Energy kites: kutenderera kwemhepo

Ona muchina wemhepo unorema kupfuura mvura uye zvinokosha zvikuru kuti uone kuti ndeipi chikamu chinogadzira simba. Iyo tower, iyo foundation uye iyo inner half yeblades inogara ichichengeta mabhureki eblade ari kutenderera nekukurumidza mumhepo. Zvinhu zvinosvibisa kunze kwerotor nesimba re80 metres pasekondi, uye izvi ndizvo zvinotora magetsi akawanda anobva mumhepo. Kufamba kwemhepo kunobvunza mibvunzo mishoma: chii kana tikachengeta chete iyo inofamba-famba nhanho, tichizviisa pa tether, uye tichizoisiya ichikwira kunzvimbo iyo uswa rwakasimba?

Chifananidzo pamusoro ndechimwe chemazano akagadzirwa nezuva. A tracing magetsi paKitepower kite rakanyorwa imwe yakazara chirongwa pazuva: tight figure-of-atatu loops kuti kutamba tether off a drum uye kuchinja generator, uyezve akareba, chisimbiso kudzoka apo kite winched back. Iyi peji inotiudza kuti sei ichishanda, chii chayakawana, uye nei, mushure memakore makumi maviri ekuita basa rakakura, hapana system yemhepo yakakwira mumhepo yakati yatengesa magetsi pamusika. **Nzira pfupi: physics ichokwadi uye zvinhu zvinochengetedza mari, asi kuchengeta ndege iri kushanda kwenguva yakareba, pasina munhu anoona, mune chero mamiriro ekunze, ndiyo nyaya isina kugadziriswa. Hapana munhu akaburitsa gore rezvizere zvakasiyana-siyana zvinomiririra kuongororwa kwezvinhu kubva kune imwe kambani. **

Chii icho

A airborne simba remhepo system ine zvitatu zvinhu: wing kuti inofamba, a tether kuti iine, uye ground station. Kune marudzi maviri ezvipfuyo.

• Ground generation, the “pumping” or “yo-yo” kite. The kite flies fast crosswind loops that pull hard on the tether. The tether unwinds kubva drum panyika, uye drum inotungamira generator. Kana chigaro chiri chakareba zvakakwana, chinoita kuti chikepe chiende kunzvimbo iyo chinotora zvishoma uye chinodzokera kumashure, izvo zvinodhura chikamu chidiki chesimba rakagadzirwa. SkySails Power, Kitepower uye Kitemill vese kushandisa izvi chirevo, ne soft fashoni kites kana richioma gliders.
• Onboard generation, the “flying turbine”. A rigid wings inotakura madiki rotors. Mundege yekunze, rotors inoita seturbines, uye magetsi anoenda pasi pechiso chekufambisa. Kutanga uye kukwira, rotor imwecheteyo inoshanda sepropellers uye mabwe anofamba sedrone. Ichi chirongwa chaMakani.

Muzviviri, wing iri kuita basa re turbine blade tip: inofamba pamusoro pemhepo zvakanyanya kupfuura uswa pacharo, uye izvo ndezvekuti simba rinouya kubva.

Maitiro ekushanda

Kushanda kwemhepo. Mvura inotakura simba kuburikidza neimwe mita yekare yakatarisana nayo imwechete ne ½ ρ v³, uko ρ ndiyo density yemhepo (inosvika 1.2 kg pamita cubic pedyo nenyika) uye v ndeyekukwira kwemhepo. Kubuda kwechidimbu kunokosha: kana uchiwedzera kukwira kwemhepo kaviri, simba rinosvika kagumi. Pa 7 m / s imwe mita square inotakura nezve 210 W; pa 10 m / s, pamusoro pe 610 W.

Zvino kukwira kunobatsira. Panzvimbo dzakadzika, mvura inobuda muvhu, midzi nemadziro inonwisa uswa. Ruzivo rwesainzi rwakajairika runotaura kuti kumhanya kunokura nekumukwegura sev = v_ref × (h / h_ref)^α, uko kuratidzwa kwe α kuri pamusoro pe0.10 panzvimbo yakavhurika yegungwa, 0.14 panzvimbo yakavhurika yemunda uye 0.25 kana kupfuura panzvimbo dzemasango nemaguta. Take 7 m / s pa100 m hub. Pa 400 m chirevo chinopa 8.0 m / s pamusoro pegungwa, 8.5 pamusoro pemunda uye 9.9 pamusoro pevhu rakaoma, saka simba pamita square ndiro 1.5, 1.8 uye 2.8 nguva yepamusoro. Ruzivo urwu rusiri rwakajeka: makiromita makumi maviri nemana pamusoro pegungwa, uswa rwunoita zvinhu zvakasiyana, nejetsi risina simba zuva nezuva uye nejetsi rakachena zuva nezuva. Asi, chinangwa chiri pachena, uye mhepo yakaoma mumamiriro ekunze inofanirawo kureva kuti panenge pasina chinhu chekuwana.

