Ezinye iilwimi kule ndawo zingaguqulelwa ngematshini kwaye zingaquka iimposiso. Uncedo lokuyilungisa Funda isiNgesi esibhaliweyo
Iikoloni ezimbini ezijikelezayo, ezimnyama, ezimhlophe ze-peach ezineziphelo ezimxinwa zikhanyayo kumacala omabini endawo emnyama engasemva, ibonakale ngesixhobo esincinci sokujonga phantsi.
Inkqubo eluhlaza · Ulwazi lokukhula

Ukuguqula ukukhula kweenwele:

Iingxaki ezininzi ezisishiya siphila zinomnye umhlaza oqhelekileyo: ukukhuluphala. Kwakuqala, abaphandi bayakwazi ukuyikhawulezisa kwizilwanyana kwaye babuyisele ezinye zeempawu zayo kwiiseli. Akukho nto yazo iqinisekisiwe ukuba iyakubuyisela ukukhuluphala kwabantu, kodwa isifundo sikhona kwaye sihamba ngokukhawuleza.

Snuupo / Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)

Kwimbali eninzi abantu babefa bencinci ngenxa yotyando, ukulahleka kwengqondo kunye nokuzalwa. Namhlanje, kwihlabathi liphela, bafa bekhulu kwaye bafa ngenxa yoluhlu olufutshane lweengxaki ezihlala ixesha elide: isifo senhliziyo, ukusweleka kwengqondo, umhlaza, ukungaziboni kakuhle, ushukela kunye nesifo samaphaphu. Zonke ezi ngxaki zineegqirha zabo, iinkqubo zoncedo kunye neemithi. Kodwa zisebenzisana kwisizathu esibalulekileyo sokuba zinesifo seswekile kwaye asiyiyo ukutshaya, ukudla okanye iintsholongwane. Iminyaka. Icandelo elikhulayo lesayensi ebizwa ngokuba yi-geroscience libuza umbuzo olula: endaweni yokulwa isifo ngasinye sobudala ngokuzimeleyo, singalibazisa njani inkqubo yokusilela eqhuba zonke ezi zinto? Eli phepha lichaza, ngokucacileyo nobuxoki kangangoko sinako, into eboniswe ngumqolo wophando, into engaboniswanga, kunye nento enokuthetha ngayo kuthi sonke.

8.5 ukuya kwi-9.6 iminyakathe average number of years people live in poor health, worldwide, 2000 to 2019 (Garmany neTerzic, ngo-2024)
38×isifo senhliziyo esiqhelekileyo esiqhelekileyo kakhulu kubudala obumalunga ne-75 nangaphezulu kuneminyaka eyi-18 ukuya kwi-44 eMelika (I-NHIS 2025)
$38 trillionixabiso eliqikelelwayo e-US lokukhawulezisa ukukhuluphala okunenzuzo yokongeza unyaka omnye wokuphilaScott et al., 2021)

Isizathu sokuba ukukhula kweenwele kubangela isifo esibi kakhulu

Ukujonga naziphi na izifo eziqhelekileyo ezinobungozi ngokuxhomekeke kubudala, ufumana imodeli efanayo: zihlala zingabonakali kubantu abadala abancinci kwaye emva koko zikhula ngokukhawuleza kwiminyaka elishumi nganye. Kwilizwe lethu ngo-2025, malunga neepesenti ezingama-0.5 zabafileyo abaneminyaka engama-18 ukuya kwengama-44 ubudala bafunyenwe benesifo senhliziyo esibuhlungu; phakathi kwabaneminyaka engama-75 nangaphezulu kwabemi baseMelika iipesenti ezingama-19. Nayiphi na intsholongwane: iipesenti ezi-2 kuthelekiswa neepesenti ezingama-33. i-arthritis: 6% kuthelekiswa ne-53% (I-NCHS, i-NHIS 2025). Ukwahlulahlula abantu abatsha abanesifo somhlaza kukhupha ukusuka kuma-236 kubantu abangama-100,000 ngonyaka xa beneminyaka engama-40 ukuya kwengama-44 ukuya kuma-2,400 kwiminyaka engama-80 ukuya kwengama-84 (NCI SEER). Uluhlu lwabantu abaphila nesifo sokuqonda siphindaphindwa rhoqo kwiminyaka emihlanu ukuya kwezisibhozo emva kweminyaka engama-65, zifike kusinye kwisithathu xa zineminyaka engama-90 nangaphezulu (Manly et al., 2022).

In the US data above, coronary heart disease is about 38 times as common at 75 and over as at 18 to 44. Le yisizathu sokuba iqela leenzululwazi eziphambili lichaze ukukhuluphala njenge “isifo esibangelwa kakhulu ziintsholongwane” kwaye lacebisa ukuba unyango lokukhuluphala ngokwalo lunokuthintela ezinye zazo (Kennedy et al., 2014). Le yi-geroscience hypothesis. Inentsingiselo esebenzayo. Ukunyanga isifo esithile sobudala kwenza ukuba uhlale ubomi obuncinci kakhulu kuba ezinye izifo zilinde: abantu abakhuselwe kwisifo senhliziyo baqhubeka bedibana nomhlaza, ukuxhaphaza okanye ukusweleka kwengqondo emva kweminyaka emininzi. Ukucotha ukukhuluphala kuya kuzisa zonke ziye ngaphambili ngaxeshanye.

Abaphandi bezoqoqosho bafuna ukumisela ixabiso kule nto. Uvavanyo lwamazwe aphesheya oluzalelwe ngo-2013 lufumanisa ukuba ukulibazisa okuncinci ekubeni ubudala buqhubekeke kuthetha ukuba uza kunyusa ixesha elilindeleke ukuba umntu aphile ngamaxesha angama-2.2, kwaye ininzi yazo iya kuba nempilo entle, elingana ne-$7.1 trillion ngaphezulu kweminyaka engama-50 (Goldman et al., 2013). Uvavanyo lwaliqhutywa ngo-2021 luqikelele ukuba ukucotha ukukhula kweenwele okunenzuzo kakhulu kunomlinganiselo we $38 trillion to the US, and ten years $367 trillion (Scott, Ellison and Sinclair, 2021). Ezi ziimodeli ezibekwe kwiingcinga, kodwa zibonisa ukuba kutheni amagunya nabatyali mali bezingazibonile.

Izinto ezibangelwa kukuxhaphaza

Ukukhululwa kweenwele akuyiyo nkqubo enye kodwa zininzi, zihlala zidibana kwaye zidlana. Ngo-2013 iqela elikhokelwa nguCarlos López-Otín lazidibanisa zibe ziintlobo ezisixhenxe iimpawu zokufa, kwaye ngo-2023 lazisa uluhlu lwaluye kumabini alishumi (López-Otín et al., 2013; López-Otín et al., 2023). Ngeenkcukacha:

  • Ukungazinzi kwe-genomic: ukulimala kwi-DNA kukhula ngokukhawuleza kunexesha lokuyilungisa.
  • Ukulungiswa kweTelomere: iintonga ezikhuselayo kwisiphelo se-chromosomes zinyuka.
  • Iinguqulelo zeepijenetiki: amaphawu ekhemikhali atshintsha i-jeni kwaye aphume kwimodeli yabo yobuntwana.
  • Ulahleko lweproteostasis: iiprotheyini zijika ngokungachanekanga kwaye zidityaniswa.
  • I-macroautophagy ekhubazekileyo: inkqubo yokubuyisela kwimeko yesiqhelo yeseli ihamba phantsi.
  • Ukwazi ukutya okunokutyalwa ngokufanelekileyo: iimpawu zokukhula ezinjenge-mTOR ne-insulin zihlala zisebenza xa kufanelekile ukubuyisela.
  • Ingxaki yokusebenzela kwe-mitochondria: iinkqubo zombane zeseli zivelisa amandla angaphantsi kwaye zivelise izinto ezibi kakhulu.
  • Iseli ekhula ngokukhawuleza: iseli elibi liyeka ukuhlukaniswa kodwa likayithobeli ukufa, kwaye likhupha amaphawu omhlaza.
  • Ukuphelelwa ziiseli ezisisiseko: iireserve ezilungisa izitho zihla.
  • Unxibelelwano phakathi kweeseli olutshintshile: amaphawu phakathi kweeseli nezinto eziphilayo ahamba kakubi.
  • Uxinzelelo oluqhubekayo: uxinzelelo oluphantsi, oluqhubekayo, ngamanye amaxesha lubizwa ngokuba “luxinzelelo”.
  • Isifo sokudumba: ukuguquguquka kwee-microbes ezikwiintso.

Yonke indlela ekhoyo kule phepha ibhekisa kwinye okanye ngaphezulu kwezi zibonakaliso. Iimfuno zesiqinisekiso se-hallmark zinzima: kufuneka ivele ngobudala, ukukhawulezisa kuya kunciphisa ubudala, nokucotha kuya kunciphisa ubudala. Lo vavanyo lugqibeleleyo luyindawo apho ithemba livela khona, kuba ezi zinkqubo ezininzi abaphandi sele bazenza kwizidalwa.

