Umoya ohamba ngenqwelo-moya

Bona kwi-turbine yomoya yexesha elidlulileyo kwaye uninzi lwento okubonayo ayiyinxalenye eyenza amandla. I-tower, isiseko kunye nengxenye yangaphakathi yeblades zikhona ukuphatha iziphelo zeblade ezihamba ngokukhawuleza phezulu kumoya. The tips sweep the outer part of the rotor at speeds of around 80 metres per second, and that is where most of the energy is caught. Umoya ohamba ngenqwelo-moya ubuza imibuzo elula: yintoni ukuba sigcina kuphela inxalenye ehamba ngokukhawuleza, siyiqhube kwintambo yentsimbi, kwaye siyivumele ikhuphe apho umoya unamandla khona?

Umfanekiso ophezulu yimpendulo eboniswe ngokukhanya. Ilanga elilandelelayo kwi-kitepower kite lirekhode umjikelo omnye opheleleyo ngobusuku: imifanekiso eqinileyo yesibhozo ezijikelezayo ezitsala intambo yokubopha phantsi kwedrumu kwaye zijikeleze igenerator, emva koko ixesha elide, ukuphinda kuphumle ngelixa ikite iqhutywa ezantsi. Eli phepha lichaza indlela esebenza ngayo, into eyenziweyo, kwaye kutheni emva kweminyaka emibini yemisebenzi emikhulu, akukho ndlela yomoya ohamba ngenqwelo-moya sele ithengise umbane ngokuthe nkqo. Ifomathi emfutshane: ifizikhi iyinyani kwaye ukugcinwa kwezinto kuyinyani, kodwa ukugcina isixhobo esibalekayo sikhuselekile kwaye sisebenze iminyaka emibini, ngaphandle kolawulo, kuzo zonke iintlobo zemozulu, yingxaki engapheliyo. Akukho namnye opapashe unyaka wemveliso elinganiselweyo ngokuzimeleyo evela kwiyunithi yezorhwebo.

Yintoni

Inkqubo yomoya ohamba ngenqwelo-moya inezinto ezintathu: iwing ebaleka, umsesane ogcinayo, kunye nendawo yokuma phantsi. Zimbini iintsapho eziphambili.

• Uhlobo lwesikwere, i “pumping” okanye i “yo-yo” ikhephu. Ikhephu libaleka ngesantya esiphezulu kwiingxowa zomoya ezitsala ngokuqinileyo kwintambo yentsimbi. Intambo yokubopha iphuma kwidrumi emhlaba, kwaye idrumi iqhuba isiguquli. Xa intambo yentsimbi ide ngokwaneleyo, umkhenkce uqhutywa ukuya kwindawo apho itsala khona ngaphantsi kakhulu kwaye ibuyiselwe ngaphakathi, ebiza inxenye encinci yento enokuyenza. ISkySails Power, iKitepower neKitemill zonke zisebenzisa le nkqubo, ngeentambo ezithambileyo zesikhephe okanye iziqhoboshi eziqinileyo.
• Uhlobo olukwinqwelo-moya, “i-turbine ebalekayo”. Iwingu eqinileyo ihambisa izijikelezisi ezincinci. Kwinqwelo-moya ejikelezayo iinqwelo zisebenza njengezithuthi zesikhephe, kwaye umbane uhamba phantsi kwentambo yokuhambisa. Ukunyuka nokuhla iinqanawa ezijikelezayo zisebenza njengeziqhubi zesikhephe kwaye iwingu lihamba ngokuthe tye njengenqwelo-moya. Le yayiyimodeli kaMakani.

Kwizinto zombini, iwing isenza umsebenzi we-turbine blade tip: iyahamba ngaphaya komoya ngokukhawuleza kunemoya ngokwayo, kwaye yilapho amandla aphuma khona.

Indlela esebenza ngayo

Imandla emoya. Umoya uthwala amandla ngemitha nganye yesikwere esijongene nayo ilingana ne ½ ρ v³, apho ρ yi-density yemozulu (imalunga ne 1.2 kg ngemitha nganye ejikelezayo ecaleni komhlaba) kwaye v yisantya somoya. I-cube ibalulekile: uphindaphindo lwesantya somoya kwaye amandla anyuka amaxesha asibhozo. Kwi-7 m/s imitha ethe nkqo ithatha malunga ne-210 W; kwi-10 m/s, malunga ne-610 W.