Zvino chikepe chinowana simba rakawanda. Mu1980 mugadziri Miles Loyd akaona kuti simba ripi rakawandisa rinopihwa nechikepe kana chiri kukwira pamusoro pemhepo (Loyd, 1980). In plain language: a wing flying crosswind reaches a speed of about two thirds of the wind speed times its lift-to-drag ratio. Nekukwira-kukurumidza kutenderera kwe5 mu10 m/s uswa, izvo zvinoreva kuti 33 m/s kana kuti 120 km/h; Kitepower inoti inofamba nechikepe ichi nenguva yepakati ye110 km/h (Kitepower). Nekuti aerodynamic simba rinova nekwakavharwa kweizvo zvinofamba, wing inogona kutambanudza zvakaoma kupfuura yacho upamhi inoti. Loyd’s maximum is

P = (4/27) × ½ ρ v³ × A × C_L × (C_L / C_D)²

apo A ndewewing area, C_L ndewelift coefficient uye C_L / C_D ndewelift-to-drag ratio. Mutengo wesimba remhepo, (4/27) × C_L × (C_L/C_D)², unotaura kuti ndezvipi zviuru zvemita chena yemhepo iyo wing inobvisa kune imwe chete chena yemita yenzvimbo yayo. Kuti uwane chikepe chinotonhora nechikurumidza kukwira (lift coefficient) che1 uye nechikurumidza kukwira-ku-kudonha (lift-to-drag ratio) che5, zvinodarika 3.7. Kuti uwane wing rine system lift-to-drag ratio yakati rebei pa9, kusanganisira tether’s drag, inogona kunge iri 10 kusvika 17. A ground generator inosvika iyi optimum kana tether reels kunze paimwe yechitatu yemhepo speed.

The losses Loyd leaves out. Real kites havana kukwira straight downwind yenyika stations, ivo vanofamba panzvimbo angle, zvakajairika 25 kusvika 35 °. Nekuti simba remhepo rinosvika pa30°, 65% chete resimba rinobva kumusoro kwechiso chemufananidzo. Kunyangwe paine zvishoma zvesimba rekubuda, simba iri rakawandisa kupfuura simba rayo rinogona kuburitsa. Tether inowedzera kudhonza, iyo inokura nehurefu hwayo. A pumping kite inotora chikamu chese chechirongwa ichi, uye system yeKitepower inotora 80% ye100-second cycle ichigadzira kusvika ku130kW uye 20% ichitora 20kW kuti iite chirongwa ichi (Kitepower). Zvinouyawo zvirwere zvinoitika mugenerator, gearbox neconverter, uye simba rinoshandiswa kuchengetedza mabwe ari kukwira mumhepo yakajeka.

Zvino tether ndiyo nyaya yose. Tower yeturbine inofanira kupikisa iyo yakazara kumanikidza kwerotor seyakavhara nguva panzvimbo yayo, izvo zvinoita kuti matowers nebasa riite serisina kusimba. A tether chete inotakura kumanikidza, uye fibers sezvakakwira-molecular upamhi polyethylene zviri zvakaomarara mukushaikwa kwesimba remuviri wavo. Izvi ndizvo zvinokonzera kuti zvive nyore kuvimbisa, zvakataurwa nemakambani akawanda, kuti masystem anotakura zvinhu mumhepo anoshandisa kusvika pa90% mashoma ezvinhu kupfuura turbine ine simba rakafanana. Izvi zvinokwanisika kune chigadzirwa pachacho; hazvina kuratidzwa kuti zvichashanda pane imwe chete yemagetsi plant, kusanganisira nzvimbo dzese, mafoundations enzvimbo yekutandarira uye grid connection.