Siqinisekile kangakanani? I-Scale yeNkcazo

Igama elithi “ukulwa nokukhululwa kweenwele” liquka konke ukusuka kwiimvakalelo eziqinisekisiweyo kumakhulu ezigidi zabantu ukuya kwiimbono ezivavanywe kuvavanyo lwe-mouse enye. Ukuzigcina zihlukile, indlela nganye kule phepha ithatha enye yezinto ezine:

  • Iqinisekisiwe kubantu: uvavanyo olukhulu lwabantu kunye novavanyo oluqwalaselweyo lubonisa ukuba kukho izifo ezincinci nezifa.
  • Izifundo ezilindelekileyo zobuhlanga: izifundo eziqwalaselweyo kubantu zibonisa iziphumo ezilungileyo kodwa azikho kwixesha lokukhululeka.
  • Inamandla kwizidalwa: iphinda-phinda, izigqibo eziqinileyo kwezilwane; ubufakazi bomuntu buncinci, buxutywe okanye buqala nje.
  • Eziqalekayo okanye ezicingayo: iimpawu ezibuthathaka, ezichaphazelekayo okanye ezifunyenwe kuvavanyo oluthile, okanye izifundo zobuntu ezisa phambili zihlala zingabonisi inzuzo ecacileyo.

Ukuthetha ngokucacileyo: akukho nto kule phepha ibonisa ukuba ingalibazisa okanye ibuyisele umva ukukhuluphala kwabantu bonke. Akukho ziyobisi, izithako okanye unyango lwe-genetic olugunyazisiweyo lokunyanga ukukhuluphala naphi na kwihlabathi liphela. Kutheni ke abaphandi ababalulekileyo bexabisa? Kuba kwiminyaka emibini edlulileyo akukho mntu wakwazi ukuwunyusa ngokuthembekileyo ukuphila kwenyama yokuzala eqhelekileyo ngemithi, kwaye ngoku imithi emininzi yenza njalo, kuvavanyo olungqongqo kwilabhoratri ezininzi ngaxeshanye; kuba iiseli ezidala zingabekwa zisebenze njengezincinci kwakhona kwidishi kunye nakwizinto ezithile zesikhumba, kwizidalwa eziphilayo; kwaye ngenxa yokuba izifundo zokuqala zabantu ezijolise kwisayensi yobomi bokufa, kunokuba kumhlaza omnye, ziyaqhubeka. Umgama ukusuka kwi mouse ukuya kumuntu ude, kwaye iinyani ezininzi ezilindelekileyo ziphazamisa kuyo. Kodwa imiyalelo iyacaca.

Ukufumanisa ukutya okunesondlo: i-mTOR ne-rapamycin

Uvavanyo lwe-DNA

Ithini. Iseli nganye kufuneka igqibe ukuba iyakhula okanye iyalungisa ngokwayo. Iprotheyini enzima ebizwa ngokuba yi mTOR (injongo ye-rapamycin) isenza loo nto: xa ukutya kunye nemiyalelo yokukhula ininzi, i-mTOR ithi “ukhule”; xa zincinci, ibuyela umva kwaye iseli itshintshela kulondolozo, kubandakanya nokubuyisela kwakhona iinxalenye zayo ezigqityiweyo ngokuzibulala ngokwayo. Kwixesha elipheleleyo lokuphila kwendoda eneminyaka emininzi ubudala i-mTOR ihlala isebenza ngaphezulu kokuba ifanele. Ukuyivala phantsi yenye yeendlela eziqhubekayo zokunyusa ixesha lokuphila kwi-yeast, iintsholongwane, izidumbu kunye nee mouse.

I-Rapamycin yiyo imithi ethintela i-mTOR. Yafunyanwa kwisikhokelo somthi eRapa Nui (Isiqithi sePasika), esinika igama layo, apho iyenziwe yibhaktheriya, Streptomyces hygroscopicus (Vézina, Kudelski noSehgal, 1975). Isetyenziswa kwiminyaka emininzi xa ithathwa ngokugqithisileyo ukuyeka umzimba ukuba uyeke ukuxhamla kwezitho ezityiwa.

Iikoloni ezimbini ezijikelezayo, ezimnyama, ezinemibala yepeach ze-bacteria ezinombala okhanyayo kunye nemingxunya eqaqambileyo echaphazela umva we-agar omnyama.
Iikoloni zeStreptomyces hygroscopicus phantsi kweendawo ezincinci zokulinganisa. Uhlobo lwebhaktheriya yendalo, efunyenwe kwisikhokelo esivela kwiRapa Nui (isiqithi sePasika), sisenza i-rapamycin, iyeza elithintela i-mTOR. Photo: Snuupo, CC BY-SA 4.0

Kuzilwane. Ngo-2009 iNkundla yoMthetho weSizwe yaseMelika yokuSebenza koPhuhliso lweeNtlanganiso, evavanya izithako kwiintaka ezinomlinganiselo othile wezinto eziphilayo kwiilaboratory ezintathu ngaxeshanye, yaxela ukuba irapamycin inyusa ubomi xa inikezelwa kuqala xa ingusuku olu-600 ubudala, emva kwexesha elifutshane lokuphila kwenyamakazi. Ngobude obunjalo, ukulindeleka kokuphila kukhuphuke ngeepesenti ezingama-28 kumadoda nakwiepesenti ezingama-38 kumabhinqa (Harrison et al., 2009). Xa unyango luqala ngedosi ephezulu xa umntu eneminyaka emiphakathi, ixesha eliphakathi lokuphila linyuka ngamaphesenti angama-23 kubantu abadala namaphesenti angama-26 kubantu abadala (Miller et al., 2014). I-rapamycin yiyo kuphela imithi esebenzayo kwinkqubo yonyango olunamandla kubomi obubini bomfazi nomfazi, kwaye iyaqhubeka ibe yiyo imithi eyenza ukuba ubomi buqhubekeke ngakumbi kwizinyama ezinamalungu obisi.

Kubantu. Ubungqina bokuba umntu uphila luncinci kodwa lukhona. Kwingxelo yovavanyo oluqwalaselweyo lwabafazi abakhulu abacela uncedo, iiveki ezisibhozo ze-everolimus, efana nerapamycin, yandisa ukuphendula kwivawutsha yesifo sesifo sentliziyo ngamaphesenti angama-20 (Mannick et al., 2014), kwaye ingxelo yovavanyo olulandelayo lwemilinganiselo emibini ehambelanayo yandise izifo zomhlaza kunyaka olandelayo (Mannick et al., 2018). Kodwa uvavanyo olukhulu lwesigaba se-3 lweziyobisi ezifana nazo, kubantu abadala abangaphezu kwe-1000, alufumanisi kunciphisa kwisifo sokuphefumla (Mannick et al., 2021). The PEARL trial gave healthy adults low weekly doses of rapamycin for 48 weeks. Ayiyi kutshintsha icebo layo eliphambili, ubunzima bomzimba, kwaye iziphumo ebezingalindelekanga zazifana nezo zisetyenziswa njengeziyobisi ezingenamsebenzi; ezinye zeenjongo zesibini ezinjengemisipha emincinci kumabhinqa asebenzisa inqanaba eliphezulu le-dose zaphuculwa (Moel et al., 2025). Uvavanyo lwama-2024 lwezifundo ezili-19 alufumani naziphi na iziganeko ezingalunganga kubantu abasempilweni, kodwa kukho iintlungu ezininzi kunye ne-fat ephezulu kwigazi kwaba bantu sele benesifo esichaphazela ubudala (Lee, Kuerec noMaier, 2024).

Ingozi. Xa ithathwa xa utshintshwa amathambo, i-rapamycin ithintela indlela yokulwa negciwane kwaye ibonisa izilumkiso malunga nokudumba okubi kunye nezinye iintlobo zomhlaza. Iingxaki zesisu, ikholestriyeli kunye netriglycerides eziphezulu, ukuphiliswa okucothayo kweendawo ezinobuhlungu nokuveliswa kwamanzi kuluhlu lwezifo ezingalindelekanga (US FDA sirolimus label). Kwiintaka, ukusetyenziswa okude kwe-insulin kubangela ukumelana ne-insulin (Lamming et al., 2012). Abafundi benzululwazi bavavanya ngoku iziyobisi eziphantsi kunye neziphindaphindiweyo, kunye nemithi entsha ethintela kuphela inxalenye ye-mTOR ehambelana nokuphila ixesha elide.

Senolytics: ukucoca iiseli “zombi”

Inqanaba lemizekelo: linamandla kwizidalwa

Intoni le. Xa iseli lilahlekile kakhulu, ingafika kwimeko ebizwa ngokuba yi senescence: iyayeka ukuhlukaniswa, okukhusela ekubeni kufe umhlaza, kodwa ayifanga. Iiseli ezitshabalalisayo zikhula ngobudala. Okubi kakhulu, zikhupha iimpawu ezichaphazelayo, i senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP), ebangela ukuba iiseli ezisempilweni zilahle (Coppé et al., 2008). IiSenolytics ziyimithi eyenziwe ukubulala iiseli ezitshabalalisayo ngokuzikhethela.

