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NASA's Mod-1 wind turbine standing on a hilltop at Boone, North Carolina, in 1979.
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Duk kilowats'a yana da tarihin da aka ɓoye: wani makami, wata masana'anta, wani magudanar ruwa ko kuma wani wuka.

NASA Glenn Research Center

A 1979 NASA ya kunna Mod-1, wani turbinum na iska mai sassa biyu tare da rotor mita 61 a tsayi, akan dutse a North Carolina. Wannan shi ne daya daga cikin manyan turbina na ranarsa da kuma daya daga cikin farkon kokarin yin ƙarfin iska wani muhimmin ɓangare na grid. Shekaru goma sha huɗu bayan haka, wutar lantarki da iskar rana sune manyan hanyoyin samar da wutar lantarki a duniya. Don fahimtar me ya sa, da abin da ba su iya yi ba, yana taimakawa wajen kwatanta dukkan ma’ana a kan kalmomin daidai.

All the life, not just the chimney

Waɗannan abubuwa ba su da wani tasiri a kan tsarin halittar jikin mutum. An yi amfani da ƙarfe da kuma siminti, an yanka mai da aka kai shi, kuma a ƙarshe an warware dukkaninsu. Auna rayuwar rayuwa ta ƙara wannan duka a kowace kilowatt-hour. Taswirar IPCC na daruruwan irin wadannan bincike yana ba da jerin sunayen: man fetur yana fitar da kusan 820 grams na CO2-kamar a kowace kilowatt-hour, gas kusan 490, yayin da iska, nukiliya da makamashi mai ruwa suna cikin 10 zuwa 25, da kuma rana tsakanin 40 zuwa 50.

Kuma aminci yana da misãli irin wannan. Idan aka yi la’akari da mutuwar mutane sakamakon hatsarin mota da kuma tasirin gurɓata muhalli a kowace yunitar wutar lantarki, man fetur da mai sune mafi hadarin matsalolin, saboda zafinsu yana cika iska da ƙwayoyin cuta. Wuta, nukiliya da wutar rana suna da aminci sau ɗari.

820 gCO2-equivalent per kWh from coal, lifecycle median (IPCC AR5)
11 gCO2-equivalent per kWh from onshore wind (IPCC AR5)
24.6deaths per TWh from coal, against 0.04 for wind (Our World in Data)

Abin da kowanne mai samarwa yake da kyau a gare shi

  • Coal da gas za a iya kunna su idan ana bukatarsu, amma suna da mafi girman fitarwa da gurbata muhalli. Gas yana fitar da kashi biyu bisa uku na CO2 kamar yadda ake amfani da man fetur, ko da yake tashin methane ya rage wannan bambanci.
  • Nuclear yana tafiya da sauri tare da fitarwa mai ƙarancin yawa da kuma wani yanki na ƙasa mai ƙaranci; yana da tsada kuma yana da sauri don gina shi, kuma dole ne a kula da gurɓataccen abu na tsawon lokaci mai tsawo.
  • Hydropower yana da sauki kuma mai ƙarancin karɓa, amma magudanar ruwa na haifar da ruwan sama a cikin larduna da kuma canja koguna.
  • Gas yana cikin mafi arha na wutar lantarki; yana canzawa tare da yanayi kuma yana buƙatar sarari, grids da, a kan karuwa, ajiya.
  • Solar mai tsada ce, mai sauki da kuma dace a kan bango daga kauye zuwa ginin sama; ba ta samar da komai a dare ba kuma kaɗan a lokacin hunturu.

Bãbu wani ma’aunin gaskiya. Bãbu kõme fãce mai kyau da kuma mafi muni, da miƙa mulki ga zaɓinMu.

The missing piece: flexibility

Matsalar da ke tattare da tsarin wutar lantarki mai tsafta ba ita ce samar da isasshen makamashi a kan matsakaiciyar adadin, amma daidaita samarwa da bukata a kowace sakan. Baturi, makamashi mai zafi da aka zuba, hanyoyin sadarwa masu ƙarfi waɗanda ke raba wutar lantarki a tsakanin yankuna, buƙata da take bi da rana da iska, da kuma manyan wuraren karɓar karfe masu ƙarancin carbon duk suna cika wannan ɓangaren. Wannan shi ne dalilin da ya sa muke bincike kan samar da kayan aiki wanda zai iya zama inda ake amfani da wutar lantarki, kamar Fanan Gidan.

Yadda zaka iya taimaka

  • Sake samar da ku zuwa wani tsarin wutar lantarki mai sake dawowa ko na al’umma inda daya ke samuwa.
  • Ka yi amfani da wutar lantarki idan ta tsabta. Ka gudanar da injin wanka da kuma caji motoci idan iska da rana suna da yawa; wasu grids na wallafa yawan karbon a lokaci-da-lokaci.
  • Ka sanya panels a kan bango. Gidaje, makarantu, shagunan sayar da kayayyaki da wuraren ajiyar motoci suna da wuraren samar da wutar lantarki; ka tambayi majalisarka da mai aiki.
  • Sake kafin ka samar. Tsarin da kuma kayan aiki masu inganci suna rage kuɗin da kuma fitarwa a lokaci guda.
  • Tambayar da ke cikin lambobin. Tambayar mai samar maka da wutar lantarki da gwamnatinka game da fitarwa na rayuwar wutar lantarkin da kake saye.
  • Ka shiga bincike a kan tashar gudummawa.

Sources and further reading