Ena a mabungwewa angagwiritsidwe ntchito ndi makina ndipo angapereke zosagwirizana. Kuthandiza kukulitsa izo Werengani Chingelezi choyamba
NASA's Mod-1 wind turbine ikukhala pa hilltop ku Boone, North Carolina, mu 1979.
Green Initiative

Mafuta ndi mafuta ochokera kuzinthu zina

Pamenepo, pamakhala nkhani yosadziwika ya kilawati-ola iliyonse: migodi, fakitale, chimney kapena blade.Kuyerekezera iwo mwanzeru ndi chithunzicho chikuwoneka bwino kuposa dera.

NASA Glenn Research Center

Mu 1979, NASA anasintha pa Mod-1, turbine yamphamvu yokhala ndi mabowo awiri ndi rotor ya 61 mita m’lifupi, pa phiri la North Carolina. Ndi imodzi mwa ma turbines akuluakulu a tsiku lake ndi imodzi mwa njira zazikulu zoyamba kuti mphamvu ya upepo ikhale gawo lofunikira la gridi. Zaka zisanu zapitazo, mphamvu ya dzuwa ndi yotentha ndi njira zowonjezereka kwambiri pakupanga mphamvu zapadziko lonse lapansi. Kuti amvetse chifukwa chake, ndi zimene iwobe sangathe kuchita, amathandiza kuyerekezera zonse zochokera pazolinga zofanana.

M’moyo wonse, si kungoti chimney

Mafuta a m’madzi otentha sayenera kuikidwa pamalo otentha. Mafuta ndi mafuta achilengedwe amapangidwa ndi kuwonjezeredwa kwa mafuta, ndipo nthawi zina amaphatikizidwa ndi mafuta ena. Kuyerekezera kwa moyo wamoyo kumawonjezera zonsezi mpaka kilowatt-hour. Kuyang’ana kwa IPCC pa zigawo zambiri za phunziroli kumapatsa mndandanda wowonekera: kaboni imatulutsa pafupifupi 820 gramu ya CO2-equivalent per kilowatt-hour, gasi pafupifupi 490, pomwe mphamvu ya dzuwa ndi yotentha ndi pafupifupi 10 mpaka 25, ndipo ya dzuwa pafupifupi 40 mpaka 50.

Mphamvu yamagetsi imafotokoza nkhani ina. Kuwerengera kufa chifukwa cha ziwopsezo ndi kusefukira kwa mpweya pa unit yamagetsi, makaboni ndi mafuta ndi ovuta kwambiri, chifukwa chowononga iwo amadzaza mpweya ndi ma particulates. Ulemerero, mphamvu za nyukiliya ndi zowala ndizotetezeka nthawi zambiri.

820 gCO2-equivalent per kWh from coal, lifecycle median (IPCC AR5)
11 gCO2-equivalent per kWh from onshore wind (IPCC AR5)
24.6deaths per TWh from coal, against 0.04 for wind (Our World in Data)

Kodi aliyense chiyambi ndi bwino pa

  • Kaboni ndi gasi zingathe kusinthidwa pamene zofunikira, koma zimabweretsa ma emissions otsika kwambiri komanso kusefukira. Mafuta a m’madzi amatulutsa pafupifupi theka la CO2 poyerekeza ndi kaboni, ngakhale kuti kutuluka kwa methane kumachepetsa kusiyanaku.
  • Nuclear imayenda mosalekeza ndi zotulutsa zazing’ono kwambiri komanso malo otsika; ndi mtengo wochuluka komanso wothamanga kukhazikitsa, ndipo zinyalala ziyenera kuchitidwa kwa nthawi yayitali.
  • Hydropower ndi yosinthika komanso yotsika-carbon, koma ma dams amawononga magombe a madzi ndi kusintha mtsinje.
  • Ulemerero ndi imodzi mwamagetsi atsopano otsika mtengo; imasiyana ndi nthawi yanyengo ndipo iyenera kukhala ndi malo, ma grids komanso, kuwonjezeka kwa kusungirako.
  • Solar ndi yotsika mtengo, yosinthika komanso imagwirizana ndi ma rooftops kuchokera ku mzinda mpaka nyumba yayikulu; siyipanga chilichonse usiku ndi pang’onopang’ono panthawi ya chilimwe.

Palibe chofunikira chokha. Palibe zowonjezera zabwino ndi zosayenera, ndipo zowonjezerazi ndi zathu kuti tisankhe.