Mitemo: Theoretical uye Practical

Theoretical. Loyd’s formula icho chivharo cheimwe chete yakanakisisa wing. Sezviri pachena, chikepe chinononoka uswa rwacho, uye chikepe chinofamba nesimba rinobva kune mumwe nemumwe, saka mhuri inofanira kunge ine nzvimbo. Kunewo zvishoma zvezvisikwa zvinorarama pasi rose. Jet mabwe akatarisana ne10 km altitude anotaridzika senzvimbo huru yemari kana iwe ukashandisa ½ ρ v³ kuvari, asi mweya inodzoserazve kuti motion slowly: a Earth-system analysis put the maximum sustainable extraction from jet streams at about 7.5 TW, some 200 times less than earlier estimates, with large climate side effects if it were ever approached (Miller, Gans uye Kleidon, 2011). Hapana munhu ari kukurudzira kuti aendese pa10 km nhasi; zvakajairika zvirongwa zvinoda 200 kusvika 700 m. Global high-altitude resource kubva pa500 kusvika 12,000 m yakanyorwa kubva ku28 makore edata rekunze na Archer and Caldeira (2009).

Practical. The limits that have actually stopped projects are not in the formula:

• Kutanga uye kukwira. Turbine haizombobva yabuda. A kite anofanira kuvhura mumhepo yakajeka, mvura mumvura, uye kuita zvese zviuru zvemakore pasina kukanganisa. Makani lost four airframes in flight, three of them while hovering, not while generating (Makani, 2020).
• Kudzora mumamiriro ekunze ese. Squalls, turbulence, kupisa, urume uye zvakajairika zvinoda zvese zvezvivakwa zvemunharaunda. A tether kuparadza haazoiti kuti chikepe kana aoma laini nzvimbo dzinokuvadza.
• Airspace uye nyika. A kite at 400 m on an 800 m tether sweeps a large volume. Vatungamiriri vendege vanofanira kubvuma, uye nyika pasi pendege envelope inofanirwa kuchengetwa yakachena kubva kune vanhu nenzira.
• Wear. Fabric kites kuderera muzuva, tethers shandisa padhiramu uye pulleys, uye system anofanira kurarama makore makumi maviri kuti vakwikwidze ne turbines yakagadzirwa kwemakumi mapfumbamwe kusvika makumi matatu.
• Size. Loyd’s simba zviyero newing nzvimbo, uye makuru wings ndicho chikonzero nei iri nyore kuvhura uye kuenda pasi. Makani’s M600 yaiva ne26 m wings (X); SkySails’ makuru anozivikanwa kites ndewe450 m² kune 450 kW unit. A 5 MW airborne system, saizi yezvino zvino onshore turbine, iri zvakare kugadzirwa.

Real michina, yakaenzana

Iyo nzvimbo yakave neruzivo rwakawanda uye yaive nedata renguva refu. Heano izvo zvinogona kuongororwa.

_Projekti	Kugadzira	Chii chakaitwa	Chii chakaitika
Makani M600 (US, Google X, 2006 to 2020)	600 kW yakaoma makumbo, 8 onboard rotors, 440 m conducting tether	28.9 h yakabatana ndege, 22.7 h crosswind; yakanakisa loop 290 kW, yakanakisa makumi maviri nemana maminitsi anenge 196 kW mu 10 kusvika 13 m / s mwenje; yekutanga offshore ndege kubva kune inofamba platform muNorwegia, August 2019	Closed February 2020: “the road to commercialization is longer and riskier than hoped”. The team’s own verdict: the M600 airframe “is fundamentally unable to generate 600 kW at 11 m/s”. Reports, code and flight logs released in September 2020
SkySails Power (Germany)	Soft kites kusvika 180 m² panzvimbo winch; kusvika 200 kW cycle simba (PN-14, ikozvino inotengeswa se Venyo)	Prototype paKlixbüll ichiita basa kubvira 2019 nechikepe chekusvika ku120 m², iyo yakareba kwazvo rekodhi yeiyo airborne system; chikepe che120 m² chinofamba 200 kusvika 400 m pamusoro pe800 m chakanyanya tether muMauritius kubva munaJanuary 2023; yekutanga ndege muTaiwan pa1 July 2025	Kutengesa mayunitsi; kambani inotaura kusvika ku760 MWh pagore pa unit panzvimbo dzakanaka, chiyero chemugadziri, kwete chimiro chakazvimiririra.A 450 kW model (KYO) yakazivisawo kuti yekutanga kutumira kunotarisirwa munguva yekupedzisira ye2028
Kitepower (Netherlands, kubva kuTU Delft)	100 m² soft kite, 350 m tether, ground generator mu6 m container	Kusvika 130 kW panguva reeling kunze, pamusoro 100 s per chirongwa; vatungamiriri panzvimbo yekuvaka muNetherlands, Bellacorick muIreland ne RWE, uye pa Aruba	Inotengeswa seyakave yakasviba, yenguva pfupi zero-emission simba, semuenzaniso kuti igadzirise diesel generators
Kitemill (Norway)	Rigid glider kites panzvimbo winch	Test site at Vanse, Lista, flying above 350 m	Kuvandudzwa kunoenderera mberi; hapana data renguva refu rekuburitsa
Ampyx Power (Netherlands, 2008 to 2022)	Rigid autonomous glider panzvimbo winch; yekutanga zvakakwana autonomous simba kugadzirwa mu 2012	Yakagadzirwa prototypes kusvika kuAP-3	Kumiswa kwekubhadhara 19 April 2022, kuzivisa kufambiswa kwemari 4 May 2022 mushure mekunge chirongwa chekubhadharisa chakaitika