Imifanekiso emibini ye-microscope nganye nganye: ekhohlo, iiseli ezincinci ezinesiqu esijikelezayo; ekunene, iiseli ezinkulu ezithe tyaba ezinombala oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka phezulu kwee-nuclei zabo.
Iiseli ze mouse phambi (ekhohlo) kunye emva (ekunene) kokuyeka ukufa. Iiseli ezitshatileyo zikhula zibe zibude kwaye zithe tyaba ziye zibe luhlaza-bumnyama ngebala le-enzyme ezenzayo ininzi, i-beta-galactosidase ehambelana nexesha elidala. Iibars zesikali 100 micrometers. Image: Y tambe, CC BY-SA 3.0

Kuzilwane. Ngo-2011, abaphandi baguqula iintaka zibe zii-mouse ukuze iiseli zabo ezidala zingasuswa xa kufuneka. Ukuzisusa kuthintela ukulimala okuchasene nobudala kwifayibha, imisipha kunye nemehlo (Baker et al., 2011). Kwii-peyinti eziqhelekileyo, ukususwa kweziseyile kubudala obuphakathi kunciphisa ixesha lokuphila ngeepesenti ezingama-24 ukuya kuma-27 (Baker et al., 2016). Iyeza lokuqala elidibanisa i-senolytic, dasatinib kunye ne-quercetin, lafunyanwa ngowe-2015 (Zhu et al., 2015). Xa inikezelwa kwii-peyinti ezidala kakhulu, yandisa ukusebenza kwengqondo kunye nokukhula kokuphila okuseleyo ngeepesenti ezingama-36 (Xu et al., 2018). Fisetin, isichumisi esiqhelekileyo esifumaneka kwistrawberry, sandise ukuhlala ngexesha xa sinikezelwa kwii-peyinti ezidala (Yousefzadeh et al., 2018).

Kubantu. Iimpumelelo zokuqala zabantu zincinci kwaye zixutywe. In 14 people with a lung disease, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, three weeks of dasatinib plus quercetin improved walking distance and speed, though not lung function, in a trial without a placebo group (Justice et al., 2019). Kwiintsapho ezilithoba ezinesifo seswekile, amayeza athintela iiseli ezitshabalalisayo kwinyama kunye nesikhumba kwaye athintele iimpawu zokuvuvukala kwigazi (Hickson et al., 2019). Kodwa kwingxelo yovavanyo oluqwalaselweyo lwamadoda aneminyaka engama-60 ubudala, amayeza awaphuculanga ithambo ngokubanzi; kwaba ngamabhinqa kuphela aneeseli ezikhulu kakhulu ezitshabalalisayo ababonakale bebenenzuzo (Farr et al., 2024). Kwingxelo yovavanyo lokuphumelela kwabantu abahlanu abanesifo seAlzheimer, idasatinib yafika kwisisu esijikelezayo kodwa iquercetin ayizange ifike (Gonzales et al., 2023). Iinkqubo eziphambili zokuvavanya ifisetin kwiKlinikhi yeMayo ziqhubeka (ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03675724).

Inkampani yokuqala eyenziwe ngokubhekisele kwisenolitics, i-Unity Biotechnology, yavavanya isitofu sengqondo, UBX1325 (foselutoclax), sonyango lwesifo sengqondo esibangelwa yisifo sikashukela. Emva kovavanyo olukhawulezayo olukhuthazayo, uvavanyo olukhulu lwesigaba 2 oluthelekiswa nonyango oluqhelekileyo aluphumelelanga injongo yalo (Unity Biotechnology, 2025), kwaye inkampani yasuswa kamva kulo nyaka (i-SEC filing, 2025).

Ingozi. I-dasatinib yiyo iyeza lomhlaza elineempawu ezingalindelekanga ezibi, kubandakanya neziphumo zokubala kwegazi. Iiseli ezikhululeyo zisebenza kakuhle, umzekelo xa kuhlanganiswa izilonda, ngoko ke ukuzisusa akuyi kuba simahla kumngcipheko.

I-NAD+, i-NMN ne-NR

Umgangatho wesatifikethi: ongaphambili okanye

Intoni le. I-NAD+ yimolekyuli encinci efunekayo kwisihlunu ngasinye ukujika ukutya kube ngumthwalo wengqondo nokulungisa i-DNA. Amanqanaba alo aphantsi xa ukhula kwizinto ezininzi. Izinto ezimbini eziphambili ezinokutshintsha umzimba zibe yi-NAD+, nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) ne nicotinamide riboside (NR), zithengwa njengezithako.

Kubantu. Kwiintaka, unyaka we-NMN emanzini okusela wanceda ukutshintsha okuninzi okuphathelene nobudala, kubandakanya nokunyuka kwesisindo kunye nokuhla kokusetyenziswa kwamandla (Mills et al., 2016), kwaye i-NR yandisa umsebenzi we-mitochondrial neseli yesiseko kunye nokude kakhulu kukuphila kwezinkanyezi ezidala (Zhang et al., 2016). Kodwa xa inkqubo yovavanyo lweengqwalaselo yavavanya i-NR ngoyilo lwayo olungqongqo, ayizukunyusa ixesha lokuphila kwelinye icala lesini (Harrison et al., 2021).

Kubantu. I-NR ne-NMN zinyusa ngokuthembekileyo i-NAD+ kwigazi (Martens et al., 2018). Inkqubo eyaziwayo elungileyo yanika i-NMN kumabhinqa angama-25 ane-prediabetes kwiiveki ezilishumi: ukuxhathisa kwe-insulin yemisipha kwaphuculwa ngama-25%, ngelixa uxinzelelo lwegazi, amanqanaba egazi kunye nokwenziwa kwesikhumba atshintshi (Yoshino et al., 2021). Kwingxelo encinci yovavanyo lwesifo seParkinson, i-NR yanyusa i-NAD kwingqondo kunye nokuphuculwa okuncinci konyango (Brakedal et al., 2022); ingxelo enkulu yeengxelo zigqityiwe kwaye izimvo zayo zilindelwe. Iinkcukacha ezithe kratya zeengxelo zovavanyo zibonisa ukuba izithako eziluncedo ziyakhuseleka kwixesha elizayo kodwa zingenakukunceda ngokucacileyo ushukela wegazi, amanqanaba e-fat okanye imisipha (Zhang et al., 2025; Prokopidis et al., 2025). Into engabonakaliswanga kukuba ukunciphisa i-NAD+ kunoko kuthintela ukukhuluphala okanye naziphi na izifo kubantu.

Imithetho. Kwi-2022 i-US Food and Drug Administration ithi iNMN ayikwazi ukuthengwa njengesiphumo sokutya kuba yayifundwa njengonyango; ngoSeptemba 2025 yabuyisela kwakhona loo mvakalelo (FDA, 2025). Ukuba kuthengiswe akuthethi nto malunga nokuba iimveliso zisebenza njani.

I-Sirtuins nembali ye-resveratrol

Umgangatho wesatifikethi: ongaphambili okanye

Intoni le. I-Sirtuins yiqela lee-enzymes, ezisibhozo kwiindidi zezinambuzane, ezisebenzisa i-NAD+ ukulawula ukulungisa i-DNA, ukuguqulwa kwezinto eziphilayo kunye nokusebenza kwee-gene. ngo-2003, uvavanyo lwalumkisa ukuba Resveratrol, i-compound efumaneka kwiintyatyambo ezibomvu, yasebenza kwisiruthine kwaye yanyusa ukuphila kwe-yeast (2003). Ngo-2006 i-resveratrol yaphucula ukhuseleko kunye nokuphila kwee mouse ezitya ukudla okune-calorie ephezulu (Baur et al., 2006). Ngowama-2008 inkampani yezilwanyana iGSK yathenga iSirtris, inkampani ephuhlisa izikhulisi zesirutin, ngemali eyizigidi ezingama-720 zeedola (IGSK neSirtris, 2008).

Kutheni iphela. Inyaniso ayizange ihlale kakuhle. I-resveratrol ayizukunyusa ixesha lokuphila kwee mouse eziqhelekileyo ezitya ukutya okuqhelekileyo (Pearson et al., 2008), kuquka kwinkqubo yovavanyo lokungcakaza (Miller et al., 2011). Abaphandi be-biochemistry bafumanisa ukuba ukuveliswa kwe-sirutin SIRT1 kuxhomekeke kwithagethi eyenziweyo ekhanyayo esetyenziswa kuvavanyo (Kaeberlein et al., 2005; Pacholec et al., 2010). Kwaye iimpawu zokuqala zokuba zihlala ixesha elide ze-sirutin eninzi kwiintsholongwane kunye neentlanzi zaphela ngokugqithisileyo xa iziseko zezenzululwazi yezilwanyana zazilawulwa kakuhle (Burnett et al., 2011).