Chidutswa chosapezeka: kusinthika

Kulephera kwa dongosolo loyera lamagetsi sikuti limapanga mphamvu zokwanira panthawi yochuluka, koma kugwirizana ndi kuchuluka kwa ndalama ndi zosowa nthawi iliyonse. Ma batri, madzi otentha, ma grids apamwamba omwe amagawana mphamvu pakati pa mizinda, zosowa zomwe zimatsatira dzuwa ndi upepo, komanso malo otsika a kaboni onse amadzaza chitsekocho. Izi ndichifukwa chake tikufufuza chitukuko cha modulu chomwe chingakhalepo komwe mphamvu imagwiritsa ntchito, monga Fan Wall.

Kupambana pa benchmark: kufunsa za maganizo

Kuyerekezera pamwambapa kuli ndi phunziro lodziwika bwino: njira iliyonse yatsopano yopanga kapena kupulumutsa mphamvu iyenera kukhala yopikisana ndi malo omwe kale ndi otsika mtengo komanso oyera. Pa nyumba, benchmark ndi khoma la dzuwa panel. Izi ndi zolimba kwambiri, ndipo ndi chifukwa chake tikufuna kuti anthu ambiri aziganizira za izi. Tikuyesera kufotokoza bwinobwino nkhani yathu ya Fan Wall, kuphatikizapo komwe tikulephera. Ndi imodzi mwazifukwa. Mfundo yofunika kwambiri ndi kupeza njira zochitira zinthu moyenera: mphamvu za usiku komanso nthawi ya chilimwe, kutentha kwa nyumba ndi makampani, zitseko zokhala ndi anthu ambiri, komanso ma grids omwe amafuna kusinthidwa.

Tikufuna kumvetsera maganizo anu. Ngati mfundo ina yapita bwino ndipo imakwaniritsa zofunikira za physics pansipa, titha kuiika pamanja kwa anthu amene akufuna kulipira kafukufuku wa m’mbuyomu. Izi ndi kufotokoza, si lonjezo: palibe amene ali ndi ndalama zotsimikizika, ndipo kafukufuku wa m’mayambiriro kamakhala kovuta kwambiri. Titha kulonjeza kuti tidzachita kafukufuku woyenera, wovomerezeka ndi wodalirika.

Zomwe zimafunikira kufufuzidwa

Izi ndi zizindikiro zoyamba ndi physics zazikulu m’mbuyo mwawo, aliyense ndi malire a chikhulupiriro ayenera kulemekeza.

  • Mapepala a dzuwa omwe amagwira ntchito ziwiri. Facades, zoletsa mpweya, ma canopies a car-park ndi zikopa za canal zomwe zimapanga mphamvu poteteza kapena kuteteza china chake. Mapaneli a PV-thermal hybrid amawonjezera kutentha: pafupifupi 100 mpaka 700 kWh ya kutentha pa mita imodzi yozungulira chaka chilichonse pamwamba pamagetsi (IEA SHC Task 60, 2020). Mpaka ndi mwanga wa dzuwa yekha: pafupifupi 1 kW pa mita imodzi yaying’ono.
  • Mafamu ndi ma reservoir omwe amagwiritsa ntchito kuwala kwa dzuwa. Masystem a agrovoltaic adapangidwa kuti apange 35 mpaka 73 peresenti zambiri kuchokera pamalo osiyana kuposa zipatso zosiyanasiyana ndi mapaneli (Dupraz et al., 2011). Kuyenda kwa dzuwa pa 30 peresenti ya malo oyenera amadzi angapangitse pafupifupi 9,400 TWh chaka chilichonse, pafupifupi theka la mphamvu zamagetsi padziko lonse lapansi lero, ndikuchepetsa kusefukira (Jin et al., 2023).
  • Kutentha, osati mphamvu yamagetsi. Kutentha kumapanga pafupifupi theka la kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zadziko lonse lapansi (IEA, Renewables 2019). Mafuta amadzi ndi ma mbale otentha amasunga mphamvu ya dzuwa ndi yotsika mtengo kwa milungu ingapo; chigawo cha 100 MWh chinayamba kutulutsa kutentha kwa mzinda wa Pornainen ku Finland mu 2025 (Polar Night Energy). Mafuta a mafuta otentha amatulutsa pafupifupi mayunitsi asanu ndi awiri a kutentha kwa chigawo chilichonse chamagetsi (IEA, 2022). Kutentha kwamadzi ochokera ku mafakitale, ma canals ndi ma data centers akuwonjezeka kwambiri (Forman et al., 2016).
  • Mkuwa womwe kale umayenda. Mafuta a tidal amadziwika zaka zingapo zapitazo; MeyGen array ku Scotland idapita 50 GWh mu 2023. Mapiri, mapiri, ma canals osamalira madzi ndi valves a kuchepetsa mpweya m’madzi onse amayendetsa mphamvu, nthawi zambiri kilowatts okha patsamba, chifukwa chake mtengo wotsika, standard design ndi chinthu chofunikira kwambiri kuposa omwe akuphwanya zolemba.
  • Mawu otsika. Kuwala kwa dzuwa kumakula ndi kulemera kwa mpweya, ndipo mafumu a mita zingapo zikwi pamwamba pa dziko lapansi ndi olimba kwambiri komanso okhazikika. Makani a Google adatseka mu 2020 pambuyo pa zaka zisanu ndi zitatu, pomwe mabizinesi ang’onoang’ono akupitilizabe kuyesa. Mfundo yabwino pano ayenera kufotokoza kudalirika, osati mphamvu zokha.
  • Kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu pa nthawi yoyenera. Kusintha pamene timadzitentha madzi, kulipira magalimoto ndi kuzizira nyumba ndi “power station” yotsika mtengo kwambiri: United States yekha ali ndi pafupifupi 200 GW ya ndalama zoyenera zofunikira mpaka 2030 (Kukula kwa Brattle, 2019). Zimaphatikizaponso maganizo a pankhani ya mapulogalamu, mitengo ndi zida zogwiritsira ntchito m’nyumba.

