Wasu harsuna a wannan shafin na iya zama an fassara su da injin kuma suna iya da kurakurai. Help improve it Read the English original
NASA's Mod-1 wind turbine standing on a hilltop at Boone, North Carolina, in 1979.
Green Initiative

Energy sources compared

Duk kilowats'a yana da tarihin da aka ɓoye: wani makami, wata masana'anta, wani magudanar ruwa ko kuma wani wuka.

NASA Glenn Research Center

A 1979 NASA ya kunna Mod-1, wani turbinum na iska mai sassa biyu tare da rotor mita 61 a tsayi, akan dutse a North Carolina. Wannan shi ne daya daga cikin manyan turbina na ranarsa da kuma daya daga cikin farkon kokarin yin ƙarfin iska wani muhimmin ɓangare na grid. Shekaru goma sha huɗu bayan haka, wutar lantarki da iskar rana sune manyan hanyoyin samar da wutar lantarki a duniya. Don fahimtar me ya sa, da abin da ba su iya yi ba, yana taimakawa wajen kwatanta dukkan ma’ana a kan kalmomin daidai.

All the life, not just the chimney

Waɗannan abubuwa ba su da wani tasiri a kan tsarin halittar jikin mutum. An yi amfani da ƙarfe da kuma siminti, an yanka mai da aka kai shi, kuma a ƙarshe an warware dukkaninsu. Auna rayuwar rayuwa ta ƙara wannan duka a kowace kilowatt-hour. Taswirar IPCC na daruruwan irin wadannan bincike yana ba da jerin sunayen: man fetur yana fitar da kusan 820 grams na CO2-kamar a kowace kilowatt-hour, gas kusan 490, yayin da iska, nukiliya da makamashi mai ruwa suna cikin 10 zuwa 25, da kuma rana tsakanin 40 zuwa 50.

Kuma aminci yana da misãli irin wannan. Idan aka yi la’akari da mutuwar mutane sakamakon hatsarin mota da kuma tasirin gurɓata muhalli a kowace yunitar wutar lantarki, man fetur da mai sune mafi hadarin matsalolin, saboda zafinsu yana cika iska da ƙwayoyin cuta. Wuta, nukiliya da wutar rana suna da aminci sau ɗari.

820 gCO2-equal per kWh from coal, lifecycle median (IPCC AR5)
11 gCO2-ma'aunin a kowace kWh daga onshore iska (IPCC AR5)
24.6mutuwar kowane TWh daga karfe, a kan 0.04 ga iska (Our World in Data)

Abin da kowanne mai samarwa yake da kyau a gare shi

  • Coal da gas za a iya kunna su idan ana bukatarsu, amma suna da mafi girman fitarwa da gurbata muhalli. Gas yana fitar da kashi biyu bisa uku na CO2 kamar yadda ake amfani da man fetur, ko da yake tashin methane ya rage wannan bambanci.
  • Nuclear yana tafiya da sauri tare da fitarwa mai ƙarancin yawa da kuma wani yanki na ƙasa mai ƙaranci; yana da tsada kuma yana da sauri don gina shi, kuma dole ne a kula da gurɓataccen abu na tsawon lokaci mai tsawo.
  • Hydropower yana da sauki kuma mai ƙarancin karɓa, amma magudanar ruwa na haifar da ruwan sama a cikin larduna da kuma canja koguna.
  • Gas yana cikin mafi arha na wutar lantarki; yana canzawa tare da yanayi kuma yana buƙatar sarari, grids da, a kan karuwa, ajiya.
  • Solar mai tsada ce, mai sauki da kuma dace a kan bango daga kauye zuwa ginin sama; ba ta samar da komai a dare ba kuma kaɗan a lokacin hunturu.
Jirgin ruwa biyu masu girman gaske a cikin wani babban dutse mai rufewa, tare da filayen shuɗi da sahu na turbines na iska a kan hoton.
Masu yanka-tafin-kayar-bakin-karfe a cikin wani makami mai bude wuta na Garzweiler a yammacin Jamus, 2019, tare da turbina na iska a kan hoton. Ga man fetur, tarihin da aka ɓoye na kilowatti-sa'a yana farawa a cikin wani ma'adinai kamar wannan. Photo: Arne Müseler, CC BY-SA 3.0 DE

Bãbu wani ma’aunin gaskiya. Bãbu kõme fãce mai kyau da kuma mafi muni, da miƙa mulki ga zaɓinMu.