Into ehlala ithembekile. Ii-Sirtuins zisoloko zibalulekile. Iinkomo ezilungiselelwe ukwenza i-sirutin enye, SIRT6, zaphila ixesha elide: amadoda kuphela kuvavanyo lokuqala (Kanfi et al., 2012), kwaye kuvavanyo olulandelayo iipesenti ezingama-27 zokuphila okude kwamadoda kunye neepesenti ezingama-15 kwabesifazane, ngokungabikho kobunzima (Roichman et al., 2021). Le yinkqubo yezilwanyana, hayi iphiliso. Akukho supplement eyenza isirtuain isebenze ebonisa ukuba iyakukhawulezisa ukufa kwabantu.

Ii-telomeres ne-telomerase

Umgangatho wesatifikethi: ongaphambili okanye

Intoni le? Ii-telomeres ziindawo eziphindaphindwayo ze-DNA ezikhusela iziphelo zee-chromosomes zethu, ezinjengeziphelo zeplastikhi kwiinqanawa zeshawari. Ziyifutshane kancinci ngaxeshanye xa iseli lihlukaniswa; xa ziye zancipha kakhulu, iseli iyayeka ukuhlukaniswa okanye ifile. I-enzyme ebizwa ngokuba yi telomerase ingazibuyisela kwakhona. UElizabeth Blackburn, uCarol Greider noJack Szostak babelana ngeNkxaso-mali yeNobel yoPhando lweMizimba okanye iMedicine ngo-2009 ngenxa yokufumanisa ukuba kutheni le nto isebenza (INkxaso-mali yeNobel, 2009).

Ii-chromosomes zabantu ezingwevu kwindawo yangasemva emnyama, nganye ifakwe iziqwenga ezimhlophe ezikhanyayo eziphawula ii-telomeres kumazantsi ayo.
Ii-chromosomes zabantu ezinee-telomeres zabo zikhazimlisiwe yi-fluorescent probe: iziqwenga ezikhanyayo kwisiphelo ngasinye. Umfanekiso: ISebe leNkqubo yeGenom yoMntu we-US Energy, ikhaya lomphakathi

Kuzilwane. Ngo-2012 iqela eliseSithili seNkqubo yoPhando lwesiNgesi somhlaza lwabanika izidumbu ezikhulu unyango lwe-genetic olubuyisela i-telomerase kwimeko yayo yokuqala. Ixesha eliphakathi lokuphila likhule ngeepesenti ezingama-24 kwiintaka ezilahlekileyo xa zineminyaka elishumi elinambini ubudala kunye neepesenti ezingama-13 kwiintaka ezilahlekileyo xa zineminyaka emibini, ngaphandle kokukhula kwesifo somhlaza (Bernardes de Jesus et al., 2012). Ihlala ibalulekile kodwa uninzi lweziphumo aluphindelwe.

Ingxaki yomhlaza. Iiseli zomhlaza kufuneka zihlukaniswe ngaphandle komda, kwaye ezininzi zazo zenza njalo ngokutshintsha i-telomerase: kuvavanyo olubalulekileyo, kumasampuli angama-90 eentlungu ezingama-101 amaqela e-telomerase asebenza, kodwa akukho maqela ama-50 eeseli eziqhelekileyo asebenza (Kim et al., 1994). Abantu abafumana i-telomeres ende ngenxa yejeni yabo banemiphumo ephantsi yomhlaza wenhliziyo kodwa banemiphumo ephezulu yomhlaza othile, kubandakanya ne-glioma, i-adenocarcinoma yemiphunga kunye nemelanoma (Haycock et al., 2017). Ii-telomeres ezimfutshane aziyiyo “ebi” kuphela kwaye ezide ziyi “lungileyo”.

Kubantu. Ezinye iintlungu ezihlala zikhona, ezinjengedyskeratosis congenita, zibangela i-telomerase engekho kakuhle kwaye zenza ukuba umthambo wethambo ungasebenzi, ubuhlungu bemiphunga kunye nokufa kwangoko (Armanios noBlackburn, 2012). In a trial in these patients, the hormone danazol lengthened telomeres in 11 of 12 people who could be assessed (Townsley et al., 2016). Le yindlela yonyango lwesifo esichaseneyo, hayi sokukhula kweeseli ezindala. Ungacingi kakuhle ngento ethethwa ngayo ukuba iimveliso okanye amayeza “anyusa inani leeseli eziphilayo” ukuze ukhule ube ngumntwana: ngo-2015 umphathi wenkampani enye wathi wafumana unyango lwetelomerasi ye-gen engaqinisekiswanga kwamanye amazwe kodwa loo mibuzo ayizange iqinisekiswe ngokuzimeleyo kuvavanyo oluqwalaselweyo (MIT Technology Review, 2015).

Ukuphinda udwelise kwakhona ngenxalenye ngee-factors zeYamanaka

Inqanaba lemizekelo: inamandla kwizidalwa, uvavanyo lokuqala lwabantu luqhubeka

Intoni le? Ngo-2006 uShinya Yamanaka wabonisa ukuba ukutshintsha i-jenes ezine kuphela, ezibizwa ngokuba zii-Yamanaka factors (OCT4, SOX2, KLF4 ne c-MYC, okanye OSKM), zenza ukuba iseli yesikhumba esikhulayo sibuye ibe yiseli esuka kwiseli efana neembryo enokuthi ibe yiseli yohlobo oluthile lweseli (Takahashi noYamanaka, 2006). Wabelana ngeNkxaso yeNobel ka-2012 (INkxaso yeNobel, 2012). Ngendlela, ubudala beseli lucocwa: iimpawu zekhemikhali kwi-DNA yayo zibuyela kwimodeli yobuntwana. Iingcamango ze ukuphinda udwelise kwakhona inkqubo zitshintsha izizathu kuphela ngokufutshane, ixesha elide ngokwaneleyo ukubuyisela uphawu lobudala kodwa alide ngokwaneleyo ukuba iseli ilibala into eyiyo.

Shinya Yamanaka egqoke i-jacket ye-navy, ehlala ngaphandle phambi komthi oneziqhamo.
I-Shinya Yamanaka, okufumana ukuba iijeni ezine zingabuyisela kwakhona iseli ekhulayo kwimeko efana neye-embryo yavula indawo yokucwangcisa kwakhona kweeseli. Photo: Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Japan, CC BY 4.0

Kuzilwane. Ngo-2016, iintaka ezineminyaka emininzi ziye zafumana iOSKM kwixesha elinye, iintsuku ezimbini ziqala kwaye iintsuku ezintlanu zigqiba. Iinxalenye zezinto eziphilayo zabo zabonisa iimpawu ezincinci zokufa zikhula kwaye baphila ixesha elide (Ocampo et al., 2016). Ngo-2020, izizathu ezintathu (OSK, ushiya ngaphandle i-c-MYC ehambelana nomhlaza) zafakwa kumazinyo eempeyisi ezinesifo esifana neglaucoma kunye neempeyisi ezindala, kwaye zabuyisela umbono wabo ngokubuyisela kwakhona amaphawu kwi-DNA yeseli zengqondo (Lu et al., 2020). Ukucwangciswa kwakhona kwenkqubo yekhompyutha kwiiveki ezide kwii-peyinti eziqhelekileyo ezitshatileyo kwatshintshela iimpawu ezininzi zemolekyuli ziye kwimeko encinci (Browder et al., 2022), kwaye kuvavanyo oluncinci, unyango lwe-OSK gene lunikezelwe kwiipeyinti zamadoda akhulu kakhulu lwaphinda kabini ixesha labo lokuphila eliphakathi (Macip et al., 2024).

![Iseli ejikelezayo, ethe tyaba ekhanyayo enemibala yemagenta, iviolet neluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kwindawo yangasemva emnyama.](../../../assets/initiatives/ageing-ips-cell-colony.jpg “Iseli ejikelezayo yeseli enamandla amakhulu eyenziwe ngokucwangcisa kwakhona iiseli zesigulana ngezinto zeYamanaka, ezibomvu ngenxa yeeprotheyini ezifumaneka kuphela kwiiseli eziphambili. IYunivesithi yaseNtshona Koloni, i-NIH,

Ingozi. Ukuya kude kakhulu kubangela umngcipheko. Xa izizathu zitshintshwa ngokuqhubekayo kwiinkomo eziphilayo, iiseli zalahleka ukubonakala kwazo kwaye zavelisa iintlungu ezibizwa ngokuba yiteratomas (Abad et al., 2013); kwelinye uvavanyo, i-OSKM eqhubekayo yabangela ukuba isifo seswekile kunye nesifo sokudumba siphele ngaphakathi kweveki (Parras et al., 2023). Ukulawulwa kwedosi, ixesha lokulinganisa kunye neseli elifumana i-gene lisisisu esiphambili.