Kodi ndi chiyani chidziwitso cholimba

  1. Mavuto omwe amayambitsa, ndi kwa amene: nyumba ya mzinda, fakitale, fakitale, chigawo popanda gridi.
  2. The physics check. Kodi pali ma watts angati pa mita imodzi yaying’ono, kapena pa thonje, kapena pa liwiro la madzi? Kodi kWh zingati chaka chilichonse? Kuyerekezera kwanthawi kochepa ndi benchmark pamwambapa kumapulumutsa nthawi ya aliyense; David MacKay’s Energy Yokhazikika popanda Hot Air ndi chiwongolero choulere kuti muchite izi mwanzeru.
  3. The mtengo pa kWh, ngakhale ngati zosiyanasiyana zosayenera, ndi zimene ziyenera kukhala zosavuta kuti ayambe kupambana.
  4. Ichi ndi chomwe chiyenera kukhala chowonadi, ndipo chida chabwino kwambiri chomwe chingawonetse kuti sicho.
  5. Amene angakhudze, kuchokera ku nyama zakutchire kuti achibale, ndi mmene inu mungadziwe.

A yabwino mfundo sifunika kukhala bwino. Iyenera kukhala yoyesedwa, ndi yolungama pazomwe zingamutsimikizire kuti ndi yolakwika.

Momwe mungathandize

  • Musinthe kugulitsa kwanu kuti mugwiritse ntchito mphamvu zowonjezereka kapena schema yachuma yomwe ikupezeka.
  • Gwiritsani ntchito mphamvu pamene ndi yoyera. Kuyendetsa makina otsuka ndi kulipira magalimoto pomwe upepo ndi dzuwa ndi ambiri; ma grids ambiri amafalitsa kuchuluka kwa kaboni panthawi yachidule.
  • Ponya mapaneli pa zitseko. Nyumba, sukulu, supermarkets ndi malo ogulitsira ndi malo otentha omwe ali okonzeka; funsani kachisi wanu ndi mtsogoleri wanu.
  • Save pamaso inu kutulutsa. Insulation ndi ogwira ntchito zothandiza zipangizo kuchepetsa ndalama ndi emissions pa nthawi yomweyo.
  • Apemphani kuti mudziwe kuchuluka kwa mpweya wotulutsa. Funsani wogulitsa mphamvu zanu ndi boma lanu za kuchuluka kwa mpweya wotulutsa panthawi yogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zomwe mumagula.
  • Titumizireni mfundo zamagetsi. Mutha kugwiritsa ntchito fomu yopereka ndalama, kusankha Green Initiative, ndipo kufotokoza mfundo zanu ndi zigawo zisanu pamwambapa. Opanga, ophunzira ndi akatswiri amasangalalanso kuyankha mafunso ena pa board ya maphunziro.

Zogulitsa ndi kuphunzira zambiri