Mamwe mapurojekiti: Makani, The Energy Kite, 2020; X, Mavara; SkySails Power; Kitepower; Kitemill; Ampyx Power.

Mamwe mashoko maviri ari mubhuku iri anokosha kutariswa. Pakutanga, Makani’s best ten-minute average yaive neimwe yechitatu yesimba rayo rakanyorwa, uye chete nezve imwe loop muzvina yakagadzirwa net energy, vamwe vazhinji vachiri kuongorora manoeuvres, mhepo dzakanaka uye hovering. Zvita, zvinorema zvikuru masystems nhasi ndivo ground-generating soft kites 100 kusvika 200 kW, kupfuura makumi maviri nguva shoma pane typical onshore turbine, yakatengeswa kune nzvimbo uko turbine isiri nyore kuumba: Islands, remote sites, temporary power. Kuongorora kwemakore maviri ekuyedza ndege kunosvika kune imwecheteyo yakaenzana maonero: kudzora kwakaita shanduko huru, uye kwenguva yakareba, zvakakwana zvakazvimiririra kushanda zvinowanzove nechimiro (Vermillion et al., 2021).

Chii chinodhura

Hapana mutengo wemusika wemagetsi emhepo akakwira mumhepo, asi chete zviyero, saka ita shuwa kuti unofunga nezvemazita ese aya.

Kusarudza	Kubhadhara pa kWh	Status of the number
New onshore wind farm, unsubsidized	$0.027 to $0.073	Kuongorora kwemusika, Lazard LCOE+ 2024
New offshore wind farm	$0.074 to $0.139	Market data, Lazard 2024
Gas peaking plant	$0.110 to $0.228	Market data, Lazard 2024
Rooftop solar pane imba, yedu benchmark	$0.19 central	Our Fan Wall model; commercial rooftop $0.09 to $0.20 in Lazard, 2026
SkySails KYO 450 kW, chinangwa	pasi pe 10 cents	Mugadziri chinangwa, haasi kusvika
Makani M600	haisi kuburitswa	Team yanyora kuti “haisi yajeka” kana iyi system inogona kusvika pa LCOE inokwikwidza neyakajairika turbines

Makani’s report inoita kuti pave nechikonzero nei chero munhu anotaura nezvekufamba kwemhepo anofanira kubvunza. Panzvimbo yewind farm, turbine imwecheteyo inotora zvikamu makumi maviri kubva muzana zvemari yekushandisa; migwagwa, zvivakwa, ma cables, grid connection, installation, operation uye finance zvinoita zvimwe. Offshore, izvi “kuenzanisa kwe system” zvinoenderana ne52% yemari yose (Makani, 2020). Kuchengeta 90% yezvigaro zvesimbi hazvisi kuderedza mutengo wemagetsi ne90%. Kuti uwane onshore kupisa kwemhepo pa $0.03 to $0.07, chikepe chinofanirawo kusangana neyakakwira kushandiswa kweturbine, iyo 25-year design life uye yakaderera maintenance. Pasina kusimba kwemari yedu yekugadzira simba re $0.19 pa kWh, chigaro ichi chiri pasi pechiyero chedu, asi zvikepe hazvina kunyatsova nemabhizimisi: zvinoda mamirioni emamita enyika kana mvura yakachena.