The missing piece: flexibility

Matsalar da ke tattare da tsarin wutar lantarki mai tsafta ba ita ce samar da isasshen makamashi a kan matsakaiciyar adadin, amma daidaita samarwa da bukata a kowace sakan. Baturi, makamashi mai zafi da aka zuba, hanyoyin sadarwa masu ƙarfi waɗanda ke raba wutar lantarki a tsakanin yankuna, buƙata da take bi da rana da iska, da kuma manyan wuraren karɓar karfe masu ƙarancin carbon duk suna cika wannan ɓangaren. Wannan shi ne dalilin da ya sa muke bincike kan samar da kayan aiki wanda zai iya zama inda ake amfani da wutar lantarki, kamar Fanan Gidan.

Phonon:: MMF:: EffectFactory

Hasken lantarki mai tsafta ba kawai wani hasashe bane. Wasu kasashe sun sake gina mafi yawan samar da wutar lantarkinsu cikin wani zamani, kowace daga cikinsu ta amfani da albarkatun da take da su: iska, ruwa, zafi na ƙasa ko rana. Dukkan hotunan da ke ƙasa sune kashi na samar da wutar lantarki a kowace kasa, daga Ember da kuma Jami’ar Wutar Lantarki kamar yadda aka tattara su ta Duniya Mu A Bayanai, sai dai idan wani mai ba da bayanai ya bayar.

  • Denmark: wind as the backbone. Fuel fossils made 84 percent of Denmark’s electricity in 2000 and 11 percent in 2024. Turbinas na iska kawai suka yi kashi 58 cikin dari, bioenergy game da kashi biyar, kuma hasken rana ya karu daga kusan komai zuwa kashi 11 cikin dari tun daga 2012.
  • Urugwayi: canji a cikin shekaru goma. Urugwayi ta dogara ne akan magudanar ruwa da kuma amfani da mai da gas a lokacin da ake shekara-shekara; a shekarar 2008, man fetur ya samar da kashi 39 na wutar lantarkinta. Wutar lantarki ta karu daga kashi 1 cikin dari a shekarar 2013 zuwa kashi 32 cikin dari a shekarar 2018. Har ma a 2023, shekara mai ƙarancin fitarwa na ruwa, man fetur ya yi kasa da kashi 8 cikin dari, kuma a shekarar 2024 kusan kashi 1 cikin dari.
  • Kenya: zafi daga Rift Valley. Wutar geotermal, daga magudanar ruwa a Rift Valley, ta samar da kashi 10 cikin dari na wutar lantarkin Kenya a shekarar 2000 da kuma kashi 45 cikin dari a shekarar 2024, fiye da kowanne wani wurin. Da ruwa, iska da rana, fiye da kashi goma sha tara na wutar lantarkin Kenya yanzu ana samunsa ne daga hanyoyin da za a sake amfani da su, sama da kashi 40 cikin dari a shekarar 2000.
  • Scotland: fiye da yadda take buƙata. Scotland ta samar da wani adadin 38.4 TWh na wutar lantarki mai sake dawowa a cikin 2024, 30.1 TWh daga ita daga iska, kuma ta fitar da 19.7 TWh mafi yawa na wutar lantarki zuwa sauran ƙasashen Birtaniya fiye da yadda ta shigo da shi (Gwamnatin Scottish, 2025).
  • The United Kingdom: the end of coal. A cikin 2000 kashi uku na uku na lantarkin Birtaniya ya zo daga man fetur; a cikin 2024 kusan kashi uku ya yi, kuma iska ta yi kashi 29. A cikin hunturu na 2024 Ratcliffe-on-Soar, cibiyar samar da wutar lantarki ta ƙarshe, an kulle ta bayan shekaru 50, wanda ya sa Birtaniya ta zama farkon babban tattalin arziki don dakatar da ƙona wutar lantarki (Gwamnatin Birtaniya, 2024).
  • Brazil: ruwa, sa’an nan kuma iska da rana. Hydropower ya samar da mafi yawan wutar lantarkin Brazil na shekaru da dama. Tun daga 2010 kasar ta kara da iska da rana cikin sauri: tare suka yi kashi 24 na wutar lantarki a 2024, sama da kasa da rabin kashi a cikin 2010.
  • Costa Rica: kusan dukkansu suna sake dawowa. Hydro, geothermal da kuma iska sun samar da fiye da kashi 98 na wutar lantarkin Costa Rica a kowace shekara tun daga shekarar 2015.
  • Bangladesh: haske ba tare da wutar lantarki ba. Al’ummomi da dama a Bangladesh sun kasance suna da nisan gaske daga duk wata hanyar samar da wutar lantarki. Daga watan Janairu na shekarar 2003, kamfanin kudi na Bangladesh IDCOL, wanda aka fara goyon baya ta Bankin Duniya, ya tallafawa tsarin lantarkin rana mai ƙarancin girma a gidajen mazauna ƙauyuka. A watan Janairu na shekarar 2019, an kafa kusan miliyan 4.1, wanda ya kawo wutar lantarki ta rana ga mutane miliyan 18, kashi 12 cikin dari na jama’a, waɗanda suka haska gidajensu da fitilun kerosene (IDCOL).
Wutar lantarki mai haske da ke tashi daga wani ma'aikacin wutar lantarki mai tsayi a kan wani dutse mai tsayi a karkashin sama mai girgiza.
Masana'antar wutar lantarki ta Olkaria III dake kusa da Naivasha, a Rift Valley na Kenya. Wutar lantarki daga magudanar ruwa kamar wannan yanzu tana samar da wutar lantarki a Kenya fiye da kowace wata hanya. Photo: Bbossoxx, CC BY-SA 4.0