The companies and the first trial. Partial reprogramming has attracted some of the largest investments in biotechnology. Altos Labs launched in January 2022 with $3 billion (Altos Labs, 2022). Retro Biosciences, backed with $180 million by Sam Altman (MIT Technology Review, 2023), works on reprogramming and says its first drug, a pill aimed at cellular recycling, entered a phase 1 trial in 2025 (Retro Biosciences, 2026). NewLimit raised $435 million in 2026 and says it plans a first human trial of a liver therapy (NewLimit, 2026). The first reprogramming therapy to reach people is ER-100 from Life Biosciences, an OSK gene therapy injected into the eye for two diseases of the optic nerve, glaucoma and non-arteritic anterior ischaemic optic neuropathy (NAION). The US Food and Drug Administration cleared the trial in January 2026 (Life Biosciences, 2026), and the first patient was treated in June 2026 in a phase 1 safety study of 18 people (ClinicalTrials.gov NCT07290244; Life Biosciences, 2026). Results will take years. Company announcements are not peer-reviewed evidence, and we will update this page as results are published.

Iinkqubo zolawulo

Iimithi ezinyusa ixesha lokuphila kwe-mouse

Inqanaba lemizekelo: linamandla kwizidalwa

Since 2004 the Interventions Testing Program has tested 54 compounds in more than 30,000 mice (Jiang et al., 2025). Inkqubo yayo iqinile: uvavanyo olufanayo luya kwenziwa kwilabhoratri ezintathu, ngee mouse ezihluka ngokwezifo zesini, ngoko ke iziphumo kufuneka zihlale zikhona kuzo zonke. Ngaphandle kwe-rapamycin, ezinye iziyobisi ziye zadlula: imithi yesifo seswekile acarbose yadibanisa iipesenti ezingama-22 kwixesha eliphakathi lokuphila kwamadoda kodwa iipesenti ezingama-5 kuphela kumabhinqa (Harrison et al., 2014); 17-alpha-estradiol, uhlobo oluxhaphakileyo lweestrogen, ladibanisa iipesenti ezingama-19 kumabhinqa yaye akukho nto kumabhinqa (Strong et al., 2016); kunye nemithi yesifo seswekile canagliflozin yadibanisa iipesenti ezingama-14 kuphela kumabhinqa (Miller et al., 2020). I-rapamycin edityaniswa ne-acarbose ibonelele ngenzuzo enkulu: iipesenti ezingama-34 kumadoda kunye neepesenti ezingama-28 kumabhinqa (Strong et al., 2022). Imibuzo ebalulekileyo kukuba kutheni amadoda afumana inzuzo ngokuthe ngcembe. Akukho mayeza afunyenwe ukuba anceda abantu abakhululeyo.

Ii-peyinti ezintathu zelaboratory ezimnyama kwi-wood-shaving kunye nephepha elixutyiweyo elingenamanzi kwi-cage, phantsi kwe-cardboard tube.
Iipeyinti zelaboratory ziphila kuphela iminyaka emibini ukuya kwezithathu, evumela abaphandi ukuba balinganise ifuthe lemithi kwixesha elide lokuphila kwiminyaka embalwa. Uvavanyo lwe mouse lwalugqityiwe phambi kokuba abantu bavavanye indlela nganye ekhoyo kule phepha. Photo: Understanding Animal Research, CC BY-SA 4.0

I-Metformin kunye neTAME trial

Umgangatho wesatifikethi: ongaphambili okanye

I-metformin yiyo iyeza elibiza kakhulu lokunyanga isifo sikashukela esetyenziswa iminyaka engamashumi amathandathu. Uvavanyo lweenkcukacha zonyango e-UK lwafunyanwa ngo-2014 lubonisa ukuba abantu abanesifo seswekile abathatha imetformin baphila ixesha elide kunezinye izigulana ezinganesifo seswekile (I-2014), eyenza ukuba ibe yiyo iphambili kwimithi yokuthintela ukukhuluphala. I- I-TAME I-Metformin (Targeting Aging with Metformin) yaphuhliswa ukuvavanya ukuba ithintela njani ukugula kwengqondo, umhlaza, ukoma kunye nokufa kwabantwana abakhulu, kwaye ikhuthaze abalawuli ukuba bathethe ngokuxhatshazwa njengento enokuthi isetyenzisweU-Barzilai nokunye, 2016). NgoSeptemba 2026 asifumani naziphi na iziphumo ezipapashiweyo. Ngexesha elifanayo, le ngxaki ilahlekile: uvavanyo lweDanish oluquka amabini azalwa ngesandla alufumani inzuzo yokuphila kwabo basebenzisa imetformin (Keys et al., 2022); imetformin kuphela ayizukunyusa ngokuphawulekayo ixesha lokuphila kwee mouse kwinkqubo yokuvavanya ukuxhathisa (Strong et al., 2016); kwaye kwizifundo ezimbini ezigqityiweyo kubantu abadala abakhululeyo yabangela ukuba kucace ukuba kunokwenzeka njani ukuqeqeshwa kokwenza imithambo (Konopka et al., 2019; Walton et al., 2019).

Iimithi ze-GLP-1

Uvavanyo lwe-DNA

Iimithi ezinjengesemaglutide zifana nehormoni ye-GLP-1 efumaneka kwiintso kwaye zaphuhliswa ukunyanga isifo seswekile kunye nokukhuluphala. In the SELECT trial of 17,604 people with obesity and heart disease, semaglutide cut heart attacks, strokes and cardiovascular deaths by 20 percent (Lincoff et al., 2023). Uvavanyo lwabafazi abakhulu abanesifo seswekile eMelika luqhagamshela iimveliso zeGLP-1 nomngcipheko omncinci wezinto ezininzi, kubandakanya nengqondo ekhubazekileyo, ukuxhaphaza kunye nokudumba, kunye nomngcipheko ophezulu wokunye, njengokuba kukho iingxaki zokugaya ukutya kunye nomhlaza wepankrea (Xie, Choi and Al-Aly, 2025), kodwa olu vavanyo lokujongana nobunzima alukuqinisekisi ukuba yintoni ebangela loo nto. Kwakhona, kwiimvavanyo ezimbini ezinkulu zokuqala zesifo se-Alzheimer, isemaglutide ethathwa ngomlomo ayikhawulezisi ukuhla (Cummings et al., 2026). Ezi ziyobisi ezinamandla ezisetyenziselwa unyango lweengxaki ezithile; akufuneki ukuba zikhawuleze ukukhuluphala.

Uthintelo lwe-calorie

Uvavanyo lwe-DNA

Ukutya okuncinci ngaphandle kokuxhaphaza kunyusa ubomi kwiindidi ezininzi zezinto eziphilayo, kwaye yayiyeyona “ngxabano ephambili yokuthintela ukufa kweenkomo” yafunyanwa. Kwiintaka, izifundo ezimbini ezinkulu ezide zibonakala ngathi azihambelani ekuqaleni, kodwa uhlolo oludityanisiweyo lwagqiba ukuba ukuthintelwa kwe-calorie kunyusa ubomi kunye nokuphila xa iinkcukacha zokutya nobudala zithathwaUvavanyo lwe-2017). Kwingxelo yeCALERIE 2, abantu abadala aba-218 abanempilo abangama-25% abangaphantsi kobunzima bomzimba bafunyanwa ukuba badle iipesenti ezili-12. Uxinzelelo lwamanzi, i-cholesterol kunye nobungozi be-insulin baphuculwa (Kraus et al., 2019), kwaye uvavanyo olunye lwesantya sokukhula kweenwele, iDunedinPACE, luye lwancipha ngeepesenti ezi-2 ukuya kwezi-3, nangona ezinye iiyure ezimbini azitshintshi (Waziry et al., 2023). Ukuthintela ukutya okune-calorie eninzi kunokulungela amathambo namathambo kwaye akukhuselekanga kubantu abanengxaki yokutyeba okanye abakho kwingozi yokuba banesifo sokuxhaphaza, okanye abantu abadala abancinci.

Utshintshiselwano lwegazi nolwamanzi

Umgangatho wesatifikethi: ongaphambili okanye

Xa ujikelezo lwe-i mouse edala neyentsha idityaniswa, ezinye zezinto eziphilayo ze-i mouse edala ezinjengemisipha kunye neentliziyo zilungisa ngokwazo kakuhle (Conboy et al., 2005). Iprotheyini enye yegazi, iGDF11, yaziwa ngokuba yisiphumo sokukhulisa ukukhula kwesikhumba kodwa umsebenzi olandelayo awukwazi ukuvelisa kwakhona iziphumo (Egerman et al., 2015). Abanye abaphandi bacinga ukuba ukucotha izinto ezichaphazelayo kwigazi elidala kubaluleke kakhulu kunokongeza igazi elisha: kwii-peyinti ezindala, ukufaka indawo yesiqingatha seplasma ngesobisi kunye ne-albumin solution kuphucula imisipha, isisu kunye noxinzelelo lwengqondo (Mehdipour et al., 2020). Kwingxelo encinci yovavanyo olulawulwa yi-placebo, ukuphinda kwakhona ukuguqulwa kweplasma yokunyanga (ukutshintsha iplasma ngento ebizwa ngokuba yi-albumin) kwatshintshela iiyure ezininzi zeepigenetic ukuya kubudala obuncinane (Fuentealba et al., 2025), kwaye kwingxelo yovavanyo lwesifo seAlzheimer yakhawuleza ukwehla kweziganeko zokuphila ngosuku kubantu abanengxaki ephakathi (Boada et al., 2020). Ngo-2019 i-FDA yaseMelika yazisa abantu ukuba ukutywina kweplasma evela kubanikeli abancinci “akukho nzuzo eqinisekisiweyo yonyango” kwaye kunomngcipheko obonakalayo (FDA, 2019).