Kutheni ubude bunceda. Kufutshane nehlabathi, ukungqubana nomhlaba, imithi kunye neendawo zokwakha kukhawuleza umoya. Imithetho eqhelekileyo yobuchwephesha ithi isantya sikhula ngobukhulu njenge v = v_ref × (h / h_ref)^α, apho uxinzelelo α lumalunga ne-0.10 ngaphezulu kolwandle oluvulekileyo, 0.14 ngaphezulu kwendawo yokutyisa evulekileyo kunye ne-0.25 okanye ngaphezulu phezu komthi nakumadolophu. Thatha i7 m/s kwi-100 m hub. Kwi-400 m imithetho inika 8.0 m/s ngaphezulu kolwandle, 8.5 ngaphezulu kwelizwe lokulima kunye ne9.9 ngaphezulu komthi oqinileyo, ngoko amandla kwimitha yesikwere yi1.5, 1.8 kunye ne2.8 amaxesha aphezulu. Umthetho unzima: amawaka ambalwa eemitha phezulu umoya uyasebenza ngokuhlukileyo, ngee-jets eziphantsi komgangatho ngobusuku kunye namanqanaba acocekileyo ngosuku. Kodwa, imiyalelo iyacacile, kwaye umoya oqinileyo phezulu kufuneka uthetha iiyure ezincinci ngaphandle kokwenza ntoni na.

Ngaba umkhenkce unokutsala kakhulu. Ngowama-1980 umyili uMiles Loyd wasebenza ukuba ithini amandla aphezulu ewing ethethwayo ebaleka ngaphaya komphunga ingasusa (Loyd, 1980). Ngolwimi olucacileyo: iwing ehamba ngemoya ejikelezayo ifike kwisantya esimalunga nesibini seshumi sesantya somoya xa kuthelekiswa nokhupho-ukutsala ubudlelwane. Ngesantya sokukhupha-ukutsala esilinganayo se5 kumoya ohamba ngeemitha ezili-10/iyure, oko kukuthi malunga neemitha ezingama-33/iyure, okanye iikhilomitha ezili-120/iyure; iKitepower ichaza umyinge wesantya sokubhabha semizuzu eli-110/iyure yenqwelo yayo (Kitepower). Kuba amandla omoya akhula ngesiqwengana soxinzelelo, iwingati ingatsala ngokunzima kakhulu kunento ebonisa ubungakanani bayo. Ubukhulu be-Loyd

P = (4/27) × ½ ρ v³ × A × C_L × (C_L / C_D)²

apho A yindawo yewing, C_L i-lift coefficient yayo kunye ne C_L / C_D i-lift-to-drag ratio yayo. Isizathu emva kwesantya somoya, (4/27) × C_L × (C_L/C_D)², sithetha ukuba zingaphi iimitha ezisikwere zomoya iwing isusa ngokufanelekileyo kwimitha nganye yesikwere sendawo yayo. Kwiqhina elithambileyo elinokunyusa ixabiso le-1 kunye nokukhupha-ukutsala uthelekiso lwe-5 limalunga ne-3.7. Kwicala eliqinileyo nenkqubo yokunyusa-ukutsala ixabiso elimalunga ne9, kuquka ukutsala kwentambo, inokuba yi10 ukuya kwi17. Isixhobo sokwenza umbane esibekwe phantsi kwehlabathi sifikelela kule nto ilungileyo xa umsesane wentambo ujika ngaphandle kwishumi elinanye lesantya somoya.

Ilahleko iLoyd ishiya ngaphandle. Iintaka ezinyanisekileyo aziqhubi ngokuthe ngqo phantsi komphunga wendawo yokubeka, ziqhuba kwi-engile yokuphakama, eqhelekileyo yi-25 ukuya kwi-35°. Kuyo kuphela inxalenye yomoya ejikeleze umsonto otsala kuyo, kwaye amandla awela nge-cube ye-cosine yale engile: kwi-30° kuphela i-65% ihlala. Intambo yokubopha idibanisa ukutsala, ekhula ngobude bayo. A pumping kite spends part of each cycle being winched in; Kitepower’s system spends about 80% of a 100 second cycle generating up to 130 kW and 20% drawing about 20 kW to pull the kite back (Kitepower). Emva koko kuvela i-generator eqhelekileyo, ibhokisi yegesi kunye nokulahleka kokuguqula, kwaye amandla asetyenziswa ukugcina iwingu iwela kumoya okhanyayo.