Me ya sa ta yi tsada: da kwance na koyon

Wannan dalilin da ya sa wadannan canji suka yi sauri shi ne farashin. A solar module farashin kusan 132 dalar Amurka a kowace watt a cikin 1975 da 27 cents a cikin 2024, a yau kudi: 99.8 bisa dari mafi arha (Mutummu Duniya a Data). Masu kimiyya na tattalin arziki suna kiran wannan tsari da learning curve: duk lokacin da yawan karfin duniya ya ninka, farashin wani bangare ya fadi da kashi biyar zuwa rabin, kamar yadda masana’antu suka girma, zane-zane sun fi kyau kuma layukan samarwa sun yi tsayi. Baturi ya bi irin wannan hanya. Lithium-ion cells cost around 9,200 dollars per kilowatt-hour in 1991 and 78 dollars in 2024, more than 99 percent less (Ritchie, Our World in Data), da kuma yawan farashin batirin ya ragu da kashi 20 cikin dari a shekarar 2024 kadai, zuwa dala 115 a kowace kilowatti-hora (BloombergNEF, 2024).

Mafi arha makamashi na gaba ne makamashi da mu yi amfani da gina. Duk wani panel da aka shigar yana sa na gaba ya fi arha.

Beat the benchmark: a call for ideas

Wannan ya nuna cewa duk wata hanya ta sake yin amfani da makamashi ko kuma kiyaye shi, dole ne ta yi gasa da wasu hanyoyin da suka fi sauki da tsafta. A kan wani gini, ma’aunin shi ne wata rufin wutar lantarki. Wannan wani mataki ne mai girma, kuma wannan shi ne dalilin da ya sa muke so mutane su yi tunani game da shi. Fanan Gidanmu na kanmu shi ne wani tunani da muke gwaji a bayyane, ciki har da inda ya kasa. Ba ta zama ba fãce wata zato. Aikin da ya kamata a yi shi ne, neman mafita ga matsalolin da ke nan: wutar lantarki a dare da lokacin hunturu, hasken rana ga gidaje da masana’antu, rufi mai yawa, da kuma hanyoyin sadarwar da suke bukatar sauyawa.