Iiyure ze-epigenetic: ukulinganisa ubudala bendalo

Isixhobo sokulinganisa, hayi unyango

Ukuvavanya ukuba kukho into ekhawulezisa ukufa kweenwele, abaphandi kufuneka basebenzise indlela yokulinganisa ngaphandle kokulinde iminyaka emininzi. Iiyure zeepigenetic zifunda iimpawu zekhemikhali (ukwenziwa kwe-methylation) kumawaka eendawo kwi-DNA kwaye ziqikelele ubudala ukusuka kwimodeli. Eyona iphambili, nguSteve Horvath, yasebenza kwiintsontelo eziliqela (Horvath, 2013; Hannum et al., 2013). Iiyure ezilandelayo zaqeqeshwa ukucinga ubudala bempilo kunokuba zicinge ubudala bemihla ngemihla: PhenoAge (Levine et al., 2018), GrimAge, ebonisa ngokucacileyo ixesha lokufa (Lu et al., 2019), kunye ne DunedinPACE, eqikelela ukuba umntu uyakhula njani ngokukhawuleza ngoku, njenge-speedometer (Belsky et al., 2022). Abantu abahamba ngeeyure eziphambili kunexesha labo bafa kuqala ngokuthe ngcembe (Chen et al., 2016).

Into abakwaziyo ukusixela ngayo ngoku: ukuba ukuphinda ujikeleze iyure kwenza umntu abe nempilo engcono. Unyango lunokutshintsha iimpawu ngaphandle kokuguqula ukuziphatha kwezinto eziphilayo phantsi. Iintsimbi zinokubiza kakhulu: isampuli enye yegazi ethe yavavanywa kabini ibonisa uvavanyo oluya kuthi luphele kwiminyaka emithoba, nangona inguqulelo eziphuculweyo ziyinyusa le nto (Higgins-Chen et al., 2022). Uvavanyo lwe “minyaka yokuphila” yezothutho luhluka kakhulu kwaye alufanele lube ngumqondiso wokuthatha izigqibo zonyango.

Izinto eziqinisekisiweyo namhlanje

Inqanaba lemizekelo: iqinisekiswe ngabantu

Xa isifundo esiphezulu sikhula, iimvavanyo ezinamandla kakhulu zokufumana iminyaka emininzi esempilweni zivela kwimikhuba kunye nemithi evavanywe kumakhulu amakhulu abantu. Akukho nto yazo ibuyisela ukukhula kweenwele, kodwa zisebenza ndawonye zilibazisa iintlungu zobudala ngeminyaka kwaye uninzi lwazo lubiza kancinci okanye aluhlawuleki.

Umsebenzi wezobugcisa. I-World Health Organization icebisa ukuba usebenze ixesha elimalunga nemizuzu engama-150 ukuya kwezingama-300, okanye imizuzu eyi-75 ukuya kwezingama-150 yokusebenza okunamandla, ngeveki nganye, kunye nokuziqinisa kwamathambo iintsuku ezimbini okanye ngaphezulu kwaye kubantu abadala abakhulu, ukuqeqeshwa koxinzelelo lokukhusela ekubeni bawele. Regular activity is linked to lower risk of heart disease, stroke, type 2 diabetes, several cancers, depression and dementia (WHO, 2020). Ukuzilolonga okunamandla kuphuhlisa imisipha nanini na xa uneminyaka.

Umntu omdala otyhala iinwele egqoke i-jacket ebomvu, isicaka kunye neengxowa zokukhanya kwelanga ehamba ngesantya esiphezulu kwindlela ekhanyayo.
Ukuhamba ngesantya esiphezulu kuquka ukusetyenziswa koxinzelelo oluphantsi. I-WHO icebisa ukuba usebenzise le nto malunga nemizuzu engama-150 ngeveki okanye ngaphantsi ukuba inamandla. Photo: US National Cancer Institute, public domain

Akukho kutywala. Abantu abayeka ukutyhala ngaphambi kokuba babeneminyaka engama-40 ubudala bakhuseleka kwipesenti ezingaphezu kwe-90 zobungozi obungaphezulu bokufa ngenxa yokuqhubeka nokutyhala (Jha et al., 2013). Ukuyeka ukutshaya nangaliphi na ixesha kunceda.

Uxinzelelo lwegazi kunye nekholestrile. Kwimvavanyo yeSPRINT, ulawulo olunzulu loxinzelelo lwegazi lwanciphisa iziganeko zesifo senhliziyo kunye nokufa, kwakunye nokunciphisa ukukhubazeka okuncinci kokuqonda (SPRINT MIND, 2019). Uxinzelelo lwegazi oluphezulu luhlala lungabakho izibonakaliso, ngoko ke uvavanyo kuphela olunokunceda ukwazi ukuba liphezulu kangakanani.

Isandla esiphezulu somntu esifakwe i-cuff ethe tyaba edityaniswa nesixhobo sokulawula uxinzelelo lwegazi esisebenza ngokuzenzekelayo esibekwe kwitafile.
Uvavanyo loxinzelelo lwegazi ekhaya nge-cuff esebenzayo ngokuzenzekelayo. Uxinzelelo lwegazi oluphezulu luhlala lungabangela iimpawu, ngoko ke uvavanyo kuphela olunokunceda ukuba wazi. Photo: Beendy234, CC0

Ukutya. Kwingxelo yovavanyo lwePREDIMED, ukutya kweMediterranean okuxhaswa ngeoyile yeoli okanye iinkukhu zandise iziganeko ezinkulu zesifo senhliziyo kunye negazi ngokunyuka ngamaphesenti angama-30 xa kuthelekiswa nokutya okunciphisa amakhalori (Estruch et al., 2018). I-WHO ichaza ukuba akukho nqanaba lealcohol likhuselekile kwimpilo; okuncinci kungcono.

Ukuhlala uphumle. Abakhulu bacebiswa ukuba bahlale bephumla iyure ezisibhozo ngemini ngokuthe ngqo (Watson et al., 2015); ukuphumla okufutshane okanye okunomonakalo ngexesha elide kuqhagamshelwe nomhlaza wenhliziyo kunye nesifo sokuguqulwa kwezinto eziphilayo emzimbeni, kwaye ukuphefumla ngamandla xa ulala kuqhelekileyo kwaye kunonyango.

Uqhagamshelwano lwasekhaya. Kwingxelo enkulu yophando olunzulu, abantu abaneentlanganiso zasekhaya ezinamandla babe nethuba elingaphezulu ngeepesenti ezingama-50 lokuphila kwixesha lovavanyo (Holt-Lunstad et al., 2010).

Ukuziva, ukuva nokugonya. Ukulahlekelwa ngumsindo yingxaki enkulu enokuthi iguqulwe ngenxa yesifo sokuqonda esichazwe yiLancet Commission, edibanisa iipesenti ezingama-45 zezifo zokuqonda nezizathu ezili-14 ezinokuguqulwa (Livingston et al., 2024). Kwingxelo yovavanyo lwe-ACHIEVE, unyango lokuva lwalibazisa ukuncipha kokuqonda ngeepesenti ezingama-48 ngaphezulu kweminyaka emithathu phakathi kwabadala abanengozi ephezulu (Lin et al., 2023). Uvavanyo oluqhelekileyo eWales lufumanisa ukuba unyango lwesifo se-shingles lulandela ukunyuka kweepesenti ezingama-20 kwezifo zokungazi ngazo ingqondo kwiminyaka esixhenxe (Eyting et al., 2025).