Kutheni intambo yentsimbi iyinto yonke. Itowe ye-turbine kufuneka i resiste ukutsala okupheleleyo kwe-rotor njengexesha lokugoba kwisiseko sayo, leyo yisizathu sokuba iitowers kunye nesiseko zikhulu kakhulu. Intambo yokubopha ihambisa kuphela uxinzelelo, kwaye izitho zocingo ezinjenge-polyethylene enesisindo esiphezulu kakhulu semolecule zinamandla amakhulu kuxinzelelo lobunzima babo. Le yindawo yokuvela kwesaziso, ephindayo ziinkampani ezininzi, ukuba inkqubo yenqwelo-moya isebenzisa ukuya kuthi ga kwi90% ngaphantsi kwezinto kunesithuthi segesi esinomlinganiselo ofanayo. Kuyinyani ukuba isebenza kwi-injini ngokwayo; ayiboniswanga ngoku kwinkqubo yombane jikelele kubandakanya ukufaka izithuba, amasiseko endawo yokuma kunye nokudibanisa kwegridi.

Iimida: ezizisiseko nezokusetyenziswa

I-theoretical. I-Loyd’s formula yi-ceiling yecala elinye elifanelekileyo. Njenge-turbine, umkhenkce ukhawuleza umoya owuvunayo, kwaye umkhenkce owela phantsi ngokusondeleyo uthatha amandla ukusuka komnye kuye omnye, ngoko ke ifama kufuneka ibe nethuba. Kukhona umda weplanethi. Ii-jet streams ezikufutshane ne-10 km ubude zibonakala njengendawo eninzi yokufumana uncedo ukuba ½ ρ v³ kodwa i-atmosphere ivuselela le nkqubo ngokucothayo: uvavanyo lwendlela yehlabathi lubeka ukutsala okuphezulu okuqhubekayo ukusuka kwimibhobho yejet malunga ne-7.5 TW, amaxesha angama-200 angaphantsi kunezibalo zangaphambili, kunye neengxaki ezinkulu zemozulu ukuba ziye zafikeleleka (Miller, Gans noKleidon, 2011). Akukho namnye ocebisa ukubhabha kwi-10 km namhlanje; iinkqubo ezisebenzayo zijolise kuma-200 ukuya kuma-700 m. Izinto ezifumanekayo kwihlabathi liphela eziphezulu ukusuka kuma-500 ukuya kuma-12,000 m zadweliswe kwimaphu ukusukela kwiminyaka engama-28 yedatha yemozulu ngu Archer noCaldeira (2009).

Isebenza. Amaxabiso amiselweyo athintele iiprojekthi azikho kwifomula:

• Ukuqala nokuwela. I-turbine ayizukuba yindawo yokubaleka. I-kite kufuneka iqale ngomoya okhanyayo, ifike kwi-gust, kwaye yenze zombini amaxesha amawaka ngonyaka ngaphandle kokulimala. I-Makani ilahlekile ii-airframes ezine kwinqwelo, ezintathu zazo xa zihamba phantsi, hayi xa zivelisa (Makani, 2020).
• Ulawulo kwimozulu yonke. Ii-squalls, ukungqubana, umlilo, iinqanawa eziqhushumbisi kunye nokuphumla okukhawulezayo konke kudinga impendulo ekhululekileyo. Ukunqanda intambo yentsimbi kufuneka angeke abeke umkhenkce okanye umsonto onzima kwindawo ebangela umngcipheko.
• Indawo yomoya nelizwe. I-kite kwi-400 m kwi-800 m yentambo yokubopha isusa ubukhulu obukhulu. Abaphathi benqwelomoya kufuneka bayamkele, kwaye umhlaba phantsi kweenvelopu zokuhamba kufuneka zigcinwe zicacileyo kubantu kunye neendlela.
• Ukusetyenziswa. Iintambo zefayibha zilahleka kwilanga, iinqanawa ezibophelelayo zisetyenziswa kwiidrayisi kunye neepulleys, kwaye indlela kufuneka ihlale iminyaka emibini uku konkura ne-turbines eyenziwe iminyaka emibini nesihlanu ukuya kwezintathu.
• Ubungakanani. Amandla eLoyd alinganiselwa ngendawo yewing, newing enkulu inzima ukuqalisa nokuwela. Makani’s M600 had a 26 m wing (X); SkySails’ largest announced kite is 450 m² for a 450 kW unit. Inkqubo ye5 MW ehamba ngenqwelo-moya, ubungakanani besixhobo somoya esitsha esisuka phezulu kwelwandle, sisoloko siyimifanekiso.

