• Power-electronics da injiniyoyin tafiyarwa don mai sarrafa motar winch, ajiyar wutar lantarki ga mataki na reel-in da haɗin grid.
• Ma’aikatan kayan aiki don tethers, tufafi da gwajin wahala.
• Meteorologists da lidar experience to measure winds from 50 to 600 m.
• Aviation regulation specialists don tabbatar da izinin jiragen sama da kuma ajiyar sararin samaniya.
• Icologists don tsara binciken tsuntsaye da kwari.
• Sashe mai karɓa: wani tsibiri, wata al’umma mai nisa, wani dutse ko kuma wata gona mai girma da ƙasa mai buɗewa da makwabta masu goyon baya.

Shin, kunã da wani tunani mafi kyau?

Wasu ‘yan kungiyar Foundation na iya da wasu masu hulɗa da za su iya jin wani kira ga wata manufa mai ƙarfi ta fannin makamashi. Domin a yi magana, wata manufa tana bukatar a yi aiki da ita, wani nau’i na rayuwa mai gaskiya wanda yake samar da ƙarfi, tare da fitarwa ta auna shi akan wani abu, ba a ce. Ga wani injina mai karfin wutar lantarki, wannan yana nufin wata tashar kasa wadda take cika saurin da ake buƙata don samar da wutar lantarki. An karɓi ra’ayoyi na takardu: idan kimiyyar jiki da adadin sun yi daidai, za mu iya wallafa su a nan kan shafin yanar gizo. Amma samar da kudade ba tare da wani tsari na aiki ba yana da wahala sosai, kuma babu wani alkawari a nan na samun kudaden shiga, riba ko gabatarwa.

Aika tunaninka, ko kuma bayanan jirginka, ta hanyar form ɗin gudummawa: matsalar da take warwarewa, binciken kimiyyar, fitarwa da aka auna ko aka kiyasta, farashin kusan kowane kWh da gwajin mafi arha wanda zai iya tabbatar da shi ba daidai ba. Ga sauran hanyoyi, ka duba mafita na wutar lantarki da aka kwatanta da kuma bincike namu mai bude Fanan Gidan Gida.

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