Umgca wamaqela abantu abadala asebenza i-tai chi kunye kwindawo ekumgama womlambo phantsi kwe-cherry blossom.
I-tai chi phantsi kwe-cherry blossom kumda weOkawa emntla eOsaka, eJapan. Ukusuka kunye kwenza ukuba kubekho umsebenzi nosapho ngexesha elinye. Photo: m-louis, CC BY-SA 2.0

Xa iindawo zonke zitshintsha. Iinzuzo ezinkulu zavela xa amaqela ehlabathi atshintshela nganye KwiNtshona Karelia, eFinland, inkqubo yonyaka ka-1972 yakhupha ukutyhala, ikholestriyeli kunye noxinzelelo lwegazi, kunye nokufa ngenxa yezifo zenhliziyo ezibangelwa yimithambo phakathi kwabantu abaneminyaka engama-35 ukuya kwengama-64 yahla ngeepesenti ezingama-82 kubantu abadala nakwipesenti ezingama-84 kubantu abadala ngo-2012 (Jousilahti et al., 2016; Puska et al., 2016). Emva kokuba iScotland ithintele ukutyhala kwiindawo ezivaliweyo zabucala ngo-2006, izigulana eziya esibhedlele ngenxa yezifo zenhliziyo kunye nesifo sofuba esingazinziyo zihla ngeepesenti ezingama-17 ngonyaka (Pell et al., 2008). Kwingxelo yovavanyo lweFINGER eFinland, inkqubo yeminyaka emibini yokutyeba, uqeqesho lwengqondo kunye nokuvavanywa kwegazi kuphucule ukucinga nobuchule bokufunda kubantu abasemngciphekweni wokugula ngengqondo (Ngandu et al., 2015), kwaye eTaketoyo, eJapan, abantu abadala abathathe inxaxheba kwigumbi lokuhlambela lamazwe ngamazwe babenoxanduva olumalunga nengxenye yokukhula kokungasebenzi kwabo ngaphezulu kweminyaka emihlanu (Hikichi et al., 2015).

Izinto ezinamandla kakhulu zokuzikhusela ekuhlaleni ixesha elide ezivavanywe zibiza ngaphantsi kwexabiso elincinci: ukuhamba, ukuhlala uphumle, ukungatyibiliki kunye nokuqhubeka nonxibelelwano. Isifundo esitsha sifuna ukudibanisa kuzo, hayi ukuzibuyisela.

Ubomi obude nobusempilweni butshintsha njani ubungakanani

Ihlabathi lihamba ngendlela etshintsha ngayo imbali yobuhlanga engazange ibekho ngaphambili. Ngokutsho kweNdlu yeeNkcubeko, inqanaba lokukhula komntwana kwihlabathi liphela ngoku liyi-2.25 yokukhutshwa komntwana ngamnye womntu, lihla ukusuka kwi-3.31 ngo-1990; ngaphezulu kwesiqingatha seelizwe zonke nakwiindawo zininzi ukukhula komntwana ngaphantsi komgangatho wokubuyisela omalunga ne-2.1, kwaye enye kwezihlanu ingaphantsi kwe-1.4. Inani labantu kwihlabathi liphela, elimalunga nezigidi ezili-8.2 ngo-2024, lilindeleke ukuba lifike kumawaka angama-10.3 amawaka phakathi kweeminyaka ye-2080 kwaye lihla lisakuba ngamawaka ali-10.2 amawaka ngo-2100. Kwiintlanga ezili-63 kunye neendawo, ezinomyinge we-28% womhlaba wonke, inani labantu sele lifike kwinqanaba eliphezulu. Ngowama-2070, abantu abaneminyaka engama-65 nangaphezulu balindeleke ukuba babe ngaphezulu kwabantwana abangaphantsi kweminyaka eli-18 (UN World Population Prospects 2024). Iisizathu zokuhla kokukhula komntwana, kunye nokuba kutheni i Local Solar System Foundation ixhasa uqeqesho nokukhetha okulungileyo kusapho ngalunye, zidweliswe kwiphepha lethu elikwi uqoqosho, ukuxhathisa nokufumaneka kwezinto.

Abahlali abakhulu bexesha elide babizwa ngokuba ngumthwalo: abasebenzi abancinci abaxhasa abantu abaqeshiweyo abaninzi. Uvavanyo oluqhelekileyo, i ubudlelwane bokuzinikela kwabasetyhini, lubala abantu abaneminyaka engama-65 nangaphezulu kubantu abangama-100 abaneminyaka engama-20 ukuya kwengama-64. Ibalo le-UN libonisa ukuba ngowama-2024, inani labantu abaphilayo kwihlabathi liphela liyi-18 kwaye lilindeleke ukuba lifike kuma-29 ngowama-2050 nakuma-44 ngowama-2100; eJapan sele liyi-55 (UN World Population Prospects 2024).

Ubudala abuyi nani elithe nkqo

Eli xabiso likholelwa ukuba umntu oneminyaka engama-65 ubudala ngo-2100 uya kuba nengxaki yokuphila njengendoda eneminyaka engama-65 ubudala ngo-1950. Abaphandi bembali yosasazo, uWarren Sanderson noSergei Scherbov, bakholelwa ukuba oku kubangela ukulibaziseka. Bacebisa ukuba ubudala bulinganiselwe ngeminyaka abantu abashiyeyo yokuphila, hayi ngeminyaka abaphilayo, kwaye babonisa ukuba inani labantu linga “khula likhule lincinci” ngaloo ndlela nokuba umyinge wabo weminyaka uphakama (Sanderson noScherbov, 2005; Sanderson noScherbov, 2010). Uhlobo olunye lumisela umda wobudala apho ulindeleke ukuba uhlale phantsi kweminyaka eli-15: kubafazi baseFransi, le milinganiselo yayiyi-58 ngowe-1900 kwaye imalunga ne-75 ngowe-2012 (Sanderson noScherbov, 2015).

Igama eliphambili li impilo. Kwihlabathi liphela, ukulindeleka kokuphila kwanyuka ukusuka kwiminyaka eyi-66.8 ukuya kwiminyaka eyi-73.1 phakathi konyaka we-2000 nowe-2019, ngelixa ithuba eliphakathi kokulindeleka kokuphila kunye nokulindeleka kokuphila okunempilo lakhula ukusuka kwiminyaka engama-8.5 ukuya kwezingama-9.6 (INkqubo yoPhando lwezempilo ye-WHO; Garmany noTerzic, 2024). Iminyaka engaphezulu echithayo kwimpilo ephantsi idibanisa uxinzelelo kumakhaya kunye neenkqubo zonyango. Iminyaka engaphezulu yokuphila ngokusempilweni ihlukile: abantu banokuhlala besebenza ukuba banqwenela, bakhathalele abanye, babe ngabasebenzi bezobunjineli, bafunde kwaye babonelele. Le yisizathu sokuba isifundo esikwiphepha elilandelayo sibalulekile kubahlali, hayi kuphela kubantu.

Itshathi ephezulu yimifanekiso, hayi umbono. Isebenzisa inani labantu elilindeleke ukuba likhule kwiUN kwaye ibuza umbuzo omnye: ukuba abantu bafumana iminyaka esempilweni kwaye ubudala apho besiya kusebenza khona kwaye befuna uncedo oluninzi luyanyuka, ngaba ukuzinzisa kuyatshintsha njani? Ukuba loo mgca utshintshe ukusuka kwi-65 ukuya kwi-70, ihlabathi ngo-2100 liza kuba neentsapho ezimalunga nama-31 abantu abadala ngamakhulu ama-100 aneminyaka yokusebenza endaweni ye-44; xa ziyi-75, malunga ne-21, kufutshane nomgangatho okhoyo namhlanje. Iingcamango zikhulu: ukuba iminyaka engaphezulu iya kuba ngcono, ukuba umsebenzi kunye nepenshini ziya kutshintsha, kwaye ukuba izibonelelo ziya kufika kubo bonke abantu, hayi kuphela kubantu abasemagunyeni.

Ulawulo lweeNkonzo

Abazali bafumana abantwana babo kamva naphi na. Kwilizwe lonke le-OECD, umyinge wobudala bamama ngexesha lokukhutshwa kwabo kokuqala ukhule ukusuka kwiminyaka engama-26.4 ngo-2000 ukuya kwiminyaka engama-29.6 ngo-2024 (iNgxelo yeNtsapho ye-OECD). The ovaries show marked ageing earlier than most other tissues in the body (Garrison, 2026), and declining fertility in the late thirties and forties limits how many children people who start later can have. Ukukhangela malunga nokukhululwa kweenwele ngoku kuyinxalenye yesayensi yobudala: umzekelo, inkqubo yokuvavanya iVIBRANT kwiYunivesithi yaseColumbia yavavanya ukuba ngaba i-rapamycin esetyenziswa rhoqo inokunyusa ukulahleka kweeqanda kwamadoda aneminyaka engama-35 ukuya kwengama-45 (ClinicalTrials.gov NCT05836025); izimvo zayo azipapashwanga. Ukuba ukukhula kweenwele kunokukhawulezwa ngokukhuselekileyo, abantu abafuna abantwana banokufumana abantwana emva koko ngaphandle koxinzelelo lokuvala ifestile.