Panogona kukunda, uye apo haigone

I can win:

• Remote uye island grids izvo zvinoshanda nediesel yakaiswa, kazhinji kacho panguva dzakasiyana dzemagetsi emagetsi, uko turbines zviri nyore kutakura uye kuisa uye nzvimbo yepasi yekuchengetera iri nyore.
• Munguva pfupi simba: construction sites, kubatsirwa kwezvirwere, migwagwa uye zviitiko, uko turbine haigone kuvakwa kwemwedzi mishoma.
• Deep offshore madziro, munguva pfupi, apo chiedza kutenderera ground station anogona kubhadhara zvikuru kupfuura kutenderera turbine. Iyi ndiyo mari Makani uye Shell akaongororwa muNorwegia, uye iri zvakare unproven.
• Zvinzvimbo zvine simba remhepo pamusoro pevhu asi nesimba rakasimba remhepo pahurefu hwehub, semuenzaniso pamusoro penzvimbo dzakaomarara, uko kukwira kwechikepe kunokosha zvikuru.

I can’t win:

• Mumigwagwa kana pazvivakwa. Iyo envelope yekufambisa ndeyemazana emita epakati.
• Kune onshore uswa panzvimbo dzakanaka, nhasi. Turbines zvinokura, bankable uye cheap; a nyowani tekinoroji ane kunyatsoratidza makumi maviri emakore ekuvimbika pamberi lenders kurapa zvakafanana.
• Pane ma airports uye nzvimbo dzendege dzakashaikwa, kana kuti panzvimbo dzisingagone kuchengetwa dzisina mvura pasi penzira yendege.

Chii chinoratidza, chinofungidzirwa uye chinofungidzira

Proven: simba remutemo we crosswind ndege (Loyd, 1980), yakavimbiswa mumibvunzo yakawanda yekufambisa; kuti tethered wings anogona kuburitsa magetsi zvakazvimirira kwemazuva, nekuputira makiromita uye nendege rotors; kuti M600 akagadzira yakanakisa makumi maviri-minute anenge 196 kW; kuti ground-generated soft kites of 100 to 200 kW inogona kutanga, akafamba uye akakwira kubva kune imwe nzvimbo yechikepe-sized; kuti huremu hwemhepo uye simba densities kukwira nepakati pepamusoro.

Plausible: kuti pasi-kuumbwa michina yemakore mashoma makumi maviri kilowatts anogona kusvika kukwira availability panzvimbo dzakaomarara; kuti zvinhu kushandiswa per kW iri muchidimbu kupfuura turbines; kuti offshore kutenderera kites zvinogona kuita zvakawanda lighter mapuratifomu; kuti airborne michina zvinogadzira akawanda maawa of zvakanakira output gore rega rega kupfuura turbine pamwechete nzvimbo nekuti vanosvika steadier mawinds.

Speculative: mutengo pa kWh kukwikwidza nemhepo onshore; megawatt-shamba chikepe; zvipatara zvemazhinji chikepe kufambidzana pedyo pamwe chete pasina kukonzera; makumi maviri emakore hupenyu hwechikepe, tethers uye tambo; insurance uye certification mafomu akafanana neaya e turbines.

Ongororo dzekutsvaga

• Maitiro akakodzera anogona zvizere zvakazvimirira kukwira uye kudzika kuva, akateverwa nemakumi ezviuru zvemaminetsi mumvura yakasimba?
• Chii chinonzi chokwadi chegore rekushandisa simba rechirongwa panzvimbo inozivikanwa, ichiongororwa zvakazvimiririra kwegore rese, uye sei ichienzaniswa neturbine iri pedyo nayo?
• Ndezvipi zvinotora nguva yakareba sei kuti tethers uye fashoni kites zvirambe pasi pekutenderera kurodha uye ultraviolet magetsi, uye sei kuiswa kunoonekwa pamberi pekukundikana?
• Makirabhu ekunze anofanira kunge ari akati wandei, uye ndezvipi zvinokanganisa kukwira kwechikepe?
• Ndeapi airspace rules anokosha kune akazvimirira mabwe, uye sei zvikepe zvinofanira kuratidzwa nendege?
• Chii chinonzi kuzvidya mwoyo? Hapana data rekunze, uye mhinduro inogona kunge iri yakasiyana kune zvidhori zvinotonhora zvakaomarara uye zviri nyore.
• Munogona offshore kutenderera nzvimbo dzenyika kurarama masikati nemari iyo inokunda kutenderera turbines?

Chii chine basa prototype aifanira

Nhau dzakanaka kune nyanzvi dzemabhaisikopo ndedzekuti chikepe chekupisa chinoda kuongororwa pamhando yakaderera, uye kuti physics inotarisana nemamiriro ezvinhu asinganzwisisike muchikamu chewing.