Iiprojekthi ezibonakalayo,

Le ndawo inamandla kakhulu ngeempawu kwaye igcina iinkcukacha zexesha elide. Apha kukho into ekufuneka iqinisekiswe.

Iprojekti	Uyilo	Iinjongo	I-Ofisi
Makani M600 (US, Google X, 2006 ukuya ku-2020)	600 kW iwing eqinileyo, 8 ii-rotors ezikwibhodi, 440 m yokuqhuba umsesane	28.9 h iinqwelomoya ezizimeleyo, 22.7 h umphunga ojikelezayo; uluhlu olulungileyo 290 kW, umlinganiselo wemizuzu elishumi ongcono 196 kW kumoya osuka kwi-10 ukuya kwi-13 m/s; iinqwelomoya zokuqala eziphuma emanzini ukusuka kwindlela ehambayo eNorway, ngoAgasti 2019	Ivaliwe ngoFebruwari 2020: “indlela yokuthengiswa ide kwaye inobungozi ngakumbi kunokulindeleka”. Uhlolo lweqela: i-M600 airframe “ayikho ekwaziyo ukudala amandla angama-600 kW kwi-11 m/s”. Iingxelo, ikhowudi kunye neengxelo zokuhamba zipapashwe ngoSeptemba 2020
I-SkySails Power (iJamani)	Ii-soft kites ukuya kuthi ga kwi-180 m² kwi-winch yehlabathi; ukuya kuthi ga kwi-200 kW yombane wesiqhelo (PN-14, ngoku ithengiswe njengeVenyo)	Imodeli yokuqala eKlixbühl isebenza ukusukela ngo-2019 ngeenqwelo eziphakamileyo ukuya kwi-120 m², irekhodi elide kakhulu lenkqubo yokuhamba ngenqwelo; inqwelo eyi-120 m² iwela 200 ukuya kwi-400 m phezulu kwi-800 m yentambo enkulu eMauritius ukusukela ngoJanuwari 2023; inqwelo moya yokuqala eTaiwan ngomhla we-1 kuJulayi 2025	Iiyunithi zokuthengisa; inkampani ichaza ukuba ziyi-760 MWh ngonyaka ngeyunithi nganye kwiindawo ezilungileyo, umyinge womenzi, hayi uvavanyo oluzimeleyo. Imodeli ye450 kW (KYO) iqinisekisiwe kwaye izithuthi zokuqala ziya kufumaneka kwisiqingatha sesibini sonyaka ka-2028
I-Kitepower (iNetherlands, ukusuka kwiTU Delft)	100 m² i-soft kite, 350 m tether, i-ground generator kwi-6 m container	Ifike kwi-130 kW xa ijikeleza ngaphandle, malunga ne-100 s kwisiqendu ngasinye; abaqhubi kwindawo yokwakha eNetherlands, eBellacorick eIreland kunye neRWE, naseAruba	Ithengiswe njengesixhobo esihambayo, sokugcina amandla angekho phantsi koxinzelelo lwe-oyile, umzekelo ukubuyisela iigenerator zedizili
Kitemill (Norway)	Ii-glider eziqinileyo ze-kites kwi-winch yehlabathi	Indawo yovavanyo eVanse, Lista, iwela ngaphezu kweemitha ezingama-350	Uphuhliso luqhubeka; akukho data yokuphuma kwexesha elide
Ampyx Power (iNetherlands, 2008 ukuya ku-2022)	I-glider eqinileyo enegunya lokuqhuba imoto kwiwinchi yendawo; kuqala ukwenziwa kweenjini ezinegunya lokuqhuba imoto ngo-2012	Iimodeli eziphuhlisiweyo ukuya kwi-AP-3	Ukuqhekeka kweemali ngomhla wama-19 ku-Epreli 2022, kwaziswa ukuba lilahlekile nge-4 kuMeyi 2022 emva kokuba ujikelezo lonikezelo lwemali olucwangcisiweyo

IiNtlawulo: Makani, The Energy Kite, 2020; X, Makani; SkySails Power; Kitepower; Kitemill; Ampyx Power.