An yi wannan aikin ne a wani kauye mai suna "Ain el-Hassa" (Masu haske) da ke cikin garin Alkahira, inda aka gina wata cibiyar samar da wutar lantarki ta zamani.
Ruwan da ke cikin birni tare da panels na rana a Canberra, Australia. A kan wani gini, wannan shi ne ma'aunin da duk wata sabuwar tunani take buƙata ta sha. Photo: Benlisquare, CC BY-SA 4.0

Munã so mu ji ra’ayoyinku, kuma akwai hanyoyi biyu da za a iya yin ra’ayi daga nan.

  • A pitch needs a working model. Wasu ‘yan kungiyar Foundation na iya da masu tuntuba waɗanda za su iya jin wani kira ga wata manufa mai ƙarfi. Don a yi amfani da shi, wata manufa tana bukatar aiki, misalin rayuwa ta gaskiya wanda ke samar da ƙarfi, tare da fitarwa da aka auna akan na’ura, ba a bayyana shi ba. A kettle-size prototype da a logged mita ya ce fiye da duk wani zane.
  • Ideas paper are welcome too. An iya wallafa wata tunanin da aka yi magana a kai ba tare da kayan aiki ba nan a shafin yanar gizo idan ta kasance mai ƙarfi: physics ta tabbatar, adadin ya yi gaskiya kuma gwajin mafi arha ya bayyana. Kamar haka ne hankula masu kyau suke sãmun mutãne waɗanda za su iya gina su.

Ku kasance masu gaskiya game da bambanci: samar da kuɗaɗe ba tare da wani nau’in aiki ba yana da wahala sosai, kuma babu abin da ke nan a nan shine alkawari na tallafi, dawowa ko gabatarwa. Abin da za mu iya yi muku alkawarin shi ne, karantawa mai muhimmanci da jama’a na adadin.

Kuma kõwane abu bayyananne ne.

Duk wani littafin ya kunshi fannin kimiyyar jiki, iyakoki masu tsanani, ayyukan gaskiya da sakamakon da aka auna, kudin da ake kashewa wajen samar da wutar lantarki daga rufin gida, da kuma abin da wani tsari mai aiki zai buƙaci.

Directions worth exploring

Waɗannan ne wuraren farawa tare da zahirin gaskiya a bayansu, kowace ɗaya da iyaka wata tunanin dole ne ta bi. Duk wani ra’ayi a kan radar yana da littafinsa na musamman, wanda aka haɗe ƙasa, an rubuta shi da daidaitattun halaye kamar yadda muke yin bincike a Fanan Gidan.