Phase	Kushanda	Kufunga kunobvumira	Ruvara	_Zvinyorwa
0. Desk kudzidza	Loyd uye chimiro chemugwagwa wenzvimbo yacho, nekushandisa maturusi akavhurika uye Makani’s yakaburitswa kodhi; data remhepo pa100 kusvika 500 m kubva kuLidar campaign kana reanalysis	Iine uswa hwenzvimbo pakureba zvakakodzera?	$10k to $30k	2 kusvika 3 mwedzi
1. Force kuedza	A 10 kusvika 20 m² kite pa load-cell-instrumented tether uye winch, yakasviba nechinangwa uyezve neautopilot	Yakaenzana tether simba uye simba kurongeka pamusoro Loyd	$30k to $80k	6 months
2. Working mufananidzo	A 10 kusvika 30 kW ground station: drum, motor-generator, power electronics, autopilot; logged simba kunze uye mukati kwese chirongwa	Net kWh yakaongororwa pazuva uye otomatiki makirogiramu pasina mutungamiriri	$150k to $400k	12 months
3. Pilot	A 100 kW-class unit panzvimbo yakaomarara kana yenguva pfupi, gore rese remetered output uye kuwanikwa, nekuona kwezvisikwa	Real yegore yield, mutengo pa kWh, maintenance	$1M to $3M	18 kusvika 24 months

A working model, for this page, means phase 2: a ground station that runs complete pumping cycles and puts measured net energy into a battery or the grid, with every cycle logged. A kite pulling hard on a rope is not yet a power station.

Tinofanira kuita sei

• Flight-control engineers vane ruzivo rwezvivakwa zve drones kana zvikepe: kukwira, kudonha uye kugadziriswa kwematambudziko ndezvebasa guru.
• Aerodynamicists yekite uye wing dhizaini, kusanganisira tether drag uye yakagadzikana michina.
• Power-electronics uye drive engineers yewinch motor-generator, simba rekuchengetera reiyo reel-in phase uye grid connection.
• Materials vagadziri for tethers, fashoni uye kuomarara bvunzo.
• Meteorologists neLidar ruzivo kuongorora mawinds kubva 50 kusvika 600 m.
• Aviation regulation specialists kuti vawane mvumo yekufambisa uye kugara kwendege.
• Ecologists kuumba bird uye bat kuongorora.
• Muzinda wemumiririri: ivhu, nzvimbo yakaomarara, mugodhi kana mhuri ine nyika yakati wandei uye neshamwari dzinokutsigira.

Une pfungwa yakanaka?

Vamwe vatungamiri vesangano iri vanogona kunge vane vanhu vanoita kuti vaone kuti pane chikonzero chekusimudzira pfungwa yekushandisa simba. Kuti iite, pfungwa inofanira kunge iri inoshanda, yakajeka-hupenyu mufananidzo wekuti inenge ichigadzira simba, nechigadzirwa chayo chakaenzana nechinhu, kwete chisina kutaurwa. Kuti uwane simba rekuti riite, zvinoreva kuti pane nzvimbo yepasi iyo inonyatsoita madiki-madiki emagetsi ayo inoita. Ipfungwa dzepapepa dziri kutarisirwawo: kana physics uye mazita ari nyore, tinogona kuzviburitsa pano pawebsite. Asi kusimudzira mari pasina kushanda model iri nyore, uye hapana pano ndiro mashoko emari, kudzoka kana kutsvagisa.

Kutumira pfungwa yako, kana ndege yako data, kuburikidza ne contribution form: dambudziko rinoita kuti rigadziriswe, cheki yefizikisi, kuongororwa kana kufungidzirwa kwemutengo wemagetsi, mutengo wakaomarara pa kWh uye yakachipa yekuyedza iyo inogona kuratidza kuti haisi yakakodzera. Kuti uwane mamwe mazano, ona Energy Alternatives compared uye yedu yakavhurika Fan Wall research.

Zvinyorwa

1. Munyori: Loyd, M.L. (1980). Crosswind kite simba (yekuwanda-sized kugadzirwa kwesimba remhepo). Journal of Energy 4(3), 106-111.
2. Makani Technologies (Chikunguru 2020). The Energy Kite, Part I: Flight Test Statistics, M600 Performance Shortfall, FCW-01 Offshore Flight uye Cost-of-Energy Analysis. Mutauro wechiGiriki wakaita sezvinyorwa zviviri: I neII.
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