Izinto ezimbini kuletheyibhile zifanele uqaphele. Okukuqala, i-Makani’s elungileyo yemizuzu emihlanu yonyaka yayisisithathu segunya layo elilinganiselweyo, kwaye kuphela malunga nentsimbi enye kwisihlanu yavelisa amandla apheleleyo, abanye abaninzi beyiimvavanyo zokuhamba, umoya okhanyayo nokuhamba phezulu. Eyona nkqubo ikhulayo namhlanje yindawo yokwakha iinqanawa ezithambileyo ze100 ukuya kwi200 kw, ngaphezulu kwexesha elilishumi lincinci kunesibane esiqhelekileyo esiselwandle, sithengwa kwiindawo apho isibane sinzima ukusilungisa: iziqithi, iindawo ezide, amandla akhawulezileyo. Uvavanyo lweminyaka emibini yovavanyo lokuhamba ngenqwelomoya lufike kwimbono ethe tyaba: ulawulo luqhube phambili ngokuphawulekayo, kwaye ixesha elide, ukusebenza okuzimeleyo ngokupheleleyo kuqhubekaVermillion et al., 2021).

Ixabiso

Akukho xabiso lentengiso lombane womoya ohamba ngenqwelo-moya, kuphela iinkcazo, ngoko ke uqaphele ngamanani onke apha.

Iinketho	Ixabiso nge-kWh	Inkqubo yenombolo
Ifama entsha yomoya elwandle, engaxhaswanga	$0.027 to $0.073	Iinkcukacha zentengiso, Lazard LCOE+ 2024
Ifama entsha yomoya elwandle	$0.074 to $0.139	Iinkcukacha zentengiso, Lazard 2024
Inkqubo yokukhupha igesi	$0.110 to $0.228	Iinkcukacha zentengiso, Lazard 2024
Umgangatho welanga kwisakhiwo, isiseko sethu	$0.19 ephakathi	Imodeli yethu ye-Fan Wall; uphahla lweshishini $0.09 to $0.20 kwi Lazard, 2026
ISkySails KYO 450 kW, injongo	ngaphantsi kwe-10 cents	Injongo yomenzi, ayisayi kunikezelwa
I-M600	ayipapashwanga	Iqela labhala ukuba “akukho mbhalo ocacileyo” ukuba le nkqubo ingafika kwi-LCOE e konkure ngeeturbini eziqhelekileyo

Ingxelo kaMakani isenza isiphelo sokuba yonke indawo yomoya ohamba ngenqwelo-moya kufuneka iphendule. Kwifama yelanga eselunxwemeni, i-turbine ngokwayo incinane kunesiqingatha sexabiso lezixhobo; iindlela, iziseko, iinqanawa, unxibelelwano lwegridi, ukufakela, ukusebenza kunye nemali zenza isiphelo. Kwilizwe lingaphandle, le “milinganiselo yenkqubo” iindleko zimalunga ne-52% yoluhlu (Makani, 2020). Ukukhusela i-90% yentsimbi yetowe ngoko akuyi kunyusa ixabiso lezixhobo zesibane nge-90%. Ukubetha umoya osuka phezulu elwandle kwi $0.03 to $0.07, i-kite kufuneka ibe nexesha elifanayo lokufumaneka kweenjini ezijikelezayo, ubudala bayo obungu-25 beminyaka yoyilo kunye nolondolozo oluphantsi. Xa kuthelekiswa nexabiso lesakhiwo sethu esiyi- $0.19 nge-kWh ibar iphantsi, kodwa izikhephe zesikhephe azifakwanga kwizindlu: zifuna amawaka eemitha zomhlaba ocacileyo okanye ulwandle.

apho ingaphumelela khona, nalapho ingaphumelelanga

Inokufumana:

• Iinkqubo zombane ezikufutshane neziqithi ezisebenza ngedizili engeniswe, rhoqo kwixesha elininzi lexabiso lombane lwelizwe lasempuma apho ii-turbines zinzima ukuthuthwa nezokwakha kwaye isikhululo sendawo esemgangathweni esifakwe kwikhonkrithi silula.
• Umandla wexeshana: iindawo zokwakha, uncedo lwesifo, amaqela emikhosi kunye novavanyo, iziganeko, apho i-turbine ingakhiwanga kwiinyanga ezimbalwa.
• Amalwandle anzulu phandle, kwixesha elide apho isixeko esikhanyayo esidadayo esisemhlaba siza kubiza kakhulu kunesithuthi somoya esidadayo. Le yimali ethe yanikezelwa nguMakani noShell eNorway, kwaye iyaqhubeka ingekho semthethweni.
• Iindawo ezinezimoya ezinamandla phezulu kodwa ziphantsi kuphakamo lwesiphelo sendlela, umzekelo ngaphezulu kwendawo engqukuva apho ubude be-kite bubalulekile kakhulu.