Iinkqubo zolawulo lweendawo ezilahlekileyo

Kubalulekile ukuba ube nobuxoki malunga nembono echaphazelayo. The Global Burden of Disease forecasters expect 155 of 204 countries and territories to have fertility below replacement by 2050 and 198 by 2100; of 47 countries where fertility has rebounded, only three have returned above replacement (GBD 2021 Fertility and Forecasting Collaborators, 2024). IUN igqiba ukuba amazwe aneempawu zokuzala eziphantsi kakhulu apho inani labantu lifike kwinqanaba eliphezulu angeke aphinde abuye kutshintsho lwesizwe kwiminyaka engama-30 (Ingxelo yeNgxelo yoBuntu behlabathi ka-2024 ye-UN). Abaphandi abathile bembali yobudala bachaza ukuba kukho ingozi yokufakelwa okuphantsi, apho iintsapho ezincinci, ubungakanani obuncinci bosapho olufanelekileyo kunye noxinzelelo lwezoqoqosho zixhasana (Lutz, Skirbekk noTesta, 2006), kwaye oo economists uDean Spears noMichael Geruso bakholelwa ukuba ngaphandle kotshintsho kwindlela, inani labantu emhlabeni lingancipha ixesha elide emva kokuba lifike kwinqanaba eliphezulu (Spears noGeruso, 2025). Ubomi obude kuphela akusombululi le ngxaki: bakhawuleza ukuhla, kodwa kwixesha elide inani labantu abazalwayo lincinci kakhulu lihlala lincipha.

Our hypothesis: decline is a temporary problem

I- Local Solar System Imbono yeFoundation kukuba ukuhla kobungakanani belizwe ingxaki yexeshana, utshintsho lokulungelelanisa kunokuba ngumngcipheko oqhubekayo. Sibonisa oku njengengcamango, ngezinto zethu kunye nesizathu esibonisa ukuba kulungile okanye kungalunganga.

Isizathu.

  1. Ubomi obude nobusempilweni kuthetha ukuba kufuneka ukugula okuncinci ukufezekisa inani elizinzileyo lezinto eziphilayo. Kwinani lezinto eziphilayo elingakhulanga okanye lincipha, ubungakanani bayo bulingana nenani leezinto eziphilayo ngonyaka oluphindaphindwa ngokuphila okulindelekeyo ngexesha lokuzalwa, isiseko sokwazisa ngeenkcukacha zoqoqosho (Preston, Heuveline and Guillot, 2001). Ukuba ulindeleke ukuba uphile ukhule ukusuka kwiminyaka engama-73 ukuya kuma-90, lo msebenzi wokugcina abantu ungaqhubeka nokukhutshwa kweentsapho ezincinci ngonyaka.
  2. Ubuhle, hayi ubudala, bumisela ukuba ngubani ofuna uncedo. Ukuba i-geroscience imisa izifo zobudala ngeminyaka emininzi, umyinge woxanduva olusebenzayo ungahlala ufana nowokumihla le nokuba abantu bakhula beneminyaka emininzi, njengoko kubonisiwe kwitshathi engaphezulu.
  3. Ifestile ebanzi yokuzala ingavumela abantu ukuba babe nezingane abafunayo. Ukuba ukukhuluphala kokuzala kunokukhawulezwa ngokukhuselekileyo, ukukhula kweentsapho emva koko akuyi kuthetha ukuba abantwana bambalwa.
  4. Ukukhula komntwana kwabuyela kuqala. Kwizizwe eziphuhlisiweyo kakhulu, ezinye iimvavanyo zafumanisa ukuba inkqubela phambili engaphezulu kwinkqubo yophuhliso yadibana nokunyuka kokukhula komntwana (Myrskylä, Kohler noBillari, 2009), ngakumbi apho umsebenzi kunye nempilo yosapho zilungelelana khona (Luci-Greulich noThevenon, 2014), nangona le nto ifunyenwe ingqubana (Harttgen noVollmer, 2014).
  5. Ukunciphisa okuncinci kunika ixesha lokutshintsha. IUN ilindele ukuba ukukhula kuphele ngokukhawuleza kwaye kubekho ukuwa okuncinci kuleminyaka, hayi ukuwa, okukhokelela ekubeni kubekho iminyaka emininzi yobunjineli, umsebenzi kunye nenkqubo yekhaya yokutshintsha.

Yintoni eyenza ukuba ivavanywe? Le nkqubo iya kuxhaswa ukuba: ukulindeleka kokuphila okunempilo kuyanyuka ngokukhawuleza kunexesha elilindeleke lokuphila, uvala umngcipheko; uvavanyo lubonisa ukuba unyango oluthile luthintela iintlungu ezininzi zobudala ngexesha elinye, njengoko iTAME yayilandelwa ukwenza; iziqhamo ezineminyaka emininzi zikhula ngokwaneleyo ukuze ubungakanani beentsapho ezigqityiweyo buphele bukhuphuke; kunye nokuqikelelwa kweengxaki zokuzikhusela kwiminyaka emide ngokulinganisa ngobuhle, kunokuba ngobudala obumiselweyo, zihlala zizinzile. Kuza kulahleka ukuba ithuba leminyaka esempilweni liqhubeka likhula, ukuba uvavanyo lokuqala lwe-rapamycin, isifo sesenolithic kunye nokucwangciswa kwakhona kwenkqubo yekhompyutha akuphumelelanga, kwaye ukuba ukuqhawula umtshato kuhlala kuhla nalapho abazali bephila ixesha elide, besempilweni, bexhaswe kakuhle kwaye benemvume yokukhetha. Siza kulandelela ubufakazi kwaye sihlaziye eli phepha xa lifika.

Ihlabathi elineendawo ezincinci, abantu abaphila ixesha elide banokuziva belula kwiplanethi, ke ngoko eli mbuzo luyahambelana nemisebenzi ye Local Solar System Foundation kwi ukulingana phakathi kwabantu kunye neendawo zokugcina izinto.

Ukhathalelo: izithako, amaklinikhi novavanyo

IiNkonzo

ezi zinhlangano ezingaziyonzuzo zipapasha into eziyenzayo kwaye zinike ingxelo yeempumelelo ezilinganiselweyo. Ukuba ufuna ukuxhasa ukukhula kweentsana ezisempilweni, nceda ujonge umsebenzi wabo uze ucinge ngokunikela kubo ngqo, ngewebhusaythi zabo. I Local Solar System Foundation ayihambelani nanye yazo kwaye ayifumananga nto kuzo. Phambi kokuba unikezele, funda iingxelo zeminyaka yonke kunye neeakhawunti zolawulo ngalunye.

  • HelpAge International (i-United Kingdom, iqela elibhalisiweyo lokwenza izinto ezilungileyo 288180). Isebenza kunye neendawo ezixhasayo kwihlabathi liphela ukuze abantu abadala bakwazi ukufikelela kukhathalelo lwezempilo, ukunakekelwa kwezentlalo nokhuseleko lokungena, kwaye ithetha ngelungelo labo.
  • Iminyaka UK (i-United Kingdom, iqela elibhalisiweyo lokwenza izinto ezilungileyo 1128267). Inika inkxaso esebenzayo kubantu abadala abachaphazela ukungabikho kokutya, ukuzola nokuxhaphazwa, kunye nokukhangela kunye neengxoxo zokuphucula inkqubo.
  • IBritish Heart Foundation (i-United Kingdom, iqela elibhalisiweyo lokwenza izinto ezilungileyo 225971). Umthengisi ophambili wemali engekho mthethweni yophando lweentsholongwane zenhliziyo kunye nezokuhamba kwegazi kwi-UK.
  • Iqela leNtliziyo laseMelika (i-United States, elingenakho ukuhlawula iirhafu kwaye alifumananga inzuzo). Ixhasa ukukhangela kwisifo senhliziyo kunye neswekile yegazi kwaye iqhuba iinkqubo zabucala zokuthintela.
  • ISosi yeAlzheimer (i-United Kingdom, iqela elibhalisiweyo lokwenza izinto ezilungileyo 296645) kunye ne ISosi yeAlzheimer (i-United States, iqela elingahlawulisi imali). Zonke zixhasa abantu abaphila ne-dementia kunye nabakhathaleli babo, kwaye zixhase ukukhangela unyango, ukunyanga nokunakekelwa.

Uncedo olufumanekayo

  • Qala ngento eqinisekisiweyo. Yiya uhamba kancinci namhlanje, usebenzise imithambo yokulwa nokuzinzisa kwaye ucele ugqirha ukuba ajonge umlinganiselo wakho wegazi.
  • Uvavanyo lwezilwanyana eziphilayo, kwaye ukhuthaze abazali bakho nabahlobo bakho abakhulu ukuba benze njalo.
  • Qhagamshelana. Nxibelelana nomntu okhe wathetha naye ixesha elide; nceda umhlobo wakho ohlala ecaleni kwakho ukuba ahambe nawe.
  • Qhubeka novavanyo, hayi izikhumbuzo. Iimpumelelo ezivela kuvavanyo olubhalisiweyo, olupapashwe kwiphephandaba elivavanywe ngabahlobo, zizinto ezibalaseleyo.
  • Ukuba ucinga ukuba kukho into eyenza iimfihlakalo, thumela le phepha xa ubona enye.
  • Nceda uncedo lwethu ukugcina eli phepha lichanekile. Abaphandi, abagqirha kunye nabaguquleli bangasebenza ngokuzinikela kwi ibhodi yokunikelwa.

IiNkonzo zoLuntu