  • Abubuwan da suke amfani da wutar lantarki suna aiki biyu. Facades, barriers of noise, car-park canopies and canal covers that make electricity while shading or protecting something else. PV-thermal panels na hybrid suna ƙara zafi: kusan 100 zuwa 700 kWh na zafi a kowace mita murabba’i a shekara a sama da wutar lantarki (IEA SHC Task 60, 2020). Wannan shi ne ma’aunin haske na rana: kusan 1 kW ga mita daya kwance a mafi kyau. Ka karanta: garuruwan wutar rana da kuma samar da zafi.
  • Farauta da magudanar ruwa da kuma amfanin rana. An tsara tsarin agrovoltaic don samun kashi 35 zuwa 73 cikin dari fiye da ƙasa ɗaya fiye da tsire-tsire daban-daban da panels (Dupraz et al., 2011). Hasken rana mai hawa a kan kashi 30 na magudanar ruwa masu dacewa za su iya samar da kusan TWh 9,400 a shekara, kusan kashi uku na wutar lantarki ta duniyar yau, kuma ya rage zubar da iska (Jin et al., 2023). Ka karanta: agrivoltaics da tashin rana mai gudu.
  • Heat, ba kawai wutar lantarki. Heat yana da kusan rabin amfanin makamashi na duniya (IEA, Renewables 2019). Baturi na zafi da dutse suna adana wutar lantarki mai rahusa da kuma rana don makonni; 100 MWh ya fara hasken garin Pornainen na Finland a cikin 2025 (Polar Night Energy). A cikin wannan yanayin, za a iya amfani da ma’aunin zafin jiki na duniyarmu (IEA, 2022). Hasken zafi daga masana’antu, ruwa da kuma cibiyoyin bayanai har yanzu ana zubar da su (Forman et al., 2016). Ka karanta: baturi masu zafi da dutse, maɓuɓɓugar zafin ƙasa da zafin gurɓatacce.
  • Wata ruwa da ta riga ta motsa. Jirgin ruwa na iya hango shekaru masu zuwa; array din MeyGen a Scotland ya wuce 50 GWh a cikin 2023. Jirgi, koguna, kananan hanyoyin ruwa da kuma magudanar ruwa na rage zafi a cikin manyan hanyoyin ruwa duk suna ɗaukar makamashi, wanda ke nufin kawai kilowats a kowane wuri, wanda shine dalilin da yasa farashin farashi mai sauki, zane-zane masu inganci suke da mahimmanci fiye da waɗanda ke karya rikodi. Ka karanta: girgijen ruwa, injin girgizar ƙasa da hydro mai ƙarancin girma da ke cikin bututun ruwa.
  • Ina da ƙarfin iska. Wutar iska tana girma tare da cube na gudun iska, kuma iskar da take mita ɗari kaɗan sama ita ce mafi ƙarfi da daidaitacce. Makani na Google ya rufe a cikin 2020 bayan shekaru goma sha uku, yayin da kamfanonin da ke da girman kaɗan ke ci gaba da gwajin. A kyakkyawan ra’ayi a nan dole ne ya bayyana aminci, ba kawai iko. Ka karanta: energy kites.
  • Yana amfani da makamashi a lokacin da ya dace. Shigowa lokacin da muke zafi ruwa, biyan motoci da kuma sanyaya gine-gine shine mafi arha “stadium na ƙarfi” na duka: Amurka kadai tana da kusan 200 GW na buƙatun farashin mai sauƙin gaske ta hanyar 2030 (Brattle, 2019). Hanyoyi a cikin software, tarifs da kuma kayan aiki na gida mai sauƙi suna lissafa a matsayin hanyoyi na makamashi. Ka karanta: demand flexibility.
Wani hoton da aka dauka daga sama na wani filin mota mai sassa daban-daban wanda aka rufe sashinsa na sama da manyan filayen wutar lantarki a kan katako, a tsakanin itatuwa.
Sunan da aka yi amfani da shi a cikin wannan shafin na iya zama mai ban sha'awa, amma ba zai yiwu ba. Photo: Stephen Coffrin, US Department of Energy (public domain)

Abin da wani karfi ra’ayi brief ke ciki

  1. Matsalolin da yake warwarewa, da kuma ga wanda: wani rufi na birni, wata gona, wata masana’anta, wata kauye ba tare da wata tashar sadarwa ba.
  2. Shigar kimiyyar lissafi. Da yawa ne watts a kowace mita kwance, ko a kowace tona, ko kuma a kowace lita na ruwa? Da yawa Wani kwatanta mai sauri da ma’aunin sama yana rage lokaci ga kowa; David MacKay Injin Wutar Lantarki Mai Daukakawa Ba tare da Ruwa Mai Zafi ba shi ne wani jagora na kyauta don yin wannan a gaskiya.
  3. Kudin kowace kWh, har ma da matsayin tsayi, da kuma abin da zai zama mafi sauki don ya lashe.
  4. Me ya kamata ya kasance gaskiya, da kuma mafi sauki gwajin da zai iya nuna shi ba haka ba ne.
  5. Kuma wanda zai cũci shiKuma daga dabbõbi zuwa ga maƙwabta, kuma yãya zã ku sani?

Wani tunani mai kyau ba ya bukatar ya kasance daidai. Yana bukatar ya zama m, kuma gaskiya game da abin da zai tabbatar da shi ba daidai ba.

Organizers doing this work

Waɗannan kungiyoyi masu neman riba suna taimakawa wajen kawo makamashi mai tsabta da farashin sauki ga mutane kuma su wallafa abin da suka samu. Ka dũba zuwa ga aikinsu, kuma idan sun yarda da ku, to, ka yi tunãni ka bã su kyautar sadaka. Dakata Local Solar System Bã ya da wata zumunta da kõwa daga gare su. Kuma bã ya karɓar kõme daga gare su. Kafin ka ba da, ka karanta rahoton kowace kungiya da kuma asusunta kuma ka duba yadda take auna sakamakonta. A cikin wannan rahoton, an yi amfani da bayanan da aka samu daga hukumar.