Akukho nto iphumelelayo:

• Kumanyantlu okanye kumakhaya. I-envelope yokuhamba imakhulu eemitha ububanzi.
• Kumoya osuka kwelangeni kwindawo elungileyo, namhlanje. Ii-turbines zikhula, zikhuselekile kwaye zibiza kakhulu; iteknoloji entsha kufuneka iqinisekise iminyaka emibini yokuthembeka phambi kokuba abaxhasi bayisebenzise ngendlela efanayo.
• Kufutshane neendawo zokubhabha kunye nendawo yomoya exakekileyo, okanye apho umlambo ongaphantsi kwendlela yokubaleka angagcinwa ucacile.

Izinto eziqinisekisiweyo, ezinokwenzekayo

Iqinisekisiwe: imithetho yegunya lokuqhuba ngemoya ojikelezayo (Loyd, 1980), eqinisekiswe kwiimvavanyo ezininzi zokuqhuba; ukuba amaphiko adityaniswe angavelisa umbane ngokuzimeleyo ngeyure, ngokuhamba kwepompo kunye nezixhobo ezihamba ngaphaya; ukuba iM600 yavelisa umyinge olungileyo wemizuzu emihlanu ye-196kW; ukuba ukuveliswa komthi womhlaba othambileyo we-100 ukuya ku-200kW ungaqhutywa, uhambe kwaye ufike kwisitishi esincinci sebhokisi; ukuba amandla omoya noxinzelelo lwesithuthi zinyuka ngobukhulu obuphakathi.

Ingalindelekanga: ukuba inkqubo yokwakha indawo yamawaka ambalwa ekilowatts ingafika kwinqanaba eliphezulu lokufumaneka kwiindawo ezide; ukuba ukusetyenziswa kwezinto ngekW nganye kuphantsi kakhulu kunee-turbines; ukuba izikhephe ezidadayo ezinolwandle zingafuna iiplatforms ezikhanyayo kakhulu; ukuba inkqubo yenqwelo moya ivelisa iiyure ezininzi zemveliso esebenzayo ngonyaka kune-turbine kwindawo efanayo kuba zifike kwiimoya ezizinzileyo.

Ixabiso elimiselweyo nge-kWh ekhuphisanayo nomoya osuka phezulu; iintaka ezili-megawatt; izityalo zezityana ezininzi zibaleka zisondele ndawonye ngaphandle kokungqubana; iminyaka emibini yobomi beentyatyambo, iintambo kunye needrums; inkxaso nenkqubo yokuqinisekiswa ethelekiswa naleyo yezithuthi zegesi.

Imibuzo yophando oluvulekileyo

• Ingaba ithembekile njani i-autonomy epheleleyo yokuqalisa nokuwela, ilinganiselwe ngaphezulu kwamawaka ojikelezo kwimozulu enobungozi?
• Yintoni ixabiso elipheleleyo lonyaka lokusetyenziswa kwamandla leyunithi kwindawo eyaziwayo, elinganiselwe ngokuzimeleyo kunyaka wonke, kwaye ithelekiswa njani ne-turbine ecaleni kwayo?
• Ixesha elide iintambo kunye neebhanti ihlala phantsi kokulayisha okujikelezayo kunye nelanga elikhanyayo, kwaye ifunyanwa njani ukusetyenziswa phambi kokuba ikhubazeke?
• How closely can kites be spaced in a farm, and how much do they lose in each other’s wakes?
• Yintoni imithetho yendawo yomoya ithetha ntoni ukuba iintaka zibophelelwe ngentambo, kwaye kufuneka zitywinwe njani kwaye zifunyanwe njani yinqwelomoya?
• Zithini iintaka ezihamba ngeenyawo ezizenza iintlobo zezityalo nezimvu? Akukho data eninzi kwindawo, kwaye impendulo ingahluka kubakhenkethi abacothayo nabacocekileyo kunye neengalo ezikhawulezayo eziqinileyo.
• Ingaba izikhululo zendawo ezidadayo ezinokumelana nemvula ngexabiso elidlula iinqanawa ezidadayo?

Izinto ezifunekayo

Iinkcukacha ezilungileyo kwiqela elincinci kukuba i-shaft ephazamisayo ingavavanywa ngesantya esiphantsi, kwaye ubungakanani befiziki buyindlela elindelekileyo kunye nendawo yewing.

Inkqubo	Umsebenzi	Uxanduva	Ixabiso elipheleleyo	Ixesha
0. Ukufunda kwedesktop	Imodeli ye-Loyd neyexesha elijikelezayo lendawo emiselweyo, usebenzisa izixhobo ezivulekileyo kunye nekhowudi epapashiweyo kaMakani; idatha yomoya kwi-100 ukuya kwi-500 m ukusuka kwinkqubo ye-lidar okanye uvavanyo olutsha	Ingaba umoya wendawo ephakamileyo ufanele ukuba mkhulu?	$10k to $30k	2 ukuya kwiinyanga ezi-3
1. Uvavanyo loxinzelelo	I-10 ukuya kwi-20 m² ye-kite ekwintambo yocingo kunye newinchi ezifakwe isixhobo sokulayisha, ziqhutywa ngesandla emva koko ngemoto eqhuba ngokuzenzekelayo	Uxinzelelo olulinganiselweyo lwentambo kunye negophe le power kwi-Loyd	$30k to $80k	6 Iinyanga
2. Imodeli yokusebenza	Isitishi esiphantsi se-10 ukuya kwi-30 kW: idrum, imoto-igenerator, amandla ekhompyutheni, umqhubi osebenza ngokuzenzekelayo; umbane oshicilelwe ngaphakathi nokuphuma kwisiqendu ngasinye	I-kWh elinganiselweyo yonyaka kunye nexesha elikhawulezayo ngaphandle komqhubi	$150k to $400k	12 Iinyanga
3. I-Pilot	Iyunithi ye-100 kW ebekwe kwindawo engaphandle okanye yexeshana, unyaka wonke wokuphuma okulinganiselweyo kunye nokufumaneka, ngokujonga indalo	Ixabiso le-kWh nganye, ulondolozo	$1M to $3M	18 ukuya kwiinyanga ezili-24

A working model, for this page, means phase 2: a ground station that runs complete pumping cycles and puts metered net energy into a battery or the grid, with every cycle logged. I-kite etsala ngokuqinileyo kwintambo ayikho isikhululo sezixhobo zesithuthi.

abafuna

• Abachwephesha bolawulo lokuhamba kunye nexesha elidlulileyo lezixhobo eziqhuba ngokwazo okanye iintaka: ukunyuka, ukuwela nokuphatha iingxaki zininzi zemisebenzi.
• Abaqhubi benqwelomoya Uyilo lwesikhephe kunye newing, kubandakanya ukutsala intambo kunye nokwakhiwa okukhawulezayo.
• Izixhobo ze-elekthronikhi zombane kunye noqhubo lwamava obugcisa kwimoto ye-generator yewinch, ukugcina amandla kwinqanaba lokujika kunye nokudibanisa kwegridi.
• Abachwephesha bezinto iintambo, iimpahla kunye novavanyo lokuxinana.
• Abaxhamli bemozulu ngeenkqubo ze-lidar zokulinganisa umoya ukusuka kwi-50 ukuya kwi-600 m.
• Izikhombisi-ndlela zokuhamba ngenqwelomoya ukukhusela izivumelwano zokuqhuba kunye nokugcinwa kwendawo yomoya.
• I-Ecologists ukuyila ulawulo lweentaka neentlanzi.
• Indawo yokugcina: isiqithi, iqela elibekwe kude, indawo yokutywina okanye ufama enkulu enesikwere selizwe kunye nabamelwane abaxhasayo.

Unayo imbono engcono?

Abathile abaxhasi beFoundation banokuba nabaqhagamshelana nabo abanokuva ilizwi elinamandla lengqondo. Ukubekwa, imbono ifuna imisebenzi, imodeli yobomi bokwenyani eyenza amandla, nemveliso yayo eqikelelwa kwisixhobo, ayithethiweyo. Kwi-inqanawa yomoya onamandla okubhekisela kwisitishi esiphantsi komhlaba esiya kugqiba inkqubo yokutywina ngokuzenzekelayo kwaye irekhode amandla apheleleyo ayo. Iimbono zephepha zithandeka kakhulu: ukuba ifizikhi kunye namaxabiso aqinile, sinokuzipapasha apha kwiwebhusayithi. kodwa ukunyusa ikapitali ngaphandle kwemodeli esebenza kakuhle kunzima kakhulu, kwaye akukho nto apha inokuba yithemba lokuxhaswa, ukuphinda kwenziwe okanye ukunikezelwa.