  • SolarAid (UK registered charity 1115960) ta kawo hasken rana ga iyalai na kananan hukumomi a Afirka ta Kudu da Sahara wadanda za su yi amfani da kerosene, kwalba ko kuma fitilu, ta hanyar kamfani nata na zamantakewa. An raba fitilu miliyan 2.5 kuma mutane miliyan 13.3 suka samu damar amfani da su.
  • Solar Sister (Amurkar da ba ta neman riba) tana daukar aiki, horar da mata masu sana’a a yankunan da ke kusa da Afirka ta Kudu domin su gina kasuwancin sayar da hasken rana da kuma tsabtace kwanon dafa abinci ga gidajen da ba su da wutar lantarki.
  • Practical Action (Cibiyar bada tallafi mai rijista a Birtaniya 247257) tana aiki tare da al’umma a Afirka, Asiya da Amurka ta Larabawa kan fasahar amfani da ita wajen yaki da talauci, ciki har da samun damar samun makamashi mai tsabta, misali makamashi mai sake dawowa ga sansanonin ‘yan gudun hijira.
  • RMI (ta kafa a 1982 kamar Rocky Mountain Institute, Amurka ba-da-rabo) shi ne wani kungiyar bincike mai zaman kanta da ke aiki tare da gwamnati, kamfanonin wutar lantarki da kasuwanci a cikin fiye da kasashe 50 don motsa tsarin wutar lantarki zuwa tsabta, ƙarfin farashin ƙananan.
  • Ember (tashar tunani mai zaman kanta da ba ta yi amfani da kudi ba, wacce aka kafa a 2020) tana wallafa bayanai masu sauki da kuma buɗewa game da wutar lantarkin kusan kowace kasa, ciki har da yawan bayanan da ke cikin hoton sama, don haka duk wanda zai iya duba yadda sauri grids suke canjawa.
A young girl in a school pinafore looks down at a small yellow sunflower-shaped solar lamp glowing in her hands.
A Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, wata yarinyar makaranta tana rike da fitilarta ta farko mai aiki da wutar rana. Ga iyalai da ba su da haɗin lantarki, wata fitilar rana mai ƙarancin girma za ta iya maye gurbin man kerose da kuma kwalban. Photo: USAID in Africa (public domain)

Yadda zaka iya taimaka

  • Sake samar da ku zuwa wani tsarin wutar lantarki mai sake dawowa ko na al’umma inda daya ke samuwa.
  • Ka yi amfani da wutar lantarki idan ta tsabta. Ka gudanar da injin wanka da kuma caji motoci idan iska da rana suna da yawa; wasu grids na wallafa yawan karbon a lokaci-da-lokaci.
  • Ka sanya panels a kan bango. Gidaje, makarantu, shagunan sayar da kayayyaki da wuraren ajiyar motoci suna da wuraren samar da wutar lantarki; ka tambayi majalisarka da mai aiki.
  • Sake kafin ka samar. Tsarin da kuma kayan aiki masu inganci suna rage kuɗin da kuma fitarwa a lokaci guda.
  • Tambayar da ke cikin lambobin. Tambayar mai samar maka da wutar lantarki da gwamnatinka game da fitarwa na rayuwar wutar lantarkin da kake saye.
  • Kuyi goyon baya ga mutãnen da suke aikatãwar aikin. Dakata organizations above kawo hasken rana da ƙarfin tsabta ga iyalai waɗanda ba su da shi, kuma su wallafa bayanan da aka buɗe da bincike; duba rahotonsu kuma ku bayar kai tsaye idan aikinsu ya tabbatar muku.
  • Ku aiko mana da wata tunanin wutar lantarki. Yi amfani da form ɗin bayarwa, ku zabi shirin Green Initiative, kuma ku bayyana tunaninku tare da abubuwan biyar na sama. Idan kana da wani misali na aiki, ka haɗa da fitarwa ta auna shi da yadda ka auna shi. Masu injiniya, dalibai da masu samarwa suna karbar bakuncin yin nazarin ra’ayoyin wasu mutane a kan taswirar gudummawa.

Sources and further reading