Thumela imbono yakho, okanye idata yokuhamba ngenqwelomoya yakho, nge ifomu yokunikelwa: ingxaki eyenzayo, uvavanyo lwefizikhi, ukulinganiselwa okanye ukuqikelelwa kwemveliso, ixabiso eliphakathi kwi-kWh kunye novavanyo oluncinci olunokuthi lubonise ukuba ayichanekanga. Kwezinye iindawo, bona izinto ezinomtsalane zokusetyenziswa kweegesi xa kuthelekiswa kunye novavanyo lwethu oluvulekileyo Imigangatho yeFan.

IiNkqubo

1. Loyd, M.L. (1980). Umoya ohamba ngaphesheya kweemoto eziqhuba ngesantya esiphezulu (ukwenza umbane womoya). Iphephandaba leNkqubo yeNkqubo 4(3), 106-111.
2. Iiteknoloji zeMakani (ngoSeptemba 2020). I-Energy Kite, Inxalenye yesibini: iisalathiso zovavanyo lokuhamba, ukungabikho kwemisebenzi yeM600, i-FCW-01 yokuhamba ngaphandle kolwandle kunye nohlolo lwexabiso le-umbane. Iinxalenye II ne III.
3. X, ifektri yenyanga. Makani: iM600, uKhuselo lweNkqubo yeNkqubo yoMbane weNkqubo kunye nokuvalwa ngo-2020.
4. UVermillion, C., Cobb, M., Fagiano, L., Leuthold, R. kunye nabanye (2021). Umbane elwandle: iimbono ezisuka kwiminyaka emibini yophando oluphambili lokulawulwa kunye novavanyo lokuhamba ngenqwelo-moya lwenkqubo yezixhobo zomoya ohamba ngenqwelo-moya. Izigqibo zonyaka kwiNkqubo yoLawulo 52, 330-357.
5. Cherubini, A., Papini, A., Vertechy, R. noFonta, M. (2015). Iinkqubo zomoya ohamba ngenqwelo-moya: uvavanyo lwezi zixhobo. IiNkcazo zeNkqubo yoKhuseleko lweNkqubo yeNkqubo 51, 1461-1476.
6. Archer, C.L. noCaldeira, K. (2009). Uvavanyo lwehlabathi lomandla omoya ophezulu. Energies 2(2), 307-319.
7. Miller, L.M., Gans, F. noKleidon, A. (2011). Umoya ohamba ngesantya esiphezulu njengomthombo wombane ovuselelekayo: amandla amancinci, iziphumo ezinkulu. Inkqubo yeNkqubo yoMhlaba 2, 201-212.
8. Amandla eSkySails. IiNcwadi, kubandakanya i SkyPower100 eKlixbüll (2022), Mauritius (2023) ne Taiwan (2025); Idatha yeVenyo (PN-14).
9. Umbane we-kite. Itekhnoloji kunye nedatha yenkqubo yeFalcon.
10. I-kitemill. Iwebhusayithi yenkampani.
11. Ampyx Power: imbali yenkampani kunye nokulahleka kwetyala, 2022.
12. Lazard (Juni 2024). Ixabiso eliphakamileyo leNkqubo yeNkqubo, uguqulelo 17: umphunga osuka emanzini $27 to $73 ngeMWh, umphunga osuka emanzini $74 to $139, ukunyuka kwegesi $110 to $228. Ushicilelo lukaJuni 2026 lunika uluhlu lwelanga olusetyenziswayo njengexabiso lethu.
13. Isiseko Local Solar System. I-Fan Wall: ukukhangela umoya ovulekileyo, ixabiso lelanga elingenanto elichazwe nge-$0.19 kwi-kWh nganye.
14. Haas, T., De Schutter, J., Diehl, M. noMeyers, J. (2022). Umzekelo omkhulu we-eddy womhlaba oqhutywa ngamandla elanga. Isayensi yeNkqubo yoMphunga 7, 1